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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MB4JBVG6h83wVqGsqfQQQmb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100935</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005015103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>3-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2-D Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular, Left Atrial and Right Ventricular Function in Healthy Brazilian Volunteers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4582-169X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolin</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza Maria B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bouret</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6369-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mediano</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Felippe Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Holanda</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a R. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de pesquisa e Educa&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de pesquisa e Educa&#231;&#227;o, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto M. Saraiva,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz , Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Saraiva RM, Costa AR. Acquisition of data: Saraiva RM, Scolin EMB, Pacheco NP, Bouret ME, Holanda MT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Saraiva RM, Bouret ME, Mediano MFF, Holanda MT, Costa AR. Statistical analysis: Saraiva RM, Mediano MFF, Costa AR. Obtaining financing: Saraiva RM. Writing of the manuscript: Saraiva RM, Mediano MFF, Holanda MT, Costa AR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Saraiva RM, Scolin EMB, Pacheco NP, Bouret ME, Mediano MFF, Costa AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>935</fpage>
      <lpage>945</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>New echocardiographic techniques are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of many heart diseases. However, reference values in different populations are still needed for several of these new indexes. We studied these new echocardiographic parameters in a group of Brazilians with no known cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To study values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study that included healthy individuals who underwent three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain (e) analysis. Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function were analyzed by 3DE and STE, and right ventricular (RV) function by STE. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seventy-seven subjects (46.7% men; 40.4 &#177; 10.4 years) were included. Maximum, minimum and pre-atrial contraction (pre-A) LA volumes (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) were 21.2 &#177; 5.5, 7.8 &#177; 2.5, and 11.0 &#177; 3.1, respectively. Peak positive global LA e (LAScd), peak negative global LA e and total global LA e (LASr) were 17.4 &#177; 5.2%, -13.2 &#177; 2.0% and 30.5 &#177; 5.9%, respectively. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) measured 57 &#177; 12 and 24 &#177; 6, and 3D LV ejection fraction measured 58 &#177; 6%. Global LV longitudinal, circumferential and radial e were -19 &#177; 2%, -19 &#177; 3%, and 46 &#177; 12%, respectively. LV torsion measured 1.6 &#177; 0.7<sup>0</sup> /cm. Global longitudinal RV e (RV-GLS) and RV free wall strain were -22 &#177; 3% and -24 &#177; 5%. Minimum LA and pre-A volumes, LV apical rotation, torsion and RV-GLS increased with age, while total and passive LA emptying fractions, LAScd, LASr, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased with age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age are presented.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/201.561/2014</award-id>
          <award-id>E-26/110.176/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>407655/2012-3</award-id>
          <award-id>421843/2017-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Cnpq</funding-source>
          <award-id>305088/2013-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (grant E-26/201.561/2014 and E-26/110.176/2014 to Dr Saraiva), Programa Estrat&#233;gico de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de /Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brazil (grant 407655/2012-3 and 421843/2017-9 to Dr Saraiva), and Cnpq (grant 305088/2013-0 to Dr Saraiva)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>New echocardiographic techniques are being increasingly used in the diagnosis and prognosis of many cardiac diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, reference values in different populations are still needed for several of the new indexes derived from those techniques. Left ventricular (LV), left atrial (LA) and right ventricular (RV) function can be evaluated by both three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain (e) analysis. Reference values for some of the indexes derived from those techniques can be found in recent guidelines but are still missing in many of them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Consequently, studies regarding the evaluation of LV, LA, and RV function in different conditions require control groups, which may not represent a real consistent sample of a normal population. Furthermore, the Brazilian population is often underrepresented in studies that assessed reference values for those parameters. Therefore, we studied new echocardiographic parameters and their correlation with age in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study subjects</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional prospective study that recruited subjects among those referred to our institution, who tested negative for Chagas disease in two different serological tests, had no known diseases, presented normal physical examination, normal electrocardiogram and echocardiograms with normal global and segmental LV systolic function and no significant valvular heart disease. Race/ethnicity was obtained by self-description. <italic>The study was conducted at Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</italic> (INI), from Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil<italic>. INI is a public institution dedicated to clinical research on infectious diseases and a reference center for diagnosis and treatment of Chagas&#8217; disease.</italic></p>
        <p>This article is derived from our project &#8220;Analysis of the cardiac performance by new echocardiographic techniques in patients with Chagas disease&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> We used a convenience sample.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Studies were performed using phased-array ultrasound system (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) equipped with M4S phased-array and 1.5- to 4-MHz 4 matrix-array transducers. Cardiac dimensions measured by M-mode and 2D echocardiography and Doppler measurements were obtained as recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Echocardiograms were reviewed offline and two-dimensional e and 3DE analyses were performed with software Echopac PC workstation version 108.1.12 (GE Medical Systems) with a 4D LV volume analysis plug-in (Tomtec Imaging Systems Gmbh). The same software designed to calculate LV e was used to analyze RV and LA e. All 2D clips analyzed were acquired at high frame rate (&gt;60 frames/s). Studies were acquired by one echocardiographer and analyzed by two echocardiographers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Two-dimensional strain analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>LA strain analysis</title>
          <p>LA e was determined as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> using apical 4- and 2-chamber views. P-wave onset was used as the reference point, which enabled the recognition of peak positive global LAe (LAScd), which corresponded to LA conduit function, peak negative global LAe (LASct), which corresponded to LA contractile function, and the sum of those previous values (LASr), which corresponded to LA reservoir function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Two-dimensional LV and RV strain analysis</title>
          <p>LV global longitudinal e (LV-GLS), LV global circumferential e (LV-GCS) and LV global radial e (LV-GRS) were calculated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> LV-GCS and LV-GRS were the average of the peak average for LV-GCS and LV-GRS obtained at short-axis views at the basal, mid and apical levels. LV-GLS was the average of the peak average for LV-GLS obtained at 4-, 2- and 3-chamber views. If tracking quality was not good in two segments of the same acoustic window, that view was excluded from global LV e calculation.</p>
          <p>RV longitudinal e (RV-GLS) was calculated using focused 4-chamber apical view. RV free wall e (RV-fwLS) was calculated as the average of the basal, mid and apical RV free wall segments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left ventricular torsion calculation</title>
          <p>LV torsion and twist were calculated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> LV twist was defined as the net difference of LV rotation (LVrot) between apical and basal short-axis planes obtained from STE analysis and LV torsion as the LV twist divided by the end-diastolic LV longitudinal length. Counterclockwise LVrot as viewed from apex was expressed as a positive value.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LA and LV volume and function analyses by 3DE</title>
        <p>3DE 4-beat full volume images were acquired during breath hold in end expiration from apical views. Volume rate varied from 17 to 25 volumes/s.</p>
        <p>LA 3D images were analyzed as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The software showed maximum and minimum LA volume and pre-contraction LA volume was obtained from analysis of time-volume curves. Total LA emptying fraction was calculated as [(maximum LA volume - minimum LA volume)/maximum LA volume] x 100. Active LA emptying fraction was calculated as [(pre-contraction LA volume - minimum LA volume)/pre-contraction LA volume] x 100. Passive LA emptying fraction was calculated as [(maximum LA volume - pre-contraction LA volume)/maximum LA volume] x 100.</p>
        <p>LV volume and 3D LV ejection fraction were measured using a similar approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Calculations were done using the software package MedCalc 12.5.0.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and discrete variables as absolute and percentage values. Echocardiographic variables passed standard tests of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Normally distributed data were compared by unpaired Student&#8217;s t-tests. Discrete variables were compared by contingency tables. Correlation between age and echocardiographic parameters was tested by Pearson&#8217;s correlation and classified according to Zegers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyze independent correlation between echocardiographic indexes and age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and ethnicity. Interobserver and intraobserver agreements were determined after offline re-analysis of recorded clips of 15 randomly selected subjects and assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>A total of 296 adult subjects with negative Chagas disease serology were screened from March 2010 to November 2013, and from May 2016 to July 2017. After applying exclusion criteria, 77 subjects (36 men; 46.7%) were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Regarding age groups, 39 participants were 18 to 39 years old, 35 participants were 40 to 60 years old and 3 participants were 60 years old or older. Most subjects were born in the Southeast and Northeast of Brazil and were white. Distribution by state was as follows: 24 were born in Rio de Janeiro, 7 in Minas Gerais, 1 in Esp&#237;rito Santo, 12 in Bahia, 9 in Para&#237;ba, 8 in Cear&#225;, 5 in Pernambuco, 5 in Alagoas, 1 in Piau&#237;, 1 in Sergipe and 4 in Par&#225;. There was no significant difference in age, BMI, place of origin and ethnicity distribution between men or women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of enrollment of subjects in the present study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0935-90155-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of study participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All n = 77</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Male n = 36</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Female n = 41</th>
                <th align="center">P value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">40.4 &#177; 10.4 (range 19&#8211;78)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">39.5 &#177; 9.7 (range 19&#8211;62)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 11.0 (range 21&#8211;78)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Place of origin</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Southeast</td>
                <td align="center">32 (41.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">19 (52.7 %)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Northeast</td>
                <td align="center">41 (53.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16 (44.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">North</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White</td>
                <td align="center">42 (54.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 (66.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">18 (43.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Afro-Brazilian</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mixed/Browned skinned</td>
                <td align="center">24 (31.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>2D echocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA, cm</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVd, cm</td>
                <td align="center">5.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVs, cm</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV S&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV mass, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT, ms</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 34 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 34 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 35 </td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vp, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 120</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Vp</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV S&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVSP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>A: peak late wave diastolic filling velocity; BMI: body mass index; DBP : diastolic blood pressure; DT: E-wave deceleration time; E: peak early wave diastolic filling velocity; E&#8217;: peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LVd: LV end-diastolic diameter; LVs: LV end-systolic diameter; RV: right ventricle; RVSP: RV systolic pressure; S&#8217;: peak systolic mitral annulus velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; Vp: propagation velocity.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Student&#8217;s t-test or contingency tables comparing men vs. women, as appropriate. n (%); mean &#177; SD.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Men presented larger LA and LV diameters and a tendency for larger LV mass while E/E&#8217; ratio was higher in women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3D echocardiography analysis of LA volume, function and strain</title>
        <p>Except for two, good image quality was obtainable for 3DE LA volume analysis from all participants. Except for one, LA strain analysis was feasible in all participants.</p>
        <p>LA volume and function values obtained by 3DE and STE are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Pre-A LA volume was slightly larger and passive LA emptying fraction was smaller in men than in women. There were no differences regarding LA e parameters between men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>3D echocardiographic LA volume and function and LA strain analyses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All n = 77</th>
                <th align="center">Men n = 36</th>
                <th align="center">Women n = 41</th>
                <th align="center">P value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>3DE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Max LA Vol, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Min LA Vol, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre-A LA Vol, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total LA EF, %</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Active LA EF, %</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passive LA EF, %</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LA Strain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LASct, %</td>
                <td align="center">-13.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">-13.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">-13.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAScd, %</td>
                <td align="center">17.4 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">17.8 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LASr, %</td>
                <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>EF: emptying fraction; LA: left atrium; LASct: peak negative global LA &#949;; LAScd: peak positive global LA &#949;; LASr: total global LA &#949;; Max: maximum; Min: minimum; Pre-A LA vol: LA volume at the onset of LA contraction; 3DE: three-dimensional echocardiography; Vol: volume.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Student&#8217;s test-t comparing men vs. women.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3D echocardiography analysis of LV volume, function and strain</title>
        <p>Images of enough quality to analyze 3D LV volumes were obtained in 64 (83%) participants. Three patients were excluded from LV-GLS analysis and two patients were excluded from LV-GCS and LV-GRS analyses due to poor imaging quality. Seven patients were excluded from LV twist and torsion analyses due to poor imaging quality for LVrot analysis in either basal or apical short-axis views.</p>
        <p>Values for LV volume and function obtained by 3DE and STE are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. LV end-diastolic volume was larger and end-systolic volume presented a tendency to be larger in men than women while 3D LV ejection fraction did not differ between them. LV-GCS was slightly higher in women than in men, while LV-GLS, LV-GRS, LV rotation and torsion did not differ between them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>3D echocardiographic analysis of LV volume, function and strain</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All n = 77</th>
                <th align="center">Men n = 36</th>
                <th align="center">Women n = 41</th>
                <th align="center">P value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>3DE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV Strain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-GLS, %</td>
                <td align="center">-19 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">-19 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">-20 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-GCS, %</td>
                <td align="center">-19 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">-18 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">-20 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-GRS, %</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak apical rotation, <sup>0</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak basal rotation, <sup>0</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-5.6 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">-5.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">-5.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak twist, <sup>0</sup></td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak torsion, <sup>0</sup>/cm</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Untwist,<sup>0</sup>/s</td>
                <td align="center">-116 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">-110 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">-119 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>LV: left ventricle; LV-GLS: global LV longitudinal strain; LV-GCS: global LV circumferential strain; LV-GRS: global LV radial strain; 3DE: three-dimensional echocardiography.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Student&#8217;s test-t comparing men vs. women.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RV strain analysis</title>
        <p>Good imaging quality for RV e analysis was obtainable from 67 (87%) participants.</p>
        <p>RV function values obtained by STE are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. RV e parameters did not differ between men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RV strain analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All n = 77</th>
                <th align="center">Men n = 36</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Women n = 41</th>
                <th align="center">P value<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV-GLS, %</td>
                <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV-fwLS, %</td>
                <td align="center">-24 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">-25 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-24 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>RV: right ventricle; RV-fwLS: RV free wall longitudinal strain; RV-GLS: global RV longitudinal strain.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Student&#8217;s test-t comparing men vs. women.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between age and new echocardiographic indexes</title>
        <p>Regarding LA volume and function, age presented fair positive correlation with minimum LA (r = 0.27, p = 0.02) and pre-A volume (r = 0.33, p = 0.004), and fair negative correlation with total LA emptying fraction (r = -0.26, p = 0.02) and passive LA emptying fraction (r = -0.35, p = 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2A</xref>). Age presented a moderate negative correlation with LAScd (r = -0.42, P=0.0001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2B</xref>) and a fair negative correlation with LASr (r = -0.39, p = 0.0004). Age did not correlate with maximum LA volume, active LA emptying fraction and LASct.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between age and passive LA EF (A), LAScd (B), and LV torsion (C). LAScd: peak positive global LA &#949;; LA EF: left atrial emptying fraction; LV: left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0935-90155-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding LV volume and function, age presented fair negative correlation with LV end-diastolic (r = -0.31, p = 0.01) and end-systolic volume (r = -0.34, p = 0.007), and fair positive correlation with apical LV rotation (r = 0.29, p = 0.02), twist (r = 0.28, p = 0.02) and torsion (r = 0.28, p = 0.02, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2C</xref>), but no significant correlation with LV ejection fraction, LV-GLS, LV-GCS or LV-GRS.</p>
        <p>RV-GLS presented fair positive correlation with age (r = 0.31; p = 0.01) while RV-fwLS did not correlate with age.</p>
        <p>Among men, age presented a fair negative correlation with passive LA emptying fraction (r = -0.31, p = 0.07). Other variables did not reach statistical significance. Among women, age presented moderate positive correlation with minimum LA (r = 0.51, p = 0.0006) and pre-A volume (r = 0.53, p = 0.0003), fair negative correlation with total LA emptying fraction (r = -0.41, p = 0.007), and moderate correlation with passive LA emptying fraction (r = -0.43, p = 0.005). Among women, age also presented moderate negative correlation with LAScd (r = -0.59, p &lt; 0.0001) and LASr (r = -0.58, p &lt; 0.0001), fair negative correlation with LV end-diastolic (r = -0.34, p = 0.04) and end-systolic volume (r = -0.39, p = 0.02), and moderate positive correlation with apical LV rotation (r = 0.46, p = 0.003), twist (r = 0.43, p = 0.006) and torsion (r = 0.42, p = 0.007), and fair positive correlation with LV-GLS (r = 0.34, p = 0.03) and RV-GLS (r = 0.32, p = 0.05).</p>
        <p>We analyzed whether the correlations between age and new echocardiographic indexes were independent from gender, BMI and ethnicity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). The analyzed variables accounted for only a modest percentage of the variability of the new echocardiographic indexes. Minimum LA volume correlated with age. LA pre-A volume and total LA emptying fraction correlated with age and gender. Passive LA emptying fraction correlated with age, gender and BMI. LASr and LAScd correlated with age and BMI. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes correlated with age. LV-GCS correlated with gender. LV-GLS correlated with BMI. Age correlated with torsion and apical rotation. RV-GLS correlated with BMI and ethnicity and RV-fwGLS correlated with BMI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multiple linear regression to determine independent predictors of new echocardiographic indexes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">&#946; coefficients &#177; standard error</th>
                <th align="left">P value</th>
                <th align="left">adjusted R<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Min LA Vol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.07 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pre-A LA Vol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.10 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total LA EF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.21 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">-3.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Passive LA EF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.27 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">-5.3 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">-0.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LAScd</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.16 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">-0.60 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.0006</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LASr</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.17 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">-0.67 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV end-diastolic volume</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.36 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV end-systolic volume</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.19 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV-GLS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV-GCS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peak apical rotation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.12 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peak twist</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peak torsion</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.02 &#177; 0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RV-GLS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">0.31 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ethnicity</td>
                <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RV-fwLS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">0.56 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>
                <italic>EF: emptying fraction; LA: left atrium; LASct: peak negative global LA &#949;; LAScd: peak positive global LA &#949;; LASr: total global LA &#949;; Max: maximum; Min: minimum; Pre-A LA vol: LA volume at the onset of LA contraction; 3DE: three-dimensional echocardiography; Vol: volume; RV-fwLS: RV free wall longitudinal strain; RV-GLS: global RV longitudinal strain. <sup>a</sup> Student&#8217;s test-t comparing men vs. women.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intra- and interobserver variabilities</title>
        <p>The intra- and interobserver variabilities for 3DE LA volumes, LA and LV e of our group using the same machine used in this article have already been published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The mean differences (&#177;1.96 SD) for intraobserver agreement for 3DE LV volumes were -2.4 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;5.0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), -1.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;4.0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) for end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes, respectively, and 0.5% (&#177;6.7%) for LV ejection fraction. The mean differences for interobserver agreement for 3DE LV volumes were -7.8 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;11.0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), -2.4 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;5.6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) for end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes, respectively, and -1.5% (&#177;7.2%) for LV ejection fraction.</p>
        <p>The mean differences for intraobserver agreement for RV e were -0.3% (&#177;2.2%) and -0.1% (&#177;4.0%) for RV-GLS and RV-fwGLS, respectively. The mean differences for interobserver agreement for RV e were -0.4% (&#177;2.8%) and 0.1% (&#177;5.6%) for RV-GLS and RV-fwGLS, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this article, we present values for new echocardiographic indexes obtained from Brazilians without known cardiovascular diseases. Most subjects were born in Southeastern and Northeastern Brazil. Our study included a population of both sexes made up, in its majority, of white people, followed by mixed/brown skinned and Afro-Brazilians, similar to the ethnic distribution described by the IBGE demographic census of 2010: 44.7% of white people, 43.1% of mixed/brown skinned, 7.6% of Afro-Brazilians, 1.1% of Asian-Brazilians and 0.43% of native Indians (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico-2010.html?edicao=10503&amp;t=resultados">https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico-2010.html?edicao=10503&amp;t=resultados</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>LA and LV diameters measured by 2D-echocardiography were larger in men and LV mass also tended to be larger in men, as those parameters are gender-dependent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Other studies with Brazilians also found the differences described in this paper between men and women for LA and LV diameters and LV mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> We also found that E/E&#8217; ratio was higher in women, as described by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, gender-specific reference values for Doppler measures may be needed in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Regarding LA volumes, we found indexed mean values within the normal range published elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Males presented minimum LA volume slightly larger than women, which is in accordance with previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> but not with others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The average values for LAScd and LAsr described by us are within the range described for LA e reference values,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> while LASct described by us was lower than previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, there is a wide variation between studies that described LA e reference values due to methodological variations (reference frame set to zero strain: P wave or QRS complex onset; inclusion or exclusion of LA roof; apical views used for LA e analysis; machines or software packages from different vendors),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and influence of age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> LV diastolic function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> LV end-diastolic pressure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and image quality over LA e parameters.</p>
      <p>Ageing correlated with worsening of LA reservoir and conduit function as demonstrated by positive correlation with minimum LA and pre-A volumes and negative correlation with total and passive LA emptying fractions, LAScd, and LASr. Others also found that age correlated positively with minimum LA volume and negatively with total LA emptying fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> or that all LA volumes increased with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Others also found that LAScd, and LASr decreased with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The correlation found with age may be partly explained by the known effect of age on LV diastolic function. On multiple regression analysis, age remained the most common covariate associated with 3DE and LA e parameters. Male gender was also positively associated with LA pre-A volume and negatively associated with total and passive LA emptying fractions. Others found higher maximum and minimum 3DE LA volumes in men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> while others found no gender influence on 3D LA volumes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Passive LA emptying fraction, LASr, and LAScd decreased with BMI, demonstrating a possible effect of overweight on LA reservoir and conduit function. In fact, others found that total and passive LA emptying fractions and LA e decreased with BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The 3DE LV volumes described by us are similar to those described previously,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> but larger than those described by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> These differences may be attributed to different ethnic backgrounds, as the first two studies are composed of white patients and the last two, patients with different backgrounds. The 3D LV ejection fraction described by us is similar to the one described in those articles. We found larger LV volumes in men, as in others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, after multiple regression analysis, only age was related to 3D LV volumes. We described a negative correlation between age and LV volumes, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The global LV e found in our population did not differ from previous studies that analyzed LV-GLS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> LV-GCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and LV-GRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, other studies described higher LV-GCS in normal subjects than us<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and a recent meta-analysis of 24 studies found mean LV-GLS and LV-GRS values very similar to our findings, but higher mean LV-GCS than we did.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> We found that LV-GCS was higher in women and a tendency for LV-GLS to be higher in women, which is consistent with others that found higher LV-GCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and LV-GLS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in women. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the positive independent relationship between women and absolute LV-GCS values. Although others found correlation between LV e and age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> we could not confirm those results. Kocabay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> did not find any difference in LV e between different age groups either.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that LV-GLS absolute values decreased with BMI, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The LV rotation and twist described by us are similar to the ones previously described,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> but lower than the ones described by others,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and higher than the ones described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> LV twist and torsion increased with age, as described by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Reasons for differences found in mean LV e and torsion between our study and others may be due to heterogeneity introduced by different machine vendors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> gender distribution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and the technique used to measure LV-GLS and LV-GRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding RV strain, the RV-fwLS described by us was similar to that found in previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> but slightly lower than that described by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Although we did not find correlation between RV e and age after multiple regression analysis or gender-based differences, others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found that RV-fwLS decreased with ageing, and was lower among men. After multiple regression analysis, RV-GLS absolute values decreased with BMI and ethnicity and RV-fwGLS also decreased with BMI. Although we cannot compare these results to the ones found in the literature, LV-GLS is described to decrease with BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and ethnicity may influence LV e.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> More studies in subjects without known diseases are needed to validate reference values.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Our data was obtained using a machine from a single vendor but the technology of 3DE measurements and STE may differ between different vendors and Echopac software versions. In fact, LV-GLS measured with seven different brands presented a small but significant difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>We used a multi-beat approach to acquire 3D volumes. Multi-beat 3D images usually offer better temporal resolution than single-beat images, but may have lower spatial resolution due to stitching artifacts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> However, the correlation with volumes measured by cardiac resonance was described to be excellent, regardless of the number of cardiac cycles used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recently, new dedicated software to measure 3D LA volumes was developed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and may result in slightly different data than ours. However, we described good inter- and intra-observer agreements for our 3D LA volume measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and the correlation between non-dedicated 3D software to measure LA volume and cardiac resonance was described as significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Our paper did not include enough individuals from all ethnic groups that compose the Brazilian population, such as Asian-Brazilians and native Indians. Another limitation is that we did not perform lab work to exclude patients who could be unaware of associated comorbidities. Also, we did not exclude patients who were overweight. In fact, 41 patients (53%) were overweight (BMI &#8805; 25 and &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). However, overweight is becoming increasingly prevalent among Brazilians and the total percentage in this article is close to the value disclosed by IBGE (56.9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Values for new echocardiographic indexes in normal Brazilian volunteers and their differences between men and women as well as their correlation with age are presented. However, we found differences in reference values between our study and others, which may be due to heterogeneity introduced by different machine vendors, age, gender distribution, ethnicity and the technique used to measure LV, LA or RV e.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (grant E-26/201.561/2014 and E-26/110.176/2014 to Dr Saraiva), Programa Estrat&#233;gico de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de /Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brazil (grant 407655/2012-3 and 421843/2017-9 to Dr Saraiva), and Cnpq (grant 305088/2013-0 to Dr Saraiva).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Evandro Chagas under the protocol number 0059.0.009.000-09. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda e Direita e Atrial Esquerda pelo Ecocardiograma Tridimensional e An&#225;lise da Deforma&#231;&#227;o Bidimensional em Volunt&#225;rios Saud&#225;veis Brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M. </given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4582-169X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolin</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza Maria B. </given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole P. </given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bouret</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6369-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mediano</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Felippe Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Holanda</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo T. </given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a R. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de pesquisa e Educa&#231;&#227;o, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto M. Saraiva,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Saraiva RM, Costa AR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Saraiva RM, Scolin EMB, Pacheco NP, Bouret ME, Holanda MT. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Saraiva RM, Bouret ME, Mediano MFF, Holanda MT, Costa AR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Saraiva RM, Mediano MFF, Costa AR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Saraiva RM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saraiva RM, Mediano MFF, Holanda MT, Costa AR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Saraiva RM, Scolin EMB, Pacheco NP, Bouret ME, Mediano MFF, Costa AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o utilizadas no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de diversas cardiopatias. No entanto, muitos desses novos &#237;ndices ainda carecem de valores de refer&#234;ncia em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Estudamos esses novos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em um grupo de brasileiros sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estudar valores dos novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em brasileiros sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal composto por indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis que realizaram ecocardiograma tridimensional (E3D) e ecocardiograma bidimensional com an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o (e) por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (EST). Foram analisadas as fun&#231;&#245;es atrial esquerda (AE) e ventricular esquerda (VE) por E3D e EST, e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (VD) por EST. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos setenta e sete indiv&#237;duos (46,7% homens; 40,4 &#177; 10,4 anos). Os volumes AE m&#225;ximo, m&#237;nimo e pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (pr&#233;-A) (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) foram 21,2 &#177; 5,5, 7,8 &#177; 2,5 e 11,0 &#177; 3,1, respectivamente. O pico da e global positiva do AE (LAScd), pico da e global negativa do AE e e global total do AE (LASr) foram 17,4&#177;5,2%, -13,2 &#177; 2,0% e 30,5 &#177; 5,9%, respectivamente. Os volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) mediram 57 &#177; 12 e 24 &#177; 6 e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do VE mediu 58 &#177; 6%. A e longitudinal, circunferencial e radial global do VE foi de -19 &#177; 2%, -19 &#177; 3% e 46 &#177; 12%, respectivamente. A tor&#231;&#227;o do VE mediu 1,6 &#177; 0,7<sup>(0)</sup>/cm. A e longitudinal global do VD (SLG-VD) e a deforma&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VD foram de -22 &#177; 3% e -24 &#177; 5%. Os volumes m&#237;nimo e pr&#233;-A do AE, rota&#231;&#227;o apical do VE, tor&#231;&#227;o e SLG-VD aumentaram com a idade, enquanto as fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento total e passivo do LA, LAScd, LASr, volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE diminu&#237;ram com a idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apresentam-se os valores para os novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em brasileiros sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/201.561/2014</award-id>
          <award-id>E-26/110.176/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>407655/2012-3</award-id>
          <award-id>421843/2017-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>305088/2013-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (processo E-26/201.561/2014 e E-26/110.176/2014 ao Dr. Saraiva), Programa Estrat&#233;gico de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de /Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brasil (processo 407655/2012-3 e 421843/2017-9 ao Dr. Saraiva), a Cnpq (processo 305088/2013-0 ao Dr. Saraiva).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas v&#234;m sendo cada vez mais utilizadas no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, muitos dos novos &#237;ndices derivados dessas t&#233;cnicas carecem de valores de refer&#234;ncia em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. As fun&#231;&#245;es ventricular esquerda (VE), atrial esquerda (AE) e ventricular direita (VD) podem ser avaliadas tanto pela ecocardiografia tridimensional (E3D) quanto pela an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o (e) pela ecocardiografia bidimensional por speckle tracking (EST). Os valores de refer&#234;ncia para alguns dos &#237;ndices derivados dessas t&#233;cnicas podem ser encontrados em diretrizes recentes, mas ainda est&#227;o ausentes em muitas delas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Consequentemente, estudos referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o VE, AE e VD em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es exigem grupos controle, que podem n&#227;o representar uma amostra real e consistente de uma popula&#231;&#227;o normal. Al&#233;m disso, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; frequentemente sub-representada em estudos que avaliaram valores de refer&#234;ncia para esses par&#226;metros. Portanto, estudamos novos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade em brasileiros sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Indiv&#237;duos estudados</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal prospectivo que recrutou participantes entre os indiv&#237;duos encaminhados &#224; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, com resultado negativo para doen&#231;a de Chagas em dois testes sorol&#243;gicos diferentes, sem doen&#231;as conhecidas, exame f&#237;sico normal, eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiogramas com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda global e segmentar normal e aus&#234;ncia de valvopatia importante. Obteve-se informa&#231;&#245;es sobre ra&#231;a/etnia por autodescri&#231;&#227;o. O estudo foi realizado no Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O INI &#233; uma institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica dedicada &#224; pesquisa cl&#237;nica sobre doen&#231;as infecciosas e um centro de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
          <p>O presente artigo &#233; proveniente do nosso projeto &#8220;An&#225;lise do desempenho card&#237;aco por novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Utilizamos uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Os estudos foram realizados usando sistema de ultrassom (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) equipado com transdutores phased-array M4S e transdutor matriz de 1,5 a 4-MHz. Conforme recomendado, foram obtidas as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas medidas por ecocardiograma modo M, bidimensional e Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os ecocardiogramas foram revisados offline e as an&#225;lises de e bidimensional e E3D foram realizadas com o software Echopac PC workstation vers&#227;o 108.1.12 (GE Medical Systems) com plug-in de an&#225;lise de volume VE 4D (Tomtec Imaging Systems Gmbh). O mesmo software projetado para calcular a e do VE foi usado para analisar a e do VD e AE. Todos os clipes bidimensionais analisados foram adquiridos em alta taxa de quadros (&gt;60 quadros/s). Os estudos foram adquiridos por um ecocardiografista e analisados por dois ecocardiografistas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o bidimensional</title>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE</title>
            <p>A e do AE foi determinada conforme descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por meio de proje&#231;&#245;es apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras. O in&#237;cio da onda P foi utilizado como ponto de refer&#234;ncia, o que permitiu o reconhecimento do pico da e global positiva do AE (LAScd), que correspondeu &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o de conduto do AE, pico da e global negativa do AE (LASct), que correspondeu &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do AE, e a soma dos valores anteriores (LASr), que corresponderam &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio do AE.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lises de deforma&#231;&#227;o bidimensionais do VE e VD</title>
            <p>A e longitudinal global do VE (SLG-VE), a e circunferencial global do VE (SCG-VE) e a e radial global do VE (SRG-VE) foram calculadas como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os valores de SCG-VE e SRG-VE foram a m&#233;dia da m&#233;dia de pico das medidas SCG-VE e SRG-VE obtidas nas proje&#231;&#245;es eixo curto nos n&#237;veis basal, m&#233;dio e apical. A medida SLG-VE foi a m&#233;dia da m&#233;dia de pico da medida SLG-VE obtida nas proje&#231;&#245;es de 4, 2 e 3 c&#226;maras. Se a qualidade do <italic>tracking</italic> n&#227;o fosse boa em dois segmentos da mesma janela ac&#250;stica, a proje&#231;&#227;o era exclu&#237;da do c&#225;lculo da e global do VE.</p>
            <p>A e longitudinal do VD (SLG-VD) foi calculada por meio da proje&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras focada. A e da parede livre do VD (SLPL-VD) foi calculada como a m&#233;dia dos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical da parede livre do VD.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C&#225;lculo da tor&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</title>
            <p>A tor&#231;&#227;o e o twist do VE foram calculados como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O twist do VE foi definido como a diferen&#231;a l&#237;quida da rota&#231;&#227;o do VE (VErot) entre os planos apical e basal de eixo curto, obtida pela an&#225;lise por EST e a tor&#231;&#227;o do VE foi definida como o twist do VE dividido pelo comprimento longitudinal diast&#243;lico final do VE. A VErot no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio, vista do &#225;pice, foi expressa como um valor positivo.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises do volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE e VE pela E3D</title>
          <p>As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tridimensionais de volume total durante quatro batimentos foram adquiridas em apneia no final da expira&#231;&#227;o a partir de proje&#231;&#245;es apicais. A taxa de volume variou de 17 a 25 volumes/s.</p>
          <p>As imagens tridimensionais do AE foram analisadas conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O software mostrou volumes m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dios do AE e o volume do AE pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o foi obtido a partir da an&#225;lise das curvas tempo-volume. A fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total do AE foi calculada como [(volume m&#225;ximo do AE - volume m&#237;nimo do AE)/volume m&#225;ximo do AE] x 100. A fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento do AE ativa foi calculada como [(volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE - volume m&#237;nimo do AE)/volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE] x 100. A fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passiva do AE foi calculada como [(volume m&#225;ximo do AE - volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE)/volume m&#225;ximo do AE] x 100.</p>
          <p>Os volumes do VE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do VE foram medidos por meio de uma abordagem semelhante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os c&#225;lculos foram feitos no software MedCalc 12.5.0.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis discretas como valores absolutos e porcentagem. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram aprovadas nos testes-padr&#227;o de normalidade (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparados pelos testes <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareados. As vari&#225;veis discretas foram comparadas por tabelas de conting&#234;ncia. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi testada pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e classificada de acordo com Zegers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla pelo m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic> foi utilizada para analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o independente entre os &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e etnia. A concord&#226;ncia inter e intraobservador foi determinada ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise off-line de clipes gravados de 15 indiv&#237;duos selecionados aleatoriamente e avaliada pela an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 296 participantes adultos com sorologia negativa para a doen&#231;a de Chagas entre mar&#231;o de 2010 e novembro de 2013 e entre maio de 2016 e julho de 2017. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos 77 indiv&#237;duos (36 homens; 46,7%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias, 39 participantes tinham entre 18 e 39 anos, 35 participantes tinham entre 40 e 60 anos e 3 participantes tinham 60 anos ou mais. A maioria dos participantes era nascida no sudeste e nordeste do Brasil, e era de pele branca. A distribui&#231;&#227;o por estado foi a seguinte: 24 nasceram no Rio de Janeiro, 7 em Minas Gerais, 1 no Esp&#237;rito Santo, 12 na Bahia, 9 na Para&#237;ba, 8 no Cear&#225;, 5 em Pernambuco, 5 em Alagoas, 1 no Piau&#237;, 1 em Sergipe e 4 no Par&#225;. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, IMC, local de origem e distribui&#231;&#227;o de etnia entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de inscri&#231;&#227;o dos participantes no presente estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0935-90155-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="17%"/>
                <col width="22%"/>
                <col width="22%"/>
                <col width="22%"/>
                <col width="17%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos n = 77</th>
                  <th align="center">Sexo masculino n = 36</th>
                  <th align="center">Sexo feminino n = 41</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4 &#177; 10,4 (faixa et&#225;ria 19&#8211;78)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,5 &#177; 9,7 (faixa et&#225;ria 19&#8211;62)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 &#177; 11,0 (faixa et&#225;ria 21&#8211;78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">25,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">124 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Local de origem</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (41,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (52,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (53,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (66,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (43,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Afro-brasileiros</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Miscigenados/Pardos</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (31,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (39,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma bidimensional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEd, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEs, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE S&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa VE, g/m&#178;</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#177; 34 </td>
                  <td align="center">161 &#177; 34 </td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#177; 35 </td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vp, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/Vp</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VD S&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAPSE, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSVD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>
                  <italic>A: pico de velocidade de enchimento diast&#243;lico tardio da onda A; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DT: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; E&#8217;: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEd: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE; VEs: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; PSVD: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD; S&#8217;: pico da velocidade do anel mitral sist&#243;lico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; Vp: velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student ou tabelas de conting&#234;ncia comparando homens vs. mulheres, conforme apropriado. n (%); m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os homens apresentaram maiores di&#226;metros de AE e VE e tend&#234;ncia para maior massa do VE, enquanto a raz&#227;o E/E&#8217; foi maior nas mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional de volume, fun&#231;&#227;o e deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE</title>
          <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o de dois participantes, na an&#225;lise de volume do AE por E3D, foi poss&#237;vel obter boa qualidade de imagem. Foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE, com exce&#231;&#227;o de apenas um participante.</p>
          <p>Os valores de volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE obtidos por E3D e EST s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. O volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o atrial do AE mostrou-se ligeiramente maior e a fra&#231;&#227;o passiva de esvaziamento do AE mostrou-se menor nos homens do que nas mulheres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de e do AE entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tridimensionais do volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE e deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos n = 77</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens n = 36</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres n = 41</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>E3D</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vol m&#225;x. VE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vol m&#237;n. VE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vol pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE total do AE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE ativo do AE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE passivo do AE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Deforma&#231;&#227;o AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LASct, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LAScd, %</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LASr, %</td>
                  <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>
                  <italic>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento; LA: &#225;trio esquerdo; LASct: pico da &#949; global negativa do AE; LAScd: pico da &#949; global positiva do AE; LASr: &#949; global total do AE; M&#225;x.: m&#225;ximo; M&#237;n.: m&#237;nimo; Vol pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE: volume do AE no in&#237;cio da contra&#231;&#227;o do AE; E3D: ecocardiografia tridimensional; Vol: volume.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student comparando homens versus mulheres.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional de volume, fun&#231;&#227;o e deforma&#231;&#227;o do VE</title>
          <p>Imagens de qualidade suficiente para analisar os volumes tridimensionais do VE foram obtidas em 64 (83%) participantes. Tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise de SLG-VE e dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises de SCG-VE e de SRG-VE devido &#224; m&#225; qualidade de imagem. Sete pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises de twist e tor&#231;&#227;o do VE devido &#224; baixa qualidade de imagem para a an&#225;lise de VErot seja na proje&#231;&#227;o basal ou apical de eixo curto.</p>
          <p>Os valores de volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE obtidos por E3D e EST s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. O volume diast&#243;lico final do VE mostrou-se maior e o volume sist&#243;lico final apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia a ser maior nos homens do que nas mulheres, enquanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do VE n&#227;o diferiu entre eles. A medida do SCG-VE mostrou-se ligeiramente maior nas mulheres do que nos homens, enquanto a medida do SLG-VE, SRG-VE, rota&#231;&#227;o e tor&#231;&#227;o do VE n&#227;o diferiram entre eles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional de volume, fun&#231;&#227;o e deforma&#231;&#227;o do VE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos n = 77</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens n = 36</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres n = 41</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>E3D</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Deforma&#231;&#227;o do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLG-VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-19 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-19 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-20 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SCG-VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-19 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">-18 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">-20 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SRG-VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de rota&#231;&#227;o apical, <sup>0</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de rota&#231;&#227;o basal, <sup>0</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-5,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de twist, <sup>0</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de tor&#231;&#227;o, <sup>0</sup>/cm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Untwist,<sup>0</sup>/s</td>
                  <td align="center">-116 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">-110 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">-119 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>
                  <italic>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do VE; SCG-VE: strain circunferencial global do VE; SRG-VE: strain radial global do VE; E3D: ecocardiografia tridimensional.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student comparando homens vs. mulheres.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD</title>
          <p>Obteve-se boa qualidade de imagem para a an&#225;lise da e do VD em 67 (87%) participantes.</p>
          <p>Os valores de volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE obtidos por EST s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>. Os par&#226;metros de e do VD n&#227;o diferiram entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="2%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos n = 77</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens n = 36</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres n = 41</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLG-VD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-22 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLPL-VD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-24 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">-25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-24 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>
                  <italic>VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; SLPL-VD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do RV; SLG-VD: strain longitudinal global do VD.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student comparando homens vs. mulheres.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do AE, a idade apresentou leve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o volume m&#237;nimo do AE (r = 0,27, p = 0,02) e volume de pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (r = 0,33, p = 0,004), e leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total do AE (r = -0,26, p = 0,02) e fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passiva do AE (r = -0,35, p = 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 2A</xref>). A idade apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa moderada com LAScd (r = -0,42, p = 0,0001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 2B</xref>) e leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com LASr (r = -0,39, p = 0,0004). A idade n&#227;o se correlacionou com o volume m&#225;ximo do AE, fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativa do AE, nem com LASct.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e FE passiva do AE (A), LAScd (B) e tor&#231;&#227;o do VE (C). LAScd = &#949; global positiva de pico do AE; EF = fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento; AE = &#225;trio esquerdo; VE = ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0935-90155-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, a idade apresentou leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com os volumes diast&#243;lico final do VE (r = -0,31, p = 0,01) e sist&#243;lico final do VE (r = -0,34, p = 0,007) e leve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a rota&#231;&#227;o apical do VE (r = 0,29, p = 0,02), twist apical do VE (r = 0,28, p = 0,02) e tor&#231;&#227;o apical do VE (r = 0,28, p = 0,02, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 2C</xref>), mas n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, SLG-VE, SCG-VE ou SRG-VE.</p>
          <p>O SLG-VD apresentou leve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a idade (r = 0,31; p = 0,01) enquanto o SLPL-VD n&#227;o se correlacionou com a idade.</p>
          <p>Entre os homens, a idade apresentou leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passiva do AE (r = -0,31, p = 0,07). Outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o atingiram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Entre as mulheres, a idade apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada com o volume m&#237;nimo do AE (r = 0,51, p = 0,0006) e de pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE (r = 0,53, p = 0,0003), leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total do AE (r = -0,41, p = 0,007) e correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passiva do AE (r = -0,43, p = 0,005). Entre as mulheres, a idade tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa moderada com LAScd (r = -0,59, p &lt; 0,0001) e LASr (r = -0,58, p &lt; 0,0001), leve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com os volumes diast&#243;lico final do VE (r = -0,34, p = 0,04) e sist&#243;lico final do VE (r = -0,39, p = 0,02) e correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada com a rota&#231;&#227;o apical do VE (r = 0,46, p = 0,003), twist apical do VE (r = 0,43, p = 0,006) e tor&#231;&#227;o apical do VE (r = 0,42, P = 0,007), e leve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com SLG-VE (r = 0,34, P = 0,03) e SLG-VD (r = 0,32, p = 0,05).</p>
          <p>Analisamos se as correla&#231;&#245;es entre idade e novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram independentes do sexo, IMC e etnia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). As vari&#225;veis analisadas representaram apenas uma modesta porcentagem da variabilidade dos novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. O volume m&#237;nimo do AE correlacionou-se com a idade. O volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total do AE correlacionaram-se com idade e sexo. A fra&#231;&#227;o do esvaziamento passivo do AE correlacionou-se com a idade, sexo e IMC. As medidas LASr e LAScd correlacionaram-se com idade e IMC. Os volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE correlacionaram-se com a idade. A medida SLG-VE correlacionou-se com o sexo. A medida SLG-VE correlacionou-se com o IMC. A idade correlacionou-se com a tor&#231;&#227;o e a rota&#231;&#227;o apical. A medida SLG-VD correlacionou-se com IMC e etnia, e a medida SLPL-VD correlacionou-se com o IMC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para determinar preditores independentes de novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">coeficientes &#946; &#177; erro padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de P</th>
                  <th align="center"><italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup>ajustado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vol m&#237;n. AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vol pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FE total do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,21 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FE passivo do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,27 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,3 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>LAScd</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,60 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0006</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>LASr</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,17 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,67 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,36 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SLG-VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SLG-VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pico de rota&#231;&#227;o apical</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pico de twist</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pico de tor&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 &#177; 0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SLG-VD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etnia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SLPL-VD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>
                  <italic>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento; LA: &#225;trio esquerdo; LASct: pico da &#949; global negativa do AE; LAScd: pico da &#949; global positiva do AE; LASr: &#949; global total do AE; M&#225;x.: m&#225;ximo; M&#237;n.: m&#237;nimo; Vol pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE: volume do AE no in&#237;cio da contra&#231;&#227;o do AE; E3D: ecocardiografia tridimensional; Vol: volume; SLPL-VD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do RV; SLG-VD: strain longitudinal global do VD. <sup>a</sup>Teste t de Student comparando homens versus mulheres.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidades intraobservador e interobservador</title>
          <p>J&#225; foram publicadas as variabilidades intra e interobservador para os volumes do AE, e e do AE e VE pela E3D, no nosso grupo, usando o mesmo equipamento utilizado neste artigo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (&#177;1,96 DP) da concord&#226;ncia intraobservador relativa aos volumes do VE pela E3D foram de -2,4 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;5,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), -1,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;4,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) para os volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE, respectivamente, e 0,5% (&#177;6,7%) para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE. As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias da concord&#226;ncia interobservador para os volumes do VE pela E3D foram de -7,8 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;11,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), -2,4 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;5,6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) para os volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE, respectivamente, e -1,5% (&#177;7,2%) para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias da concord&#226;ncia intraobservador para a e do VD foram de -0,3% (&#177;2,2%) e -0,1% (&#177;4,0%) para as medidas SLG-VD e SLPL-VD, respectivamente. As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias de concord&#226;ncia interobservador para a e do VD foram de -0,4% (&#177;2,8%) e 0,1% (&#177;5,6%) para as medidas SLG-VD e SLPL-VD, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente artigo, apresentamos valores para novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos de brasileiros sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares conhecidas. A maioria dos participantes do estudo nasceu no sudeste e nordeste do Brasil. Nosso estudo incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o de ambos os sexos, composta, em sua maioria, por brancos, seguidos de miscigenados/pardos e afro-brasileiros, semelhante &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica descrita pelo censo demogr&#225;fico do IBGE de 2010: 44,7% de brancos, 43,1% de miscigenados/pardos, 7,6% de afro-brasileiros, 1,1% de brasileiros asi&#225;ticos e 0,43% de ind&#237;genas (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico-2010.html?edicao=10503&amp;t=resultados">https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico-2010.html?edicao=10503&amp;t=resultados</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>Os di&#226;metros do AE e VE medidos pela ecocardiografia bidimensional foram maiores nos homens e a massa do VE tamb&#233;m tendeu a ser maior nos homens, tendo em vista que esses par&#226;metros variam em fun&#231;&#227;o do sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Outros estudos com brasileiros tamb&#233;m encontraram as diferen&#231;as descritas neste trabalho entre homens e mulheres com rela&#231;&#227;o aos di&#226;metros do AE e VE e massa do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Descobrimos tamb&#233;m que a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217; foi maior em mulheres, conforme descrito em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Portanto, poder&#225; ser necess&#225;ria a obten&#231;&#227;o de valores de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficos de cada sexo para as medidas realizadas por Doppler na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos volumes do AE, encontramos valores m&#233;dios indexados dentro da faixa normal publicada em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os homens apresentaram volume m&#237;nimo de AE ligeiramente maior que as mulheres, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mas n&#227;o com outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os valores m&#233;dios das medidas LAScd e LAsr descritos no nosso trabalho est&#227;o dentro da faixa descrita para os valores de refer&#234;ncia de e do AE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ao passo que a medida LASct descrita no presente trabalho foi menor do que a descrita anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, h&#225; uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos que descreveram os valores de refer&#234;ncia da e do AE devido a varia&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas (quadro de refer&#234;ncia definido como zero deforma&#231;&#227;o: in&#237;cio da onda P ou complexo QRS; inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o do teto do AE; proje&#231;&#245;es apicais utilizadas na an&#225;lise de e do AE; equipamentos ou softwares de diferentes fornecedores),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e influ&#234;ncia da idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e qualidade de imagem em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de e do AE.</p>
        <p>O envelhecimento correlacionou-se com a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto do AE, conforme demonstrado pela correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com os volumes m&#237;nimos do AE e pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com as fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento total e passivo do AE, al&#233;m das medidas LAScd e LASr. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m conclu&#237;ram que a idade se correlacionou positivamente com o volume m&#237;nimo do AE e negativamente com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total do AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ou que todos os volumes do AE aumentaram com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Outros estudos tamb&#233;m conclu&#237;ram que as medidas LAScd e LASr diminu&#237;ram com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada com a idade pode ser parcialmente justificada pelo efeito conhecido da idade sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, a idade permaneceu como a covari&#225;vel mais comum associada aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tridimensionais e de e do AE. O sexo masculino tamb&#233;m esteve positivamente associado ao volume de pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE e negativamente associado &#224;s fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento total e passivo do AE. Outros estudos encontraram volumes m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos tridimensionais do AE em homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sendo que outros n&#227;o encontraram influ&#234;ncia de sexo nos volumes tridimensionais atriais esquerdos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento do AE, e as medidas LASr e LAScd diminu&#237;ram com o IMC, demonstrando um poss&#237;vel efeito do sobrepeso na fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio e de conduto do AE. De fato, outros estudos conclu&#237;ram que as fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento total e passivo do AE e a e do AE diminu&#237;ram com o IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os volumes do VE pela E3D descritos por n&#243;s s&#227;o semelhantes aos descritos anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mas maiores que os descritos por outros artigos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Essas diferen&#231;as podem ser atribu&#237;das a diferentes origens &#233;tnicas, pois os dois primeiros estudos s&#227;o compostos por pacientes brancos e, os dois &#250;ltimos, por pacientes de origens distintas. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do VE descrita por n&#243;s &#233; similar &#224; descrita nesses artigos. Encontramos maiores volumes de VE em homens, conforme descrito em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Entretanto, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, apenas a idade esteve relacionada aos volumes tridimensionais do VE. Descrevemos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a idade e os volumes do VE, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A e global do VE encontrado em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o diferiu de estudos anteriores que analisaram as medidas de SLG-VE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> SCG-VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e SRG-VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, outros estudos descreveram maior SCG-VE em indiv&#237;duos normais do que n&#243;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e uma metan&#225;lise recente de 24 estudos encontrou valores m&#233;dios de SLG-VE e SRG-VE muito semelhantes aos nossos achados, mas maior m&#233;dia da medida SCG-VE, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a nossa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Encontramos maior SCG-VE em mulheres e uma tend&#234;ncia da medida SLG-VE ser maior em mulheres, o que est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos que encontraram maiores medidas de SCG-VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e SLG-VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> em mulheres. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla confirmou a rela&#231;&#227;o positiva independente entre mulheres e valores absolutos de SCG-VE. Embora outros estudos tenham encontrado correla&#231;&#227;o entre a e do VE e a idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> n&#227;o pudemos confirmar esses resultados. Kocabay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a na e do VE entre diferentes faixas et&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla demonstrou que os valores absolutos de SLG-VE diminu&#237;ram com o IMC, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rota&#231;&#227;o e o twist do VE descritos por n&#243;s s&#227;o semelhantes aos valores descritos anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> mas inferiores aos descritos em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e superiores aos descritos em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A tor&#231;&#227;o e o twist do VE aumentaram com a idade, conforme descrito por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> As raz&#245;es para as diferen&#231;as encontradas na e e na tor&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do VE entre o nosso e outros estudo podem ser devidas &#224; heterogeneidade introduzida por diferentes fornecedores de equipamentos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e a t&#233;cnica usada para obter as medidas SLG-VE e SRG-VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD, a medida SLPL-VD descrita por n&#243;s se mostrou semelhante &#224; encontrada em estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> mas um pouco menor do que a descrita em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Embora n&#227;o tenhamos encontrado correla&#231;&#227;o entre a e do VD and e a idade ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla ou diferen&#231;as com base no sexo, outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a medida SLPL-VD diminuiu com o envelhecimento e foi menor entre os homens. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, os valores absolutos da medida SLG-VD diminu&#237;ram com o IMC e a etnia, e a medida SLPL-VD tamb&#233;m diminuiu com o IMC. Embora n&#227;o possamos comparar esses resultados com os encontrados na literatura, a SLG-VE &#233; descrita como decrescente com o IMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e a etnia pode influenciar a e do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Mais estudos em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;as conhecidas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar os valores de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Nossos dados foram obtidos pelo equipamento de um &#250;nico fornecedor, mas a tecnologia de medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tridimensionais e EST pode diferir entre diferentes fornecedores e vers&#245;es de software Echopac. Na verdade, a SLG-VE medida com sete marcas diferentes apresentou uma diferen&#231;a pequena, por&#233;m significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Utilizamos uma abordagem multibatimentos para adquirir volumes 3D. As imagens tridimensionais geralmente oferecem uma resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal maior que imagens de um batimento, mas podem ter uma resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial menor devido a artefatos de costura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o com volumes medidos por resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca foi descrita como excelente, independentemente do n&#250;mero de ciclos card&#237;acos utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Recentemente, foram desenvolvidos novos softwares dedicados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> para medir os volumes tridimensionais do AE, podendo resultar em dados ligeiramente diferentes dos nossos. No entanto, descrevemos boas concord&#226;ncias intra e interobservadores referentes &#224;s nossas medidas de volume tridimensional do AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o software 3D n&#227;o dedicado para medir o volume do AE e a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca foi descrita como significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Nosso trabalho n&#227;o incluiu um n&#250;mero suficiente de indiv&#237;duos de todos os grupos &#233;tnicos que comp&#245;em a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, como brasileiros asi&#225;ticos e ind&#237;genas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que n&#227;o realizamos exames laboratoriais para excluir pacientes que desconheciam comorbidades associadas. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o exclu&#237;mos pacientes com sobrepeso. De fato, 41 pacientes (53%) apresentavam sobrepeso (IMC &#8805; 25 e &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). No entanto, o sobrepeso est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais prevalente entre os brasileiros e o percentual total neste artigo &#233; pr&#243;ximo ao valor divulgado pelo IBGE (56,9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Apresentam-se os valores para os novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em volunt&#225;rios brasileiros normais e suas diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres, bem como sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade. No entanto, encontramos diferen&#231;as nos valores de refer&#234;ncia entre o nosso e outros estudos, o que pode ser explicado pela heterogeneidade introduzida por diferentes fornecedores de equipamentos, idade, distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, etnia e t&#233;cnica utilizada para medir a e do VE, AE ou VD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (processo E-26/201.561/2014 e E-26/110.176/2014 ao Dr. Saraiva), Programa Estrat&#233;gico de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de /Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brasil (processo 407655/2012-3 e 421843/2017-9 ao Dr. Saraiva), a Cnpq (processo 305088/2013-0 ao Dr. Saraiva).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Evandro Chagas sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0059.0.009.000-09. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
