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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JFNPfLmBkQPvHGQSk4GpCSp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100933</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190233</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>D-Limonene: A Promising Molecule with Bradycardic and Antiarrhythmic Potential</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7757-8407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Quiara Lovatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8746-6449</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Darizy Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Salvador</city>
            <state>BA</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Darizy Fl&#225;via Silva,</bold> Departamento de Biorregula&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal da Bahia - Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. Postal Code 40110-902, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>darizy@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>933</fpage>
      <lpage>934</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmia, Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenes</kwd>
        <kwd>Limoneno</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenes</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicinal Plants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>It is unquestionable that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is and will continue to be one of the main health problems of modern society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A significant portion of cardiovascular disease-related deaths is a direct or indirect consequence of cardiac arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal conditions that refer to any alteration in the normal sequence of cardiac electrical impulses, which can be classified according to frequency, mechanism, duration, and place of origin, resulting in inefficient pumping.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> More specifically, cardiac arrhythmias indicate alterations in the rate or regularity of the heart rhythm, as well as changes in the conduction sequence of physiological electrical impulses, from their origin in the sinoatrial node to their end, in the His-Purkinje system, and the ventricles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>The structural mechanisms that result in cardiac arrhythmias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> as well as limitations regarding the safety and efficacy of &#8220;classic&#8221; antiarrhythmic drugs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> make this disease difficult to treat.</p>
    <p>The use of medicinal plants for the treatment, cure and prevention of diseases is one of the oldest forms of human medicinal practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Natural medicinal plant-based products have shown to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have been the basis for the development of new chemical products by the pharmaceutical industry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>Essential oils, extracted from aromatic plants, are natural products with a variety of biological actions, including cardiovascular properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>Monoterpenes are the most representative molecules, which constitute 90% of essential oils,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and also produce relevant effects on measurable cardiovascular parameters, including vasorelaxation and hypotension promotion in anesthetized and non-anesthetized rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Additionally, monoterpenes may attenuate the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, by decreasing cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Thus, it is evident that monoterpenes are molecules that could be further developed for the prevention and / or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A study developed by our research group showed that the monoterpene carvacrol has negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on rats,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> whereas pulegone and geraniol have a negative inotropic effect on mammals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Nascimento et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, conducted an experimental study to evaluate the cardiovascular effects and potential antiarrhythmic response produced by the monoterpene D-limonene (DL) in rats. The study showed that DL produced intense and persistent bradycardia associated with hypotension in the heart of rats, corroborating the results observed in isolated hearts (<italic>in vitro</italic>), in which DL produced bradycardia and reduced left ventricular pressure. Additionally, the authors also observed antiarrhythmic activity using <italic>in vivo</italic> approaches.</p>
    <p>The study is clear and provides evidence of the antiarrhythmic activity of DL. However, the mechanism of action involved in the responses to DL has not been studied and it is of the utmost importance to identify any potential differences with those drugs currently used in antiarrhythmic treatment. In addition, perhaps the use of an animal model of arrhythmia to evaluate the effects caused by subchronic treatment with DL could provide more information regarding the antiarrhythmic potential of this monoterpenoid. Clauss et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in an excellent review, described the various species currently used in arrhythmia research, including small and large animals.</p>
    <p>Another unanswered question raised by this study was related to the probable DL action on Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The authors suggested that the antiarrhythmic effect produced by DL may involve the inhibition of calcium channels.</p>
    <p>Experiments demonstrating the effects of limonene on arrhythmias induced by Bayk8644 calcium channel activator are not sufficient, since any substance acting on different ion channels is relevant for the potential triggering of cardiac action, which could reduce the arrhythmias induced by Bay K, and not necessarily a consequence of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker. Thus, further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanism by which DL promotes its antiarrhythmic effects.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short editorial related to the article: Bradycardic and Antiarrhythmic Effects of the D-Limonene in Rats</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We would like to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Funding code: 001.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>D-Limoneno: Uma Mol&#233;cula Promissora com Potencial Bradic&#225;rdico e Antiarr&#237;tmico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7757-8407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Quiara Lovatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8746-6449</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Darizy Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Darizy Fl&#225;via Silva,</bold> Departamento de Biorregula&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal da Bahia - Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. CEP 40110-902, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>darizy@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpeno</kwd>
        <kwd>D-Limoneno</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenos</kwd>
        <kwd>Plantas Medicinais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Sem d&#250;vida, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o e continuar&#227;o a ser um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de da sociedade moderna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma fra&#231;&#227;o significativa das mortes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia direta ou indireta das arritmias card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As arritmias card&#237;acas s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es anormais que se referem a qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o na sequ&#234;ncia normal dos impulsos el&#233;tricos card&#237;acos, que podem ser classificadas de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia, o mecanismo, a dura&#231;&#227;o, bem como o local de origem, resultando em bombeamento ineficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Mais especificamente, as arritmias card&#237;acas indicam altera&#231;&#245;es na taxa ou regularidade do ritmo card&#237;aco, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es na sequ&#234;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o dos impulsos el&#233;tricos fisiol&#243;gicos, desde sua origem no n&#243; sinoatrial, at&#233; seu final, no sistema His-Purkinje e nos ventr&#237;culos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os mecanismos estruturais que resultam nas arritmias card&#237;acas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> bem como as limita&#231;&#245;es na seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas &#8220;cl&#225;ssicas&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> fazem com que essa doen&#231;a seja de dif&#237;cil tratamento.</p>
      <p>O uso de plantas medicinais para o tratamento, cura e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as &#233; uma das formas mais antigas de pr&#225;tica medicinal humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>Os produtos naturais &#224; base de plantas medicinais se revelaram uma fonte abundante de compostos biologicamente ativos, muitos dos quais t&#234;m sido a base para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos qu&#237;micos pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Os &#243;leos essenciais, extra&#237;dos de plantas arom&#225;ticas, s&#227;o produtos naturais que apresentam uma variedade de a&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas, dentre as quais propriedades cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os monoterpenos s&#227;o as mol&#233;culas mais representativas, que constituem 90% dos &#243;leos essenciais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e tamb&#233;m produzem efeitos relevantes em par&#226;metros cardiovasculares mensur&#225;veis, incluindo a promo&#231;&#227;o de vasorrelaxamento e hipotens&#227;o em ratos anestesiados e n&#227;o anestesiados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>Adicionalmente, os monoterpenos podem atenuar o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos por meio da diminui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Desse modo, fica evidente que os monoterpenos s&#227;o mol&#233;culas que poderiam continuar a ser desenvolvidas para a preven&#231;&#227;o e/ou tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Um estudo desenvolvido por nosso grupo de pesquisa demonstrou que o monoterpeno carvacrol tem efeitos cronotr&#243;picos e inotr&#243;picos negativos em ratos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ao passo que a pulegona e o geraniol t&#234;m um efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo em mam&#237;feros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nascimento et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> neste fasc&#237;culo dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, conduziram um estudo experimental para avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares e a potencial resposta antiarr&#237;tmica produzidos pelo monoterpeno D-limoneno (DL) em ratos. O estudo demonstrou que o DL produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos, corroborando os resultados observados em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados (<italic>in vitro</italic>), nos quais o DL produziu bradicardia e reduziu a press&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, os autores tamb&#233;m observaram atividade antiarr&#237;tmica utilizando abordagens <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p>
      <p>O estudo &#233; claro e apresenta evid&#234;ncias da atividade antiarr&#237;tmica do DL. Entretanto, o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o envolvido nas respostas do DL n&#227;o foi estudado e ele &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para identificar quaisquer diferen&#231;as potenciais com aquelas drogas atualmente utilizadas no tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico. Al&#233;m disso, talvez a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um modelo animal de arritmia para avaliar os efeitos causados pelo tratamento subcr&#244;nico com DL pudessem fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es acerca do potencial antiarr&#237;tmico desse monoterpenoide. Clauss et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em uma excelente revis&#227;o, descreveram as v&#225;rias esp&#233;cies utilizadas atualmente na pesquisa sobre arritmia, incluindo animais de pequeno e grande porte.</p>
      <p>Outra quest&#227;o pendente que esse estudo levantou foi em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prov&#225;vel a&#231;&#227;o do DL sobre os canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Os autores sugeriram que o efeito antiarr&#237;tmico produzido pelo DL pode envolver a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos canais de c&#225;lcio. Experimentos demonstrando os efeitos do limoneno nas arritmias induzidas pelo ativador dos canais de c&#225;lcio Bayk8644 n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes, uma vez que qualquer subst&#226;ncia que aja sobre diferentes canais de &#237;on s&#227;o relevantes para o potencial desencadeamento da a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o que poderia reduzir as arritmias induzidas por Bay K, e n&#227;o necessariamente uma consequ&#234;ncia do bloqueador do canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Assim sendo, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o mecanismo exato atrav&#233;s do qual o DL promove seus efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos Bradic&#225;rdicos e Antiarr&#237;tmicos do D-Limoneno em Ratos</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
