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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JwmKfQDd6NW63Y3smNHFzPR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100925</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190173</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bradycardic and Antiarrhythmic Effects of the D-Limonene in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8736-7117</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Gildenisson Ara&#250;jo do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3508-9776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7197-0261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Maria Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Antunes de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Aim&#233;e Obolari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alde&#237;da Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1488-0259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Joviniano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9458-0370</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Franscisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Petrolina</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Franscisco, Petrolina, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Teresina</city>
          <state>PI</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carla Maria Lins de Vasconcelos &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Fisiologia - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. Postal Code: 49000-100, Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil E-mail: <email>carlamlv@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Vasconcelos CML, Souza DS, Lima BS, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV; Acquisition of data: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Lima BS, Dur&#231;o A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Lima BS, Araujo AAS, Dur&#231;o A, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV; Statistical analysis: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Araujo AAS, Santos MRV; Obtaining financing: Vasconcelos CML, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Santana-Filho VJ, Santos MRV; Writing of the manuscript: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Dur&#231;o A, Quintans-Junior LJ, Barreto A, Santos MRV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vasconcelos CML, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>925</fpage>
      <lpage>932</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>D-limonene (DL) is a monoterpene and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit. It presents antihyperglycemic and vasodilatation activities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects and potential antiarrhythmic of DL in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were measured in male Wistar rats, which under anesthesia had been cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and had electrodes subcutaneously implanted. In the in vitro approach, the heart was removed and perfused using the Langendorff technique. The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>DL, in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg (i.v), produced intense and persistent bradycardia associated with hypotension. Bradycardia with prolonged QTc was observed in the ECG in vivo recording. In the in vivo model of arrhythmia induced by Bay K8644, DL (10 mg/kg) decreased the arrhythmia score from 15.33 &#177; 3.52 to 4.0 &#177; 2.64 u.a (p &lt; 0.05, n = 4). In isolated perfused hearts, DL (10<sup>-3</sup> M) promoted significant reductions in heart rate (from 228.6 &#177; 8.5 ms to 196.0 &#177; 9.3 bpm; p &lt; 0.05) and left ventricular development pressure (from 25.2 &#177; 3.4 to 5.9 &#177; 1.8 mmHg; n = 5, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>DL produces bradycardia and antiarrhythmic activity in rat heart.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Limonene</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenes</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Despite the extensive research carried out on cardiac arrhythmias over the past decades, only a small number of antiarrhythmic drugs have emerged to add to the current therapeutic arsenal for this condition. Furthermore, "classical" antiarrhythmic drugs have serious efficacy and safety limitations and present several side effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the search for therapeutic alternatives for arrhythmias, recent studies have screened naturally occurring chemical compounds aiming to evaluate their effects on cardiac parameters. For example, studies with the monoterpenes pulegone and geraniol showed a negative inotropism in the mammalian myocardium through blockage of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> currents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Most recently, Vasconcelos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> verified that citronellol and nerol present negative inotropism on the left atrium of guinea-pigs.</p>
      <p>D-limonene (DL) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), is an alcoholic monoterpene and the major constituent of the essential oil extracted from citrus species such as lemon, lime and orange.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Previous studies have demonstrated that DL has low toxicity and presents antioxidant,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> vasodilatation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and antihypertensive proprieties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The effect of DL on the heart has not yet been elucidated and investigations into its action mechanism can provide new insights about DL and the cardiovascular system. The current study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the potential antiarrhythmic effect de DL using both <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>ex vivo</italic> approaches.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chemical structures of the d-limonene (DL) (FW: 136.24).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Chemicals</title>
        <p>The chemicals used were: d-limonene (DL: purity: 97%), and S-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644, both purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Chemical CO, USA), and ketamine and xylazine (purchased from Sespo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). The DL stock solution was prepared using a saline/cremophor mixture (0.15% v/v), the S-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644 was diluted in methanol and the DL solution in distilled water. Stock solutions were preserved at 0&#186;C and diluted with distilled water, if necessary. The vehicles (methanol or saline+cremophor) revealed no effect on the control preparations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Thirty-six healthy rats (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>), weighing between 250 and 350 g were obtained from colonies from the Physiology Department of the Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. They were maintained under standard temperature conditions (22 &#177; 2&#186;C) on a 12-hour light/dark schedule (lights on at 06 am) and were fed a standard diet (Labina&#174;) with water <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
        <p>In each set of experiments, rats were divided into two groups: control with 4 or 6 animals, and DL treated, with 4 or 6 animals. All experimental protocols were previously approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of DL on Hemodynamic parameters in vivo</title>
        <p>Rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (80 mg/Kg and 10 mg/Kg; i.p., respectively), and polyethylene catheters were implanted in the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava via left femoral artery and vein, respectively. After insertion and fixation by cotton threads, the catheters were tunneled subcutaneously and exteriorized through an incision in the posterior cervical region of the animal. The incisions were closed and the animals were allowed a 24-hour post-operative recovery period. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded through a pressure transducer (Edwards LifeSciences, Irvine, CA, EUA) coupled to an amplifier (FE221, Bridge Amp; ADInstruments, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia)</p>
        <p>After post-operative recovery period, MAP and HR were recorded before (baseline values) and after IV bolus administration of DL (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle to obtain dose-response curves. The DL curve (n = 6) was compared with the vehicle curve (n = 6).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In vivo electrocardiographic measurements</title>
        <p>Animals from both groups, control (n = 4) and DL treated (n = 4), were heparinized (200 I.U, i.p.), anesthetized with an i.p. injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), and the vena cava was cannulated as previously described. The rats were kept in the supine position with spontaneous breathing and were administrated vehicle or DL (10 mg/kg). The volume injected through the cannula was the same for all concentrations (200 &#181;L). To record the electrocardiographic signal, the electrodes were placed under the skin in the DII lead arrangement. The electrocardiographic parameters observed were the PR interval, QT interval, duration of QRS complex and HR. The QT interval was corrected by Bazett's formula modified for rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated perfused heart (Langendorff technique) experiments</title>
        <p>Animals, from both groups, control (n = 4) and DL treated (n = 4), were heparinized (200 I.U., i.p.) and after 15 min the heart was removed and mounted in an aortic perfusion system of the Langendorff type, on a constant flow (10 mL/min).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The hearts were continuously perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution (in mM: 120 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.2 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.25 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 27 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 11 glucose), previously filtered through a cellulose acetate membrane (0.45 &#181;m), pH was adjusted to 7.4 and oxygenated (95% O<sub>2</sub> + 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) and maintained at 37 &#177; 0.1&#186;C (Haake F3, Berlin, Germany). Electrocardiographic (ECG) heart signals were captured using three electrodes (Ag/AgCl/NaCl, 1 M) that were placed inside the chamber close to the heart. The signals were amplified, digitalized (PowerLab 4/35 ADInstruments, USA) and stored in a computer. Left ventricular development pressure (LVDP, mmHg) and HR (bpm) were measured using a water-filled balloon introduced into the cavity of the left ventricle. This device was coupled to a pressure transducer (FE221, Bridge Amp, ADInstruments, USA) and an amplifier (PowerLab 4/35, ADInstruments). The system was calibrated using a column of mercury. Time of peak (ms), which is defined as the time necessary to achieve the peak of maximal ventricular contraction, and relaxation time, were also analysed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of the antiarrhythmic effect of DL</title>
        <p>The antiarrhythmic effect of DL was determined the <italic>in vivo</italic> animal model using (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644, an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) agonist. Arrhythmia was induced by administration of (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644 (1 mg/kg, i.v.) in the femoral vein of both groups, control (n = 4) and DL treated (n = 4).</p>
        <p>DL (10 mg/kg) was administered 10 min prior to (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Cardiac arrhythmias were observed for 20 min by analysis of the ECG recording. For a better analysis, the total time was divided into 10, 3 min intervals for classification of arrhythmia. Arrhythmias were determined through a modified scoring system previously validated by Curtis and Walker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The arrhythmias observed were ventricular premature beats (VPB), ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). VPBs &lt; 10/3 min period were recorded as 0; VPB&#8217;s &gt; 10/3 min were recorded as 1; VT episodes of 1-5/3 min were recorded as 2; &gt; 5/3 min episodes of VT and/or any number of episodes of VF and/or 1 episode of VF with a duration &lt; 40 s period was recorded as 3; 2-5/3 min episodes of VF or a VT and VF with a total combined with duration &lt; 80 s period was recorded as 4; 5/3 min episodes of VF or VT and VF combined with a duration &lt; 160 s was recorded as 5; VT or VF or both/3 min with a total combined duration &lt; 300 s were recorded as 6, and VT or VF or both/3 min with a total combined duration &gt; 300 s were recorded as 7.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The normality of the data was verified by using Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The data were represented as mean &#177; SD. When appropriate, it was used either unpaired Student T-test or analysis of variance (one or two way ANOVA) and Bonferroni&#8217;s post hoc test. The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05). Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism&#8482; 5.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In all rats tested, HR and MAP baseline values were 371 &#177; 45 bpm and 114 &#177; 11 mmHg, respectively. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref> shows original traces of the DL effect (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.v.) on the pulsatile signal of arterial pressure of a conscious rat. In these animals, DL, at doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg, produced transitory and non-significant hypotension without altering HR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref> - left graph). On the other hand, DL, at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, produced an intense and persistent bradycardia (-33.0 &#177; 21; -57.0 &#177; 19, and -53.0 &#177; 30 %; n = 6; p &lt; 0.05, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref> - right graph) which persisted up to 19 &#177; 12 min after administration. This bradycardia was associated to hypotension only in the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg (-53.0 &#177; 6, and -28.0 &#177; 18 %; n = 6, p &lt; 0.05, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of DL (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.v.) on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious rats. A) Original traces showing the DL effect (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg, i.v., randomly) on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) from one healthy and conscious rat. The arrows indicate the moment of administration. B) Line graph of DL effect on HR and MAP. Values are mean &#177; SD from six experiments. Data were analysed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test.</title>
            <p>
              <italic>** p &lt; 0.01 and *** p &lt; 0.001 vs vehicle.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref> shows ECG representative tracings for the vehicle (top) and 10 min after i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg of DL (bottom). As can be seen, DL significantly decreased HR (p &lt; 0.05) and increased the QTc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">E</xref>). However, DL did not change the PRi and QRS complex duration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In vivo effects of DL (10 mg/kg) on electrocardiographic parameters (ECG) before (vehicle) and after DL perfusion. Original traces (A) and bar chart of DL effect on heart rate (B), PR interval (PRi) (C), QRS duration (D), and corrected QT interval (QTc) (E). Data are mean &#177; SD and were analysed by the unpaired Student T test.</title>
            <p>
              <italic>* p &lt; 0.05 vs vehicle, n = 4.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the experiment on Langendorff system, DL (10<sup>-3</sup> M) evoked a significant reduction in LVDP compared to the control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). Average data showed that the LVDP decreased from 25.2 &#177; 11.4 mmHg to 5.9 &#177; 6.1 mmHg (n = 5, p &lt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig 4B</xref>). DL also promoted a reduction of HR from 228.6 &#177; 19.1 to 196.0 &#177; 20.8 bpm (n = 4, p &lt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4C</xref>). Regarding the temporal course of the contraction and relaxation phases, our results showed that DL did not alter the time to peak contraction of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4D</xref>) but increased the relaxation time from 129.0 &#177; 3.0 to 193.5 &#177; 37.8 ms (n = 4, p &lt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4E</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ex vivo effects of DL perfusion (10<sup>-3</sup> M) on cardiac parameters. A) Representative traces of left ventricular development pressure (LVDP) recorded in the control situation (top panel) and after perfusion of 10<sup>-3</sup> M DL (bottom panel); Bar chart graphic of DL effect on LVDP B), heart rate C), Time of peak D), and Relaxation time E). Data are mean &#177; SD and were analysed by unpaired Student T-test.</title>
            <p>
              <italic>* p &lt; 0.05 vs vehicle, n = 4.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In <italic>in vivo</italic> model of arrhythmias induced by Bay K8644, DL significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, such as VPB, VT and VF, and the total arrhythmia index from 15.3 &#177; 6.1 a.u to 4.0 &#177; 4.5 a.u (n = 4, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>). Furthermore, DL was able to prevent the sinus tachycardia evoked by Bay K8644 (300.0 &#177; 46.1 for 93.0 &#177; 17.4 bpm, n = 4, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In vivo effects of DL (10 mg/kg) on arrhythmias induced by S(&#8722;)-Bay K 8644 in anesthetized rats. Original traces A) and bar chart graphic of arrythmia score B) and heart rate C) before and after DL treatment. Data are mean &#177; SD and were analysed by unpaired Student T-test (B) (* p &lt; 0,05 vs control, n = 4) and ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test (C) (* p &lt; 0,05 vs control, # p &lt; 0.05 vs Bay K8644, n = 4).</title>
            <p>
              <italic>VPB: ventricular premature beats, VT: ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In conscious rat, the intravenous administration of DL at lower doses (1 and 5 mg/kg) was able to produce a non-significant hypotension, without altering HR. On the other hand, DL at higher doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) produced intense and persistent bradycardia, which persisted up to almost 20 min. Similar effects have been found for other monoterpenes such as 1,8-cineol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> terpinen-4-ol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and y(-)-&#945;-bisabolol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to understand the DL-induced bradycardic effect better, we investigated any changes in the electrocardiographic profile at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This dose was chosen because it was the lowest dose able to produce bradycardia without producing any significant effect on MAP (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). The administration of 10 mg/kg of DL (bottom). significantly decreased HR and increased the QTc. However, DL did not change the PRi and QRS complex duration. Corroborating the data observed in the hemodynamic experiments, we observed in the ECG that DL also promoted bradycardia by increasing QTc. As shown in the literature, calcium channels blockers can reduce cardiac conduction velocity and cause bradycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These effects may or may not be associated with QTc prolongation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The direct effect of DL on the cardiac muscle was evaluated in an isolated heart mounted on a Langendorff system. In this experiment, DL or vehicle was perfused through the aorta to record LVDP. The volume of blood in a rat is approximately 7 mL to each 100 g of body weight,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> therefore, the DL concentration after administration of 10 mg/kg in the <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments is approximately the same as the perfusion with 10<sup>-3</sup> M of DL in the <italic>ex vivo</italic> experiments. As shown, the perfusion with DL evoked a significant reduction in LVDP. Interestingly, these results are very similar to that observed <italic>in vivo</italic>, where DL also promoted a reduction of HR. Regarding the temporal course of the contraction and relaxation phases, our results showed that DL did not alter the time to peak contraction of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4D</xref>) but increased the relaxation time. As known, the recapture of calcium by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) is a pivotal step for myocardial relaxation in rats <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Our data show that DL delayed the relaxation of cardiac muscle, which can be associated to minor recapture of calcium by SERCA, but this assumption will still need to be elucidated.</p>
      <p>Our <italic>ex vivo</italic> results showed that DL decreased pacemaker activity and promoted negative inotropism. It is well known that drugs that block LTCC in cardiac muscle decrease pacemaker activity and result in bradycardia. Furthermore, calcium antagonists decrease myocardial force generation (negative inotropy). These results show that DL presents a similar action to an LTCC blocker. In smooth muscle, De Sousa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> showed that the relaxant effects of DL in guinea pig tracheas and rat aortas were independent of the endothelium and probably caused by direct action on calcium dynamics.</p>
      <p>LTCC blockers are classified as class IV antiarrhythmic drugs. The antiarrhythmic properties of LTCC blockers are related to their ability to decrease the firing rate of aberrant pacemaker sites within the heart and to their ability to decrease conduction velocity in the AV node that can help to block reentry mechanisms, which can cause supraventricular tachycardia. Indeed, we decided to investigate the possible antiarrhythmic effect of DL using an <italic>in vivo</italic> model with arrhythmia induced by Bay K8644, an LTCC agonist. In all the animals tested, Bay K8644 increased HR and inducing arrhythmias such as VPB, VT and VF. As showed, DL significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and was able to prevent the sinus tachycardia evoked by Bay K8644.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Similarly to our results, another study showed that verapamil, an LTCC antagonist, was able to prevent the enhancement of total arrhythmia scores induced by Bay K8644. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These results provide some pharmacological evidence that DL significantly attenuates cardiac arrhythmias evoked by Bay K8644, probably via inhibition of LTCC, however, further experiments should be performed to clarify this assumption.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results show that DL has <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> anti-arrhythmic properties. Furthermore, DL induced bradycardia associated with hypotension in healthy rats (<italic>in vivo</italic>), corroborating the results in an isolated heart (<italic>in vitro</italic>), which DL promoted bradycardia and reduction of left ventricular pressure. We, therefore, consider this monoterpene to be a promising substance to the development of a new therapeutic agents to treat cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES and FAPITEC/SE.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number 13/2016.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Bradic&#225;rdicos e Antiarr&#237;tmicos do D-Limoneno em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8736-7117</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Gildenisson Ara&#250;jo do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3508-9776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7197-0261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Maria Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Antunes de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Aim&#233;e Obolari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alde&#237;da Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1488-0259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Joviniano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9458-0370</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Franscisco, Petrolina, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carla Maria Lins de Vasconcelos &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Fisiologia - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP: 49000-100, Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil E-mail: <email>carlamlv@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vasconcelos CML, Souza DS, Lima BS, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Lima BS, Dur&#231;o A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Lima BS, Araujo AAS, Dur&#231;o A, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Araujo AAS, Santos MRV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Vasconcelos CML, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Santana-Filho VJ, Santos MRV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vasconcelos CML, Nascimento G, Souza DS, Dur&#231;o A, Quintans-Junior LJ, Barreto A, Santos MRV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vasconcelos CML, Araujo AAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Almeida JRGS, Oliveira AP, Santana-Filho VJ, Barreto AS, Santos MRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O D-limoneno (DL) &#233; um monoterpeno e o principal componente do &#243;leo essencial de frutas c&#237;tricas. Ele apresenta atividades anti-hiperglic&#234;micas e vasodilatadoras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares e antiarr&#237;tmicos potenciais do DL em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) foram mensurados em ratos Wistar machos que, sob anestesia, tiveram a aorta abdominal e a veia cava inferior canuladas e receberam eletrodos implantados subcutaneamente. Na abordagem <italic>in vitro</italic>, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi removido e perfundido utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Langendorff. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>DL, nas doses de 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg (i.v), produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o. A bradicardia com QTc prolongado foi observada no registro <italic>in vivo</italic> do ECG. No modelo <italic>in vivo</italic> de arritmia induzida por Bay K8644, DL (10 mg / kg) houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do escore da arritmia de 15,33 &#177; 3,52 para 4,0 &#177; 2,64 u.a (p &lt; 0,05, n = 4). Em cora&#231;&#245;es perfundidos isolados, o DL (10<sup>-3</sup> M) promoveu redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (de 228,6 &#177; 8,5 ms para 196,0 &#177; 9,3 bpm; p &lt; 0,05) e na press&#227;o desenvolvida do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (de 25,2 &#177; 3,4 para 5,9 &#177; 1,8 mmHg; n = 5, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O DL produz bradicardia e atividade antiarr&#237;tmica no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Limoneno</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenos</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar das pesquisas extensas realizada sobre arritmias card&#237;acas nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, apenas um pequeno n&#250;mero de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas surgiu para serem adicionadas ao atual arsenal terap&#234;utico para essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os antiarr&#237;tmicos &#8220;cl&#225;ssicos&#8221; apresentam s&#233;rias limita&#231;&#245;es de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a e apresentam v&#225;rios efeitos colaterais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na busca de alternativas terap&#234;uticas para arritmias, estudos recentes examinaram compostos qu&#237;micos de ocorr&#234;ncia natural, com o objetivo de avaliar seus efeitos nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos. Por exemplo, estudos com os monoterpenos pulegona e geraniol mostraram um inotropismo negativo no mioc&#225;rdio de mam&#237;feros atrav&#233;s do bloqueio das correntes de Ca<sup>2+</sup> e K<sup>+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Mais recentemente, Vasconcelos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> verificaram que o citronelol e o nerol apresentam inotropismo negativo no &#225;trio esquerdo de cobaias.</p>
        <p>O D-limoneno (DL) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>), &#233; um monoterpeno alco&#243;lico e o principal componente do &#243;leo essencial extra&#237;do de esp&#233;cies c&#237;tricas, como lim&#227;o, lima e laranja.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o DL possui baixa toxicidade e apresenta propriedades antioxidantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> vasodilatadoras,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e anti-hipertensivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estruturas qu&#237;micas do d-limoneno (DL) (FW: 136.24).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O efeito do DL no cora&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi elucidado e as investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o podem fornecer novos insights sobre o DL e o sistema cardiovascular. O presente estudo, portanto, objetivou avaliar o potencial efeito antiarr&#237;tmico do DL utilizando abordagens <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>ex vivo</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Produtos qu&#237;micos</title>
          <p>Os produtos qu&#237;micos utilizados foram: d-limoneno (DL: pureza: 97%) e S-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644, ambos adquiridos de Sigma Aldrich (Chemical CO, EUA), e cetamina e xilazina (adquiridos de Sespo, S&#227;o Paulo), Brasil). A solu&#231;&#227;o estoque de DL foi preparada utilizando uma mistura de solu&#231;&#227;o salina/Cremophor<sup>&#174;</sup> (0,15% v/v); o S-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644 foi dilu&#237;do em metanol e a solu&#231;&#227;o de DL em &#225;gua destilada.</p>
          <p>As solu&#231;&#245;es estoque foram preservadas a 0 &#186;C e dilu&#237;das com &#225;gua destilada, se necess&#225;rio. Os ve&#237;culos (metanol ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina + Cremophor<sup>&#174;</sup>) n&#227;o demonstraram nenhum efeito nas prepara&#231;&#245;es de controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Trinta e seis ratos sadios (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>), pesando entre 250 e 350 g, foram obtidos de col&#244;nias do Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. Eles foram mantidos sob condi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura padr&#227;o (22 &#177; 2&#186;C) em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas (luzes acesas &#224;s 06h00) e foram alimentados com uma dieta padr&#227;o (Labina<sup>&#174;</sup>) com &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
          <p>Em cada conjunto de experimentos, os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: controle com 4 ou 6 animais e grupo tratado com DL, com 4 ou 6 animais. Todos os protocolos experimentais foram previamente aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Cuidados Animais da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do DL nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos <italic>in vivo</italic></title>
          <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com cetamina e xilazina (80 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg; por via intraperitoneal, respectivamente) e cateteres de polietileno foram implantados na aorta abdominal e na veia cava inferior atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria e da veia femoral esquerda, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o e fixa&#231;&#227;o por fios de algod&#227;o, os cateteres foram tunelizados subcutaneamente e exteriorizados atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o na regi&#227;o cervical posterior do animal.</p>
          <p>As incis&#245;es foram fechadas e foi permitido aos animais um per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 24 horas. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foram registradas por meio de um transdutor de press&#227;o (Edwards LifeSciences, Irvine, CA, EUA) acoplado a um amplificador (FE221, Bridge Amp; ADInstruments, Bella Vista, NSW, Austr&#225;lia).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, PAM e FC foram registrados antes (valores basais) e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in bolus</italic> de DL (1, 5, 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg, i.v.) ou ve&#237;culo para obter curvas dose-resposta. A curva do DL (n = 6) foi comparada com a curva do ve&#237;culo (n = 6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas <italic>in vivo</italic></title>
          <p>Os animais de ambos os grupos, controle (n = 4) e tratados com DL (n = 4), foram heparinizados (200 I.U, i.p.), anestesiados com uma inje&#231;&#227;o i.p. de cetamina (80 mg/kg) e xilazina (10 mg/kg), e a veia cava foi canulada como descrito anteriormente. Os ratos foram mantidos em dec&#250;bito dorsal com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e ve&#237;culo ou DL foi administrado (10 mg/kg). O volume injetado atrav&#233;s da c&#226;nula foi o mesmo para todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es (200 &#181;L). Para registrar o sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, os eletrodos foram colocados sob a pele na disposi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo DII. Os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos observados foram o intervalo PR, intervalo QT, dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e FC. O intervalo QT foi corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett modificada para ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado perfundido (t&#233;cnica de Langendorff)</title>
          <p>Os animais, de ambos os grupos, controle (n = 4) e tratados com DL (n = 4), foram heparinizados (200 UI, i.p.) e ap&#243;s 15 min o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado e montado em um sistema de perfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica do tipo Langendorff, em um fluxo constante (10 mL/min).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram continuamente perfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (em mM: 120 NaCl, 5,4 KCl, 1,2 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 1,25 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 27 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 11 glicose), previamente filtrados atrav&#233;s de uma membrana de acetato de celulose (0,45 &#181;m). O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 e oxigenado (95% O<sub>2</sub> + 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) e mantido a 37 &#177; 0,1&#186;C (Haake F3, Berlim, Alemanha). Os sinais card&#237;acos do eletrocardiograma (ECG) foram capturados utilizando-se tr&#234;s eletrodos (Ag/AgCl/NaCl, 1 M) que foram colocados dentro da c&#226;mara pr&#243;xima ao cora&#231;&#227;o. Os sinais foram amplificados, digitalizados (PowerLab 4/35 ADInstruments, EUA) e armazenados em um computador. A press&#227;o desenvolvida do ventricular esquerdo (PDVE, mmHg) e a FC (bpm) foram medidas utilizando-se um bal&#227;o cheio de &#225;gua introduzido na cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Este dispositivo foi acoplado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (FE221, Bridge Amp, ADInstruments, EUA) e um amplificador (PowerLab 4/35, ADInstruments). O sistema foi calibrado utilizando uma coluna de merc&#250;rio. O tempo de pico (ms), que &#233; definido como o tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#225;xima, e tempo de relaxamento, tamb&#233;m foram analisados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito antiarr&#237;tmico do DL</title>
          <p>O efeito antiarr&#237;tmico de DL foi determinado no modelo animal <italic>in vivo</italic> utilizando (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644, um agonista do canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (LTCC). A arritmia foi induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644, (1 mg/kg, i.v.) na veia femoral de ambos os grupos, controle (n = 4) e tratamento com DL (n = 4).</p>
          <p>DL (10 mg/kg) foi administrado 10 minutos antes do (S)-(&#8722;)-Bay K8644<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Arritmias card&#237;acas foram observadas por 20 minutos atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do registro do ECG. Para uma melhor an&#225;lise, o tempo total foi dividido em 10 intervalos de 3 min para classifica&#231;&#227;o da arritmia.</p>
          <p>As arritmias foram determinadas por meio de um sistema de escore modificado previamente validado por Curtis e Walker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As arritmias observadas foram batimentos prematuros ventriculares (BPV), taquicardia ventricular (TV) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). BPVs &lt; 10/per&#237;odo de 3 min foram registrados como 0; BPVs &gt; 10/3 min foram registrados como 1; Epis&#243;dios de TV de 1 a 5/ per&#237;odo de 3 min foram registrados como 2; &gt; 5 epis&#243;dios de TV/3 min e /ou qualquer n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de FV e/ou 1 epis&#243;dio de FV com um per&#237;odo de dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;40 s foi registrado como 3; 2-5 epis&#243;dios de FV/3 min ou TV e FV com um total combinado com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; per&#237;odo de 80 s foi registrado como 4; 5 epis&#243;dios de FV ou TV e FV combinados /3 min com uma dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 160 s foram registrados como 5; TV ou FV ou ambos/3 min com dura&#231;&#227;o total combinada &lt;300 s foram registrados como 6, e TV ou FV ou ambos/3 min com dura&#231;&#227;o total combinada &gt;300 s foram registrados como 7.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Quando apropriado, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o-pareado ou a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA unidirecional, bidirecional) e o teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> GraphPad Prism&#8482; 5.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Em todos os ratos testados, os valores basais de FC e PAM foram de 371 &#177; 45 bpm e 114 &#177; 11 mmHg, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2A</xref> mostra os tra&#231;ados originais do efeito do DL (1, 5, 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg, i.v.) no sinal puls&#225;til da press&#227;o arterial de um rato consciente. Nestes animais, o DL, nas doses de 1 e 5 mg/kg, produziu hipotens&#227;o transit&#243;ria e n&#227;o significativa sem alterar a FC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2B</xref> - gr&#225;fico &#224; esquerda). Por outro lado, o DL, nas doses de 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg, produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente (-33,0 &#177; 21; -57,0 &#177; 19 e -53,0 &#177; 30%; n = 6; p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2B</xref> - gr&#225;fico &#224; direita) que persistiu por 19 &#177; 12 min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o. Esta bradicardia foi associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o apenas nas doses de 20 e 40 mg/kg (-53,0 &#177; 6 e -28,0 &#177; 18%; n = 6, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do DL (1, 5, 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg, i.v.) na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) em ratos conscientes. A) Tra&#231;ados originais mostrando o efeito do DL (1, 5, 10, 20 e 40 mg/Kg, i.v., aleatoriamente) na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) de um rato saud&#225;vel e consciente. As setas indicam o momento da administra&#231;&#227;o. B) Gr&#225;fico de linhas do efeito DL na FC e PAM. Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP de seis experimentos. Os dados foram analisados atrav&#233;s de ANOVA bidirecional com medidas repetidas, seguido por p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni.</title>
              <p>
                <italic>** p &lt; 0,01 e *** p &lt; 0,001 vs. ve&#237;culo.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figura 3A</xref> mostra os tra&#231;ados representativos do ECG para o ve&#237;culo (parte superior) e 10 min depois da administra&#231;&#227;o i.v. de 10 mg/kg de DL (parte inferior). Como pode ser visto, o DL diminuiu significativamente a FC (p &lt; 0,05) e aumentou o QTc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">E</xref>). Entretanto, o DL n&#227;o alterou a dura&#231;&#227;o do iPR e do complexo QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos in vivo do DL (10 mg/kg) nos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) antes (ve&#237;culo) e ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o do DL. Tra&#231;ados originais (A) e gr&#225;fico de barras do efeito do DL na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (B), intervalo PR (iPR) (C), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (D) e intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) (E). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e foram analisados pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</title>
              <p>
                <italic>*p &lt; 0,05 vs. ve&#237;culo, n = 4.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No experimento com a t&#233;cnica de Langendorff, o DL (10<sup>-3</sup> M) causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PDVE comparado ao controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4A</xref>). Os dados m&#233;dios mostraram que a PDVE diminuiu de 25,2 &#177; 11,4 mmHg para 5,9 &#177; 6,1 mmHg (n = 5, p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Fig. 4B</xref>). O DL tamb&#233;m promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o da FC de 228,6 &#177; 19,1 para 196,0 &#177; 20,8 bpm (n = 4, p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4C</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao curso temporal das fases de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento, nossos resultados mostraram que o DL n&#227;o alterou o tempo at&#233; o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4D</xref>), mas aumentou o tempo de relaxamento de 129,0 &#177; 3,0 para 193,5 &#177; 37,8 ms (n = 4, p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4E</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos ex vivo da perfus&#227;o com DL (10<sup>-3</sup> M) nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos. A) tra&#231;os representativos da press&#227;o desenvolvida do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE) registrados na situa&#231;&#227;o de controle (painel superior) e ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o de 10<sup>-3</sup> M de DL (painel inferior); Gr&#225;fico de barras do efeito do DL na PDVE B), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; C), tempo de pico; D) e tempo de relaxamento E). Os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e foram analisados pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</title>
              <p>
                <italic>* p &lt; 0,05 vs. ve&#237;culo, n = 4.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No modelo <italic>in vivo</italic> de arritmias induzidas por Bay K8644, o DL reduziu significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, tais como BPV, TV e FV, e o &#237;ndice de arritmia total de 15,3 &#177; 6,1 a.u para 4,0 &#177; 4,5 a.u (n = 4, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o DL foi capaz de evitar a taquicardia sinusal evocada por Bay K8644 (300,0 &#177; 46,1 para 93,0&#177; 17,4 bpm, n = 4, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos in vivo do DL (10 mg/kg) em arritmias induzidas por S(&#8722;)-Bay K 8644 em ratos anestesiados. Tra&#231;ados originais A) e gr&#225;fico de barras do escore de arritmia B) e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca C) antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com DL. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e foram analisados pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado (B) (*p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle, n = 4) e ANOVA seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni (C) (*p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle, #p &lt; 0,05 vs. Bay K8644, n = 4).</title>
              <p>
                <italic>BPV: batimentos prematuros ventriculares, TV: taquicardia ventricular; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0925-90173-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em ratos conscientes, a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de DL em doses mais baixas (1 e 5 mg/kg) foi capaz de produzir uma hipotens&#227;o n&#227;o significativa, sem alterar a FC. Por outro lado, o DL em doses mais elevadas (10, 20 e 40 mg/kg) produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente, que persistiu por quase 20 min. Efeitos semelhantes foram encontrados para outros monoterpenos, tais como 1,8-cineol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> terpinen-4-ol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e y(-)-&#945;-bisabolol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para entender melhor o efeito bradic&#225;rdico induzido pelo DL, investigamos quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil eletrocardiogr&#225;fico na dose de 10 mg/kg. Essa dose foi escolhida porque foi a dose mais baixa capaz de produzir bradicardia sem produzir qualquer efeito significativo na PAM (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2B</xref>). A administra&#231;&#227;o de 10 mg/kg de DL (parte inferior) diminuiu significativamente a FC e aumentou o QTc. Entretanto, o DL n&#227;o alterou a dura&#231;&#227;o do iPR e do complexo QRS.</p>
        <p>Corroborando os dados observados nos experimentos hemodin&#226;micos, observamos no ECG que o DL tamb&#233;m promoveu bradicardia ao aumentar o QTc. Como mostrado na literatura, os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio podem reduzir a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e causar bradicardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Esses efeitos podem ou n&#227;o estar associados ao prolongamento do QTc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O efeito direto do DL no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco foi avaliado em um cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, montado em um sistema de Langendorff. Neste experimento, o DL ou ve&#237;culo foi perfundido atrav&#233;s da aorta para registrar a PDVE. O volume de sangue em um rato &#233; de aproximadamente 7 mL para cada 100 g de peso corporal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> portanto, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de DL ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 10 mg/kg nos experimentos <italic>in vivo</italic> &#233; aproximadamente a mesma que a perfus&#227;o com 10<sup>-3</sup> M de DL nas experi&#234;ncias <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Como demonstrado, a perfus&#227;o com DL causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PDVE. Curiosamente, esses resultados s&#227;o muito semelhantes aos observados <italic>in vivo</italic>, onde o DL tamb&#233;m promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao curso temporal das fases de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento, nossos resultados mostraram que o DL n&#227;o alterou o tempo at&#233; o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4D</xref>), mas aumentou o tempo de relaxamento. Como se sabe, a recaptura de c&#225;lcio pela Ca-ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarco/endoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA) &#233; um passo fundamental para o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Nossos dados mostram que o DL retardou o relaxamento do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, o que pode estar associado a menor recaptura do c&#225;lcio pela SERCA, mas esta suposi&#231;&#227;o ainda precisa ser elucidada.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados <italic>ex vivo</italic> mostraram que o DL diminuiu a atividade de marcapasso e promoveu inotropismo negativo. Sabe-se que as drogas que bloqueiam o LTCC no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco diminuem a atividade de marcapasso e resultam em bradicardia. Al&#233;m disso, os antagonistas do c&#225;lcio diminuem a gera&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica (inotropia negativa). Estes resultados mostram que o DL apresenta uma a&#231;&#227;o similar a um bloqueador de LTCC. No m&#250;sculo liso, De Sousa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> mostraram que os efeitos relaxantes do DL em traqueias de porquinhos-da-&#237;ndia e aortas de ratos foram independentes do endot&#233;lio e provavelmente causados por a&#231;&#227;o direta na din&#226;mica do c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>Os bloqueadores de LTCC s&#227;o classificados como drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas de classe IV. As propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas dos bloqueadores de LTCC est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; sua capacidade de diminuir a taxa de disparo aberrantes em s&#237;tios de marcapasso dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o e &#224; sua capacidade de diminuir a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o no n&#243; atrioventricular (AV) que pode ajudar a bloquear os mecanismos de reentrada, o que pode causar taquicardia supraventricular. De fato, decidimos investigar o poss&#237;vel efeito antiarr&#237;tmico do DL utilizando um modelo <italic>in vivo</italic> com arritmia induzida por Bay K8644, um agonista de LTCC. Em todos os animais testados, o Bay K8644 aumentou a FC e induziu arritmias como batimentos prematuros ventriculares (BPV), taquicardia ventricular (TV) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV).</p>
        <p>Como demonstrado, o DL reduziu significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e foi capaz de evitar a taquicardia sinusal causada por Bay K8644. De maneira similar aos nossos resultados, outro estudo mostrou que o verapamil, um antagonista do LTCC, foi capaz de evitar o aumento dos escores de arritmia total induzidos por Bay K8644.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estes resultados fornecem evid&#234;ncias farmacol&#243;gicas de que o DL atenua significativamente as arritmias card&#237;acas causadas por Bay K8644, provavelmente atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o do LTCC; entretanto, outros estudos devem ser realizados para esclarecer esta suposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados mostram que o DL possui propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, o DL induziu bradicardia associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o em ratos sadios (<italic>in vivo</italic>), corroborando os resultados em um cora&#231;&#227;o isolado (<italic>in vitro</italic>), em que o DL promoveu bradicardia e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Consideramos, portanto, que este monoterpeno &#233; uma subst&#226;ncia promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terap&#234;uticos para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como as arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, CAPES e FAPITEC/SE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 13/2016.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
