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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GCL5MJGQ6QcqwFtps9X86xD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100923</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190234</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transesophageal Echocardiogram with Contrast in Pulmonary Intravascular Dilation in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0448-8667</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra N&#237;vea dos Reis Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandra N&#237;vea dos Reis Saraiva Falc&#227;o,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Rua Prof. Costa Mendes, 1608 4&#176; andar. Postal Code 60416-200, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>sn.falcao@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>923</fpage>
      <lpage>924</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, transesophageal/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatopulmonary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Injury, Chronic/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as a defect in arterial oxygenation induced by intrapulmonary vascular dilation (IPVD) associated with liver disease. The vascular component includes diffuse or localized capillary dilation and, less commonly, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A sensitive approach for the early detection of altered arterial oxygenation is the calculation of the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (PA-aO<sub>2</sub>). This difference can be elevated before arterial oxygen pressure becomes abnormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> At sea level, PA-aO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 15 mmHg is considered abnormal (it changes to 20 mmHg in individuals over 64 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, the increase in PA-aO<sub>2</sub> alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of HPS, as the presence of IPVD should also be present and it is defined when the pulmonary capillary diameter is 15 to 60 microns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The diagnosis of IPVD can be made using Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled to human albumin aggregate particles or by pulmonary angiography. However, microbubble contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) is a sensitive, noninvasive method, considered a gold standard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The cTTE uses microbubbles obtained from agitated saline solution and infused into a peripheral vein. Under normal conditions only the right heart chambers are filled by the contrast and the microbubbles are filtered into the pulmonary capillary bed, of which average diameter is approximately 10 micrometers. In the presence of IPVD, capillary dilation promotes shunting and allows the passage of the microbubbles to the left cardiac chambers approximately 4 to 6 beats after their appearance in the right chambers, and when this happens we consider the cTTE positive for the presence of IPVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The presence of contrast in the left chambers may occur early (before 4 beats), in which case the presence of intracardiac shunt (intra-atrial defect or patent foramen ovale) is diagnosed.</p>
    <p>The presence of microbubbles in left cardiac chambers can be graded as follows: grade 0, no bubbles present in the left atrium; grade I, few punctiform bubbles present in the left atrium; grade II, moderate bubbles without completely filling the left atrium; grade III, moderate bubbles completely filling the left atrium, but with less intensity than the right atrium; and grade IV, homogeneous distribution of bubbles in both atria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The expected grading in normal individuals, regarding microbubble contrast in the left chambers, is grade 0; however, in some patients the presence of contrast grade I is described, a fact explained, at least partially, by the presence of any physiological pulmonary shunts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The cTTE may be positive in up to 47% of patients with liver disease (with or without HPS), but only about 32-59% of these patients have arterial hypoxemia, which may be a preclinical or silent form of HPS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Vedrinne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> demonstrated the superiority of the transesophageal echocardiography with contrast (cTEE) in detecting the passage of bubbles to the left chambers and, consequently, IPVD, when compared with cTTE in patients with severe liver disease with liver transplant indication, being also safe in these patients, even in the presence of esophageal varices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Despite the advantage for visualization of microbubbles, cTEE requires sedation, is more expensive and carries a potential risk in patients with esophageal varices (which are frequent in patients with liver disease).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Although HPS is often associated with cirrhosis, there is no correlation between the primary cause of liver damage and HPS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and the occurrence of the syndrome has been documented in patients with portal hypertension without cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In schistosomiasis, a disease caused by <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic> infection and endemic in northeastern Brazil, portal hypertension may be present in 2-7% of cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> secondary to periportal fibrosis.</p>
    <p>The prevalence of HPS in patients with liver cirrhosis on the transplantation list in Brazil is approximately 5 to 16%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> however, there are few studies evaluating the presence of HPS in patients with schistosomiasis. In a study published by Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> the authors observed a 6% prevalence of HPS in patients with schistosomiasis.</p>
    <p>In an article published in this issue about the use of cTEE in the diagnosis of IPVD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the authors demonstrated that cTEE showed an increase in the diagnosis of IPVD for patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, similar to that observed in the literature for patients with liver cirrhosis. The present study is a pioneer in evaluating the presence of IPVD in this group of patients using cTEE.</p>
    <p>A major challenge in performing a transesophageal examination in these patients is the presence of esophageal varices due to the potential risk of bleeding. It should be noted that in the study mentioned in this issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> all patients underwent digestive endoscopy, and, in the presence of esophageal varices, they were treated with sclerotherapy before the transesophageal examination. Despite the safety of the cTEE described by the authors, care should be taken to evaluate the presence or absence of esophageal varices and the need for sclerosis therapy to minimize the risk of bleeding.</p>
    <p>The increase in the diagnosis of IPVD through cTEE brings up a group of patients with pulmonary vascular alterations diagnosed by echocardiography; however, with preserved arterial oxygenation profile, which may reflect a preclinical phase of the disease. This aspect, observed in the patients of this study with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS), has also been described in other studies with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The prognostic role of this finding and its consequence in the natural course of the disease is unknown, requiring further observations.</p>
    <p>Given the importance of schistosomiasis in our country and the lack of publications regarding the diagnostic analysis of HPS in patients with HSS, studies in this field should be appreciated for their pioneering characteristics and for contributing to a better understanding of this pathology.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Value of Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Detection of Intrapulmonary Vascular Dilatations in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico com Contraste na Dilata&#231;&#227;o Intravascular Pulmonar na Esquistossomose Hepatoespl&#234;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0448-8667</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra N&#237;vea dos Reis Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sandra N&#237;vea dos Reis Saraiva Falc&#227;o,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Rua Prof. Costa Mendes, 1608 4&#176; andar. CEP 60416-200, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sn.falcao@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Hepatopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Cr&#244;nica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) &#233; definida por defeito na oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial induzido por dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar (DVIP) associada a doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica. O componente vascular inclui dilata&#231;&#227;o capilar difusa ou localizada e menos comumente comunica&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas pulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Uma abordagem sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de altera&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial &#233; o c&#225;lculo da diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o alv&#233;olo-arterial de oxig&#234;nio (PA-aO<sub>2</sub>). Essa diferen&#231;a pode estar elevada antes da press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial tornar-se anormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ao n&#237;vel do mar, a PA-aO<sub>2</sub> maior ou igual a 15 mmHg, &#233; considerada anormal (esse limite muda para 20 mmHg em indiv&#237;duos acima de 64 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entretanto, o aumento da PA-aO<sub>2</sub> isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para o diagn&#243;stico de SHP, a presen&#231;a de DVIP deve tamb&#233;m estar presente e &#233; definida quando o di&#226;metro do capilar pulmonar est&#225; na faixa de 15 a 60 microns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DVIP pode ser realizado por cintilografia pulmonar com albumina macroagregada radio marcada com tecn&#233;cio 99 ou por angiografia pulmonar. Todavia, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com contraste de microbolhas (ETTc) &#233; um m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel, n&#227;o invasivo e considerado padr&#227;o ouro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A ETTc utiliza microbolhas obtidas a partir de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada e infundida em veia perif&#233;rica. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais apenas as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas s&#227;o preenchidas pela presen&#231;a do contraste e as microbolhas s&#227;o filtradas no leito capilar pulmonar, cujo di&#226;metro m&#233;dio &#233; cerca de 10 micrometros. Na presen&#231;a de DVIP, a dilata&#231;&#227;o dos capilares promove o <italic>shunt</italic> e permite a passagem das microbolhas para c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas cerca de 4 a 6 batimentos ap&#243;s seu aparecimento nas c&#226;maras direitas, quando isso acontece consideramos o ETTc positivo para presen&#231;a de DVIP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O aparecimento de contraste em c&#226;maras esquerdas pode ocorrer precocemente (antes de 4 batimentos), sendo nesse caso diagnosticado presen&#231;a de <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco (comunica&#231;&#227;o intra atrial ou <italic>foramen</italic> oval patente).</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de microbolhas em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas pode ser graduada da seguinte forma semiquantitativa: grau 0, nenhuma bolha presente em &#225;trio esquerdo; grau I, poucas e puntiformes bolhas presentes no &#225;trio esquerdo; grau II, moderadas bolhas sem preencher completamente o &#225;trio esquerdo; grau III, moderadas bolhas preenchendo completamente o &#225;trio esquerdo, mas com menor intensidade que o &#225;trio direito; e grau IV, distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea de bolhas em ambos os &#225;trios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A gradua&#231;&#227;o esperada, em indiv&#237;duos normais, quanto ao contraste de microbolhas em c&#226;maras esquerdas &#233; grau 0, n&#227;o obstante, em alguns pacientes &#233; descrito presen&#231;a de grau I de contraste, fato explicado, pelo menos parcialmente, pela presen&#231;a de eventuais <italic>shunts</italic> pulmonares fisiol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O ETTc pode apresentar-se positivo em cerca de at&#233; 47% dos paciente com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica (com ou sem SHP), mas apenas cerca de 32-59% destes pacientes t&#234;m hipoxemia arterial, podendo corresponder a uma forma pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica ou silenciosa de SHP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Vedrinne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> demonstraram superioridade do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico com contraste (ETEc) em detectar a passagem de bolhas para c&#226;maras esquerdas e por consequente DVIP, quando comparado com o ETTc em pacientes portadores de hepatopatia severa com indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante hep&#225;tico, sendo tamb&#233;m seguro nesses pacientes, mesmo na presen&#231;a de varizes esof&#225;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar da vantagem para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas, o ETEc requer seda&#231;&#227;o, &#233; mais caro e apresenta risco potencial em pacientes com varizes esof&#225;gicas (que s&#227;o frequentes nos pacientes portadores de hepatopatias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Embora a SHP seja frequentemente associada a cirrose, n&#227;o h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre a causa prim&#225;ria da les&#227;o hep&#225;tica e a SHP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> bem como a ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome j&#225; foi documentada em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o portal sem cirrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Na esquistossomose, doen&#231;a causada pela infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic> e end&#234;mica na regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o portal pode estar presente em 2-7% dos casos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> secund&#225;ria a fibrose periportal.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SHP em pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica em lista de transplante no Brasil &#233; cerca de 5 a 16%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> entretanto, h&#225; poucos estudos que avaliam a presen&#231;a de SHP em pacientes portadores de esquistossomose. Em trabalho publicado por Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os autores observaram preval&#234;ncia de 6% de SHP entre pacientes com esquistossomose.</p>
      <p>Em artigo publicado nessa edi&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso do ETEc no diagn&#243;stico de DVIP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> os autores demonstraram para os pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoesplenica, semelhante ao observado na literatura para pacientes portadores de cirrose hep&#225;tica, que o ETEc apresentou incremento no diagn&#243;stico de DVIP. O presente trabalho &#233; pioneiro em avaliar a presen&#231;a de DVIP nesse grupo de pacientes atrav&#233;s da ETEc.</p>
      <p>Um grande desafio na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame transesof&#225;gico nesses pacientes &#233; a presen&#231;a de varizes esof&#225;gicas, devido ao risco potencial de sangramento. Deve-se atentar que no trabalho citado nessa edi&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> todos os pacientes realizaram endoscopia digestiva e no caso de presen&#231;a de varizes esof&#225;gicas, estas foram tratadas com escleroterapia antes do exame transesof&#225;gico. Apesar da seguran&#231;a do ETEc descrita pelos autores, ressalta-se o cuidado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de varizes esof&#225;gicas e da necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de terapia com esclerose para minimizar o risco de sangramentos.</p>
      <p>O aumento do diagn&#243;stico da DVIP pelo ETEc traz &#224; tona um grupo de pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar diagnosticada pela ecocardiografia; entretanto, com perfil de oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial preservado, podendo refletir uma fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a. Esse aspecto observado nos pacientes neste estudo com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica (EHE), tamb&#233;m foi descrito em outros estudos com pacientes cirr&#243;ticos e n&#227;o cirr&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O papel progn&#243;stico deste achado e sua implica&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a &#233; desconhecido, necessitando de maiores observa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia da esquistossomose em nosso meio e a escassez de publica&#231;&#245;es referentes a an&#225;lise diagn&#243;stica de SHP em pacientes com EHE, trabalhos nesse campo devem ser valorizados pelo pioneirismo e por contribuir para o melhor entendimento dessa patologia.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: &#8220;Valor do Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico com Contraste no Diagn&#243;stico da Dilata&#231;&#227;o Vascular Intrapulmonar na Esquistossomose Hepatoespl&#234;nica&#8221;</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
