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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bnhj6cy7JJnqVJKkDgq5BFQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100915</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005019102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190200</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Value of Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Detection of Intrapulmonary Vascular Dilatations in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1591-6399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouvea</surname>
            <given-names>Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arakaki</surname>
            <given-names>Jaquelina Sonoe Ota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Aparecida de Gouvea,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o - Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina -Rua Botucatu, 740. Postal Code 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cidagouveamrh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Gouvea A, Campos Filho O; Acquisition of data: Gouvea A, Arakaki JSO, Brant P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gouvea A, Fischer CH, Arakaki JSO, Mancuso FJ; Statistical analysis: Mancuso FJ, Campos Filho O; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gouvea A, O Campos Filho, Fischer CH, Arakaki JSO, Mois&#233;s VA, Campos Filho O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>915</fpage>
      <lpage>922</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), found in cirrhotic patients, has been little studied in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) and includes the occurrence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVD). Contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) with microbubbles is more sensitive than contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) with microbubbles in the detection of IPVD in cirrhosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the performance of the cTEE, compared with that of cTTE, in detecting IPVD for the diagnosis of HPS in patients with HSS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>cTEE and cTTE for investigation of IPVD and laboratory tests were performed in 22 patients with HSS. Agitated saline solution was injected in peripheral vein during the cTEE and cTTE procedures. Late appearance of the microbubbles in the left chambers indicated the presence of IPVD. Results of the two methods were compared by the Student&#8217;s t-test and the chi-square test (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>cTEE was performed in all patients without complications. Three patients were excluded due to the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO). The presence of IPVD was confirmed in 13 (68%) of 19 patients according to the cTEE and in only six (32%, p &lt; 0.01) according to the cTTE. No significant differences in clinical or laboratory data were found between the groups with and without IPVD, including the alveolar-arterial gradient. The diagnosis of HPS (presence of IPVD with changes in the arterial blood gas analysis) was made in five patients by the cTEE and in only one by the cTTE (p = 0.09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In HSS patients, cTEE was safe and superior to cTTE in detecting IPVD and allowed the exclusion of PFO.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilatation, Pathologic</kwd>
        <kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypoxia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Output</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Injury, Chronic/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVD) are the anatomical substrate for clinical changes, particularly hypoxemia, observed in patients with chronic liver disease, portal hypertension or congenital or acquired portosystemic shunt, and constitute the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) triad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, IPVD and HPS have been little described in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) and portal hypertension, even in those with normal liver function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diversion of venous blood through the liver, observed in portal hypertension in cirrhotic or HSS patients, or even in cavopulmonary anastomosis (Glenn procedure), is the pathophysiological determinant for IPVD. The imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator substances, dependent on hepatic synthesis or metabolization, favor the accumulation of vasodilator agents in the lungs, including the nitric oxide which plays an important role in this mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dilated capillaries, combined with increased cardiac output, found in hepatic dysfunction without cardiac or lung disease, lead to a ventilation perfusion mismatch, resulting in hypoxemia or alveolar-arterial gradient (A-aO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
      <p>IPVD can be identified by microbubble contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE). Although it has been considered the standard diagnostic method,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the method has limitations including inadequate window or false positive results for the diagnosis of IPVD, due to the presence of left-to-right shunt through the patent foramen ovale (PFO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) with microbubbles provides better image definition and higher diagnostic accuracy than cTTE for identification and classification of IPVD in cirrhotics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In addition, cTEE enables a precise, direct detection of PFO since it enables the early detection of microbubbles in the left atrium.</p>
      <p>Although some studies have reported the use of cTTE in patients with HSS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> there is no study on the use of cTEE in these patients. Considering the high diagnostic performance of cTEE for the detection of IPVD in cirrhotics, the present study aimed to establish the role of cTEE in identifying and quantifying IPVD in HSS and compare with the results obtained by cTTE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Twenty-nine patients with diagnosis of HSS without pulmonary hypertension were first evaluated for the presence of HPS, including the detection of IPVD by cTTE. All patients met epidemiological, clinical (hepatosplenomegaly), laboratorial (Schistosomiasis mansoni eggs in feces or rectal biopsy) and ultrasonographic criteria (periportal fibrosis) for HSS. Liver function was relatively preserved in all patients, and only one patient had ascites at clinical examination. Seven patients were excluded - two for previous splenectomy, two for pulmonary disease, one for hepatic cirrhosis, one for portal vein thrombosis and one for poor echocardiographic image quality. After the cTEE, another three patients were excluded for PFO, and the final study group was composed of 19 patients (HSS group). Seventeen (89%) patients had esophageal varices at endoscopy and previous sclerotherapy. No patient had left ventricular dysfunction, heart valve disease, suspected or proven coronary artery disease, or congenital heart disease. Demographic and clinical characteristic of HSS patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">51.8 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">(41-66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">10 men</td>
                <td align="center">9 women</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body surface (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.72 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">(1.56 - 2.07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">(51-106)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">(105-178)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">(60-113)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">(8.9-18.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">(30.6-48.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Platelets (mil/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">94.843 &#177; 60.391</td>
                <td align="center">(25.000-281.000)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4.43 &#177; 0.40</td>
                <td align="center">(3.9-5.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">(24-59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">(17-77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">(67-161)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">(1.01-1.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.2 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center">(60-97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">(28-45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SatO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95.8 &#177; 1.59</td>
                <td align="center">(94-98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A-aO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">(2.63-26.68)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values expressed as mean and standard deviation (variation range in parentheses). SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AST: aspartate transaminase (U/L); ALT: alanine transaminase (U/L); INR: international normalized ratio; PaO<sub>2</sub>: partial oxygen pressure; PaCO<sub>2</sub>: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SatO<sub>2</sub>: blood oxygen saturation; A-aO<sub>2</sub>: alveolar-arterial gradient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nineteen patients who underwent cTEE for detection of embolic events were selected as control of enhancement degree of the microbubble contrast agent. Control subjects were matched for age and sex with the HSS group. No patient of the HSS group had hepatic, cardiac or pulmonary disease, or PFO at cTEE.</p>
        <p>All individuals of the HSS group and the control group had stable sinus rhythm, with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (&gt;0.55), tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) slower than 2.8 m/s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and absence of indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension. All subjects signed the informed consent form and the study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>Laboratory tests were performed on blood samples from the HSS group patients for assessment of liver function, arterial blood gas analysis (sitting position, at rest and in environmental air), abdominal ultrasound, upper digestive endoscopy, chest radiography and spirometry were performed within three weeks after the cTTE. A-aO<sub>2</sub> was calculated using the formula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math id="e01">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>aO</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[">
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>FiO</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>atm</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>PACO</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfenced>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>PaO</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>where FiO<sub>2</sub> is the fraction of inspired oxygen; atm is the atmospheric pressure in S&#227;o Paulo city (690 mmHg); P is the vapour pressure of water at 37&#176;C = 47mmHg; PACO<sub>2</sub> is the alveolar pressure of carbon dioxide, assumed to be equivalent to the PaCO<sub>2</sub>; R is the respiratory exchange rate (V&#8217;CO<sub>2</sub>/V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub>), considered to be 0.8. Oxygen saturation was also measured (SatO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of HPS was defined as A-aO<sub>2</sub> greater than 15 mmHg and/or PaO<sub>2</sub> lower than 80 mmHg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> combined with the presence of IPVD detected by microbubble cTTE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>All participants of the HSS and the control groups underwent cTTE followed by cTEE, using an HDI 7 device with 4 MHz transducer (Phillips Health Care) and a 3-7 MHz multiplane esophageal transducer, respectively.</p>
        <p>cTTE was used for structural and functional evaluation of the heart, following the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the Simpson&#8217;s biplane method. Pulmonary arterial pressure was estimated from the tricuspid regurgitation. A contrast-enhanced test was performed by injection of saline after its manual agitation with air to create microbubbles. In the presence of IPVD, saline microbubbles appeared in the left chambers 4-6 heartbeats after their appearance in the right ventricle. An early appearance (&lt; 3 heartbeats) was associated with intracardiac shunt, generally due to PFO, and the diagnosis was optimized by the Valsalva maneuver. The effect of the contrast agent was observed in the apical four chamber view and classified as present (positive contrast echocardiogram) or absent (negative contrast echocardiogram), without graduating the intensity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). None of the control subjects showed a positive contrast test at cTTE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apical four-chamber view of contrast transthoracic echocardiography. Opacification of the right chambers after four cardiac cycles (positive test for intrapulmonary vascular dilatations).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0915-90200-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the cTTE, midazolam and fentanyl were used for sedation with continuous monitoring of SatO<sub>2</sub>, heart rhythm, and systemic blood pressure during the procedure, following well-established methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Valsalva maneuver was performed whenever possible.</p>
        <p>Esophageal varices were not considered contraindications to cTTE, except in the presence of active or evidence of recent bleeding (&lt;15 days). After injection of agitated saline, contrast in the left atrium was quantified according to the classification proposed by Vedrinne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and modified by us: grade 0: no microbubbles; grade I (minimal) = occasional and punctiform microbubbles; grade II (mild) = the microbubble signal was unclear and diffuse, with incomplete opacification of the left atrium; grade III (moderate) = many microbubbles with homogeneous opacification of the left atrium, but with lower intensity than the right atrium; and grade IV (significant) = homogeneous distribution of the microbubbles between the two atria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bicaval view of contrast transesophageal echocardiography. Opacification of the right atrium after injection of saline contrast, with small, scattered microbubbles (mild contrast test) in the left atrium after four cardiac cycles</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0915-90200-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were described as proportions. The Student&#8217;s t-test was used for comparison of continuous variables between the groups, and the chi-square test, the Pearson&#8217;s test and the Fisher&#8217;s exact test used to compare the frequencies of categorical variables when necessary. A p &lt; 0.05 was set for statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients with HSS showed normal parameters of cardiac structure (chamber size, left ventricular mass and thickness), preserved systolic and diastolic functions (ejection fraction of 0.67 &#177; 0.04) and pulmonary systolic pressure of 27 &#177; 3 mmHg (TRV= 2.34 &#177; 0.14 m/s) at cTTE, which was performed without complications in all HSS patients. There was no case of hypoxia, arrythmia, neurological complications or upper gastrointestinal bleeding.</p>
      <p>In the control group, 12 (65%) individuals showed grade I in the contrast test, and the other seven showed grade 0. Therefore, grade I was considered the normal response to the CTEE, and only contrast test results classified as grades &#8805;II in cTEE were considered positive for IPVD in the HSS group.</p>
      <p>Comparison between cTEE and cTTE for IPVD diagnosis is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. At cTEE, 13 patients (68%) with HSS had a positive test for IPVD, one with grade III (moderate) and 12 with grade II (mild). No patient showed significant contrast enhancement. At cTTE, the appearance of contrast in the left chambers was detected in only four (21%) patients with HSS (p &lt; 0.01 versus cTEE). A negative test for IPVD was found in six patients according to both methods (cTTE and cTEE), with contrast test grade I for five patients at cTEE, which was considered normal.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between cTEE and cTTE in the diagnosis intrapulmonary vasclar dilatations on patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Negative cTTE for IPVD</th>
              <th align="center">Positive cTTE for IPVD</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Negative cTEE for IPVD</td>
              <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive cTEE for IPVD</td>
              <td align="center">9 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (68%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">15 (79%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>cTTE: contrast-enhanced (microbubbles) transesophageal echocardiography; cTTE: contrast-enhanced (microbubbles) transthoracic echocardiography; IPDV: intrapulmonary vascular dilatations</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Distribution of clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with HSS by the presence or absence of IPVD is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Age, time of treatment, body surface, and clinical and laboratory data were not different between the patients with and without IPVD. Although A-aO<sub>2</sub> was not different between the groups, a tendency for higher PaO<sub>2</sub> values, with significantly higher SatO<sub>2</sub> and significantly lower PaCO<sub>2</sub> in the subgroup of patients with and without IPVD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis by the presence or absence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations at contrast transesophageal echocardiography</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">With IPVD (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center">Without IPVD (n = 6)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">50.7 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex (female/male)</td>
              <td align="center">8 F. 5 M</td>
              <td align="center">1 F. 5 M</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of treatment (year)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body surface index (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">79.25 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">143 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">131.4 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">34.1 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">35.8 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">92 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prothrombin time (s)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INR</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumin (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">75.3 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">40.7 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SatO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">96.4 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">94.7 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A-aO<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 9.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub>/R mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrium (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAV index (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">21 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.5 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
              <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PSP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 3,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,35</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>IPVD: intrapulmonary vascular dilatations; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AST: aspartate transaminase (U/L); ALT: alanine transaminase (U/L); INR: international normalized ratio; PaO<sub>2</sub>: partial oxygen pressure; PaCO<sub>2</sub>: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SatO<sub>2</sub>: blood oxygen saturation; A-aO<sub>2</sub>: alveolar-arterial gradient. PaCO<sub>2</sub>/R: partial pressure of carbon dioxide/respiratory quotient; LAV: left atrial volume; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PSP: pulmonary systolic pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering echocardiographic results, there was a tendency for greater size of the left chambers and for greater left atrial volumes in the subgroup of patients with IPVD, compared with those without IPVD. No significant differences in left ventricular ejection fraction or pulmonary systolic pressure were found between the two subgroups.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of HPS was confirmed in one (5%) patient according to the transthoracic echocardiographic criteria, and in five patients (including the one diagnosed by cTTE; 26%, p = 0.09).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study to use cTEE for diagnosis of IPVD in HSS. Previous studies have reported the use of cTEE and cTTE for detection of IPVD in cirrhotic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Comparison between these two methods for detection of IPVD in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension was first reported by Vedrinne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> According to these authors, cTEE showed higher sensitivity in detecting intrapulmonary shunt compared with the cTTE and is thereby indicated for all patients with suspected IPVD that was not detected by cTTE. In a similar study, Fischer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> also found that cTEE was able to quantify and classify the appearance of microbubbles in the left chambers in different grades (minimal to significant), and observed a direct relationship between the level of contrast appearance and pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These studies showed that the use of cTEE was advantageous, since the quality of transthoracic images may make it difficult to visualize the contrast with microbubbles, which is compensated by the transesophageal window.</p>
      <p>The presence of intracardiac shunt, originated from a PFO, can be also well identified by cTEE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> PFO was present in three of the patients excluded from our series after the cTEE and may have been the cause of the passage of contrast to the left chambers and of eventual overestimation of the frequency of IPVD. This shows the superiority of the transesophageal method in the diagnosis of this condition.</p>
      <p>The main finding of the present study on HSS patients and relatively preserved liver function was the occurrence of subclinical IPVD and unaltered gas exchange, detected by cTEE in a significantly higher frequency compared with cTTE. In our HSS patients, cTEE was able to detect slight pulmonary vascular changes compatible with initial stages of the disease. The presence of IPVD in HSS had been previously described in our setting by Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in similar proportion to that observed in our series, but using the transthoracic method only. In our study, the cTEE enabled the detection of IPVD in additional nine patients that had not been diagnosed with the disease by cTTE, which highlights the role of the transesophageal technique in the indirect characterization of this vascular alteration. Therefore, in agreement with previous findings in cirrhotic patients, cTEE in HSS patients was more sensitive as compared with the cTTE for the diagnosis of IPVD, corroborating its superiority in this sense in HSS.</p>
      <p>In cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, the prevalence of IPVD was considerably higher according to cTEE than cTTE, 51-75% and 13-47%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In our study, some of the individuals of the control group showed a mild (grade I) contrast enhancement, probably due to a physiological pulmonary shunt, which facilitates the passage of small contrast microbubbles, capable of passing the pulmonary capillary barrier and reach the chambers. For this reason, grades &#8805; II were considered positive for IPVD.</p>
      <p>In the present series, there was a tendency of the cTEE to detect HPS in a greater number of subjects compared with cTTE. This can be explained by the diagnostic criteria for HPS, which may vary according to gas exchange parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Maybe the inclusion of a greater number of participants would have led to more significant results.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found in A-aO<sub>2</sub> between patients with and without IPVD, which highlights the role of cTEE in detecting subclinical disease. On the other hand, three patients with hypoxemia or increased A-aO<sub>2</sub> showed negative microbubble test by both echocardiographic tests. This may result from the type of contrast (saline solution), the injection technique or the size of the microbubbles injected. Although the microbubble size varied from 24 to180 &#181;, bubbles greater than 60 &#181; are more echogenic and possibly more difficult to pass through the capillary bed, even when it is dilated, resulting in a weaker signal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In addition, the dissociation between the echocardiographic findings and results of the arterial blood gas analysis with respect to IPVD detection reflects the lability of gas exchange; the tests were not performed simultaneously, and hence temporal and dynamic changes of echocardiographic and gas exchange parameters may have occurred. Differences in PaO<sub>2</sub>, SatO<sub>2</sub>, PaCO<sub>2</sub> between the subgroups of patients with and without IPVD remain uncertain.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have suggested that IPVD are precursor or associated diseases of portopulmonary hypertension in patients with cirrhosis and schistosomiasis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and that may be associated with decreased survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In cirrhotics, the presence of IPVD worsens the prognosis of portopulmonary hypertension, contributes to an earlier indication of liver transplantation, and increases the risk of mortality after transplantation in patients with increased hypoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, the prognosis of IPVD in HSS is unknown, and IPVD are present in patients with no clinical or respiratory changes. Further studies are needed to establish the course of this disease.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Safety</title>
        <p>Similar to other studies on patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> cTEE was performed without complications in all HSS patients. The probe was safely inserted until the distal third of the esophagus and through the esophageal hiatus for acquisition of transgastric views even in the presence of recent bleeding after sclerotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>One limitation of the present study was the relatively small sample size. However, this is compatible with the profile of the disease in Brazil, whose incidence has been decreasing over the last years. This has been particularly evident in our university hospital which is located away from the endemic zones of the disease.</p>
        <p>The low prevalence of HSS in our small sample of patients made it difficult to demonstrate an association of the IPVD with the severity of hypoxemia and increase in A-aO<sub>2</sub>. Another limitation was the fact that the manual agitation of the saline solution produced microbubbles of different sizes, making it impossible to standardize their echogenicity, which would allow higher uniformity of the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Our findings showed that a negative cTTE does not exclude the presence of cTEE. Therefore, in case of clinical suspicion, cTEE would be indicated to confirm the diagnosis of IPVD in this study group. The clinical relevance and the prognosis of vascular changes in HSS should be determined in future longitudinal studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In patients with HPS and relatively preserved liver function, cTEE was superior to cTTE in detecting IPVD, especially in its earlier stages. The transesophageal method was safe in these patients, most of them with previous sclerotherapy of esophageal varices and without recent bleeding. Finally, PFO, which was diagnosed in these patients, may be a confounding factor for the diagnosis of IPVD at cTTE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Aparecida de Gouvea, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 38476. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: implications for liver transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
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        </element-citation>
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              <surname>Krowka</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Trotter</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zacks</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Roberts</surname>
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          <article-title>Impact of hepatopulmonary syndrome on quality of life survival in liver transplant candidates</article-title>
          <source>Gastroenterology</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Spier BJ, Larue SJ, Teelin TC, Leff JA, Swize LR, Borkan SH, et al. Review of complications in a series of patients with known gastroesophageal varices undergoing tranesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009:22(4):396-400.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Spier</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larue</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Teelin</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Leff</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Swize</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Borkan</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review of complications in a series of patients with known gastroesophageal varices undergoing tranesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor do Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico com Contraste no Diagn&#243;stico da Dilata&#231;&#227;o Vascular Intrapulmonar na Esquistossomose Hepatoespl&#234;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1591-6399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouvea</surname>
            <given-names>Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arakaki</surname>
            <given-names>Jaquelina Sonoe Ota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Aparecida de Gouvea,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o - Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina -Rua Botucatu,740. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cidagouveamrh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gouvea A, Campos Filho O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gouvea A, Arakaki JSO, Brant P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gouvea A, Fischer CH, Arakaki JSO, Mancuso FJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mancuso FJ, Campos Filho O; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gouvea A, O Campos Filho, Fischer CH, Arakaki JSO, Mois&#233;s VA, Campos Filho O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP), presente em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, &#233; pouco estudada na esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica (EHE) e inclui a ocorr&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares (DVP). O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico com contraste (ETEc) de microbolhas &#233; mais sens&#237;vel que o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com contraste (ETTc) de microbolhas na identifica&#231;&#227;o de DVP na cirrose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho do ETEc comparado ao ETTc na identifica&#231;&#227;o de DVP para diagn&#243;stico de SHP em pacientes com EHE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;mos 22 pacientes com EHE submetidos a ETEc e ETTc para pesquisa de DVP, al&#233;m de exames laboratoriais. Os ETEc e ETTc foram realizados empregando-se solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, injetada em veia perif&#233;rica. A visualiza&#231;&#227;o tardia das microbolhas em c&#226;maras esquerdas indicava presen&#231;a de DVP. Os resultados foram comparados entre os dois m&#233;todos pelos testes t de Stu dent e qui-quadrado (signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Todos os 22 pacientes realizaram ETEc sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Foram exclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s pela presen&#231;a de forame oval patente (FOP), e a an&#225;lise final foi realizada nos outros 19. A DVP esteve presente ao ETEc em 13 pacientes (68%) e em apenas seis ao ETTc (32%, p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais entre os grupos com e sem DVP, incluindo a diferen&#231;a alveoloarterial de oxig&#234;nio. O diagn&#243;stico de SHP (presen&#231;a de DVP com altera&#231;&#245;es gasom&#233;tricas) ocorreu em cinco pacientes pelo ETEc e em apenas um pelo ETTc (p = 0,09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com EHE, o ETEc foi seguro e superior ao ETTc na detec&#231;&#227;o de DVP n&#227;o identificada ao ETTc, o que possibilitou adicionalmente excluir FOP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia, Transesof&#225;gica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
        <kwd>Hip&#243;xia</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Cr&#244;nica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares (DVP) constitui o substrato anat&#244;mico das altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, marcadamente a hipoxemia observada em pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o portal ou <italic>shunt</italic> portossist&#234;mico cong&#234;nito ou adquirido, e integra a tr&#237;ade da s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, em pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica (EHE) e hipertens&#227;o portal, mesmo com fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica preservada, a DVP e a SHP t&#234;m sido pouco descritas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A exclus&#227;o da passagem do sangue venoso pelo f&#237;gado, que ocorre na hipertens&#227;o portal em cirr&#243;ticos ou na EHE, ou ainda em anastomoses cavopulmonares (cirurgia de Glenn), seria o determinante fisiopatol&#243;gico para a ocorr&#234;ncia das DVP. O desequil&#237;brio entre subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras e vasoconstritoras, dependentes de produ&#231;&#227;o ou metaboliza&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, favorece o ac&#250;mulo de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras no pulm&#227;o, dentre elas o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que desempenha importante papel nesse mecanismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Capilares dilatados, associados a d&#233;bito card&#237;aco aumentado, presente em disfun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas sem cardiopatia ou pneumopatia, t&#234;m como consequ&#234;ncia um desequil&#237;brio na rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o, provocando hipoxemia ou aumento da diferen&#231;a alveoloarterial de oxig&#234;nio (D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub>).</p>
        <p>As DVP podem ser identificadas por meio do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com contraste (ETTc) de microbolhas. Embora essa t&#233;cnica seja considerada o m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico padr&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tem limita&#231;&#245;es devido a janela inadequada ou falso-positivo para o diagn&#243;stico de DVP, pela presen&#231;a de <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita atrav&#233;s de forame oval patente (FOP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico com contraste (ETEc) de microbolhas tem possibilitado melhor defini&#231;&#227;o de imagem e maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica que o ETTc na identifica&#231;&#227;o e gradua&#231;&#227;o das DVP em cirr&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Adicionalmente, possibilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa e direta do FOP, ao verificar o aparecimento precoce das microbolhas no &#225;trio esquerdo atrav&#233;s do pertuito.</p>
        <p>Embora alguns estudos tenham descrito o uso do ETTc em pacientes com EHE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> n&#227;o h&#225; relatos de uso do ETEc nesses indiv&#237;duos. Considerando-se o melhor desempenho diagn&#243;stico do ETEc na detec&#231;&#227;o da DVP em cirr&#243;ticos, foi proposto o presente estudo para estabelecer o papel do ETEc na identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o das DVP na EHE e comparar com os resultados obtidos pelo ETTc.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, 29 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de EHE sem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar sob tratamento em hospital terci&#225;rio foram avaliados com o objetivo de investigar a presen&#231;a da SHP, incluindo a detec&#231;&#227;o de DVP ao ETTc. Todos tinham crit&#233;rios epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos (hepatoesplenomegalia), laboratoriais (presen&#231;a de ovos de <italic>Esquistossoma mansoni</italic> nas fezes ou bi&#243;psia retal) e ultrassonogr&#225;ficos (fibrose de Symmers) para o diagn&#243;stico de EHE. A fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica estava relativamente preservada em todos, apenas um paciente apresentava ascite caracterizada ao exame cl&#237;nico. Sete pessoas foram exclu&#237;das inicialmente: duas por esplenectomia pr&#233;via, duas por doen&#231;a pulmonar, uma por cirrose hep&#225;tica, uma por trombose de veia porta e uma por imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada para avalia&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o ETEc, foram exclu&#237;dos mais tr&#234;s pacientes pela presen&#231;a de FOP, sendo a an&#225;lise final realizada em 19 indiv&#237;duos, que constitu&#237;ram o grupo de estudo com EHE (GEHE). Dezessete pacientes (89%) apresentavam varizes esofageanas &#224; endoscopia, tratadas com escleroterapia pr&#233;via. Nenhum paciente tinha disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, valvopatia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana suspeita ou comprovada ou cardiopatia cong&#234;nita associada. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas do GEHE est&#227;o relacionadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica com e sem DVP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">(41 a 66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino/feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">10/9</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,56 a 2,07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">(51 a 106)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">(105 a 178)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">(60 a 113)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hb (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">(8,9 a 18,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Htc (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,1 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">(30,6 a 48,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Plaquetas (mil/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.843 &#177; 60.391</td>
                  <td align="center">(25.000 a 281.000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,43 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">(3,9 a 5,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">(24 a 59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">(17 a 77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fosfatase alcalina (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">(67 a 161)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RNI</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 a 1,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,2 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">(60 a 97)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">(28 a 45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SatO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,8 &#177; 1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">(94 a 98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">(2,63 a 26,68)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Valores expressos, em m&#233;dia, &#177; 1 desvio padr&#227;o (intervalo de varia&#231;&#227;o entre par&#234;nteses). ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Htc: hemat&#243;crito; Hb: hemoglobina; PaO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio no sangue arterial; PaCO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico no sangue arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional do tempo de protrombina; SatO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio; SC: superf&#237;cie corporal; D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub>: diferen&#231;a alveoloarterial de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Um grupo de 19 pacientes submetidos ao ETEc para pesquisa de eventos emb&#243;licos foi selecionado para controle dos graus de contraste com microbolhas, pareado por idade e sexo com o grupo EHE. Os indiv&#237;duos do primeiro grupo n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;as hep&#225;tica, card&#237;aca ou pulmonar nem FOP ao ETEc.</p>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos do GEHE e controles apresentavam ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal (&gt; 0,55), velocidade do refluxo tric&#250;spide (VRT) inferior a 2,8 m/s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e aus&#234;ncia de sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram o termo de consentimento esclarecido, e o protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Os pacientes do GEHE foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, que inclu&#237;ram testes para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, gasometria arterial (posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, repouso e em ar ambiente), ultrassonografia abdominal, endoscopia digestiva alta, radiografia de t&#243;rax e espirometria no intervalo m&#225;ximo de 3 semanas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ETEc. A D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> foi calculada por meio da f&#243;rmula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <mml:math id="e02">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mi>FiO</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msub>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>Pb</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>PH</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>PACO</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mmultiscripts>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mprescripts/>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        <mml:none/>
                      </mml:mmultiscripts>
                      <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>PaO</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:msub>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Em que FiO<sub>2</sub> &#233; a fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de O<sub>2</sub>; Pb &#233; a press&#227;o barom&#233;trica na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (690 mmHg); PH<sub>2</sub>O representa a press&#227;o de vapor d&#8217;&#225;gua a 37&#176;C = 47mmHg; PACO<sub>2</sub> &#233; a press&#227;o alveolar de CO<sub>2</sub>, assumida como igual &#224; PaCO<sub>2</sub>; R &#233; a raz&#227;o de troca gasosa (V&#8217;CO<sub>2</sub>/V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub>), sendo considerado o valor de 0,8. Analisou-se tamb&#233;m a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SatO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico da SHP foi estabelecido considerando-se a D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> maior que 15 mmHg e/ou a PaO<sub>2</sub> inferior a 80 mmHg,<sup>(14 )</sup>associada &#224; presen&#231;a de DVP caracterizada pelo exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com contraste de microbolhas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos do GEHE e do grupo-controle se submeteram inicialmente ao ETTc, seguido do ETEc. Foi utilizado equipamento HDI 7, Phillips Health Care, com transdutor 4 MHz para o ETTc e sonda esof&#225;gica multiplanar 3-7 MHz para o ETEc.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, foi feita avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o ao ETTc, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE (American Society of Echocardiography).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson. O c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi derivado do refluxo tric&#250;spide. Realizou-se teste com contraste por meio de inje&#231;&#227;o em veia perif&#233;rica cubital de soro fisiol&#243;gico agitado manualmente para obten&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas. Na presen&#231;a de DVP, as microbolhas salinas surgiam nas cavidades esquerdas 4 a 6 batimentos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s seu aparecimento no &#225;trio direito. O surgimento precoce (at&#233; 3 batimentos) era atribu&#237;do a <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco, em geral devido a FOP, cujo diagn&#243;stico era otimizado pela manobra de Valsalva. O efeito do contraste foi observado no corte apical com quatro c&#226;maras e foi classificado como presente (teste de contraste positivo) ou ausente (negativo), sem graduar sua intensidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo-controle apresentou teste de contraste positivo ao ETTc.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte apical 4C ao ETTc. Opacifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direitas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de constraste salino agitado. Observam-se algumas microbolhas nas c&#226;maras esquerdas ap&#243;s quatro ciclos card&#237;acos (teste positivo para DVP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0915-90200-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Realizou-se ETEc sob seda&#231;&#227;o com midazolam e fentanil, com monitoramento cont&#237;nuo da SatO<sub>2</sub>, do ritmo card&#237;aco e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (PAS) durante o procedimento, de acordo com as t&#233;cnicas estabelecidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A manobra de Valsalva foi realizada quando poss&#237;vel.</p>
          <p>Varizes de es&#244;fago n&#227;o foram consideradas contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta ao ETEc, exceto na presen&#231;a de sangramento ativo ou recente (&lt; 15 dias). Ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, o contraste no &#225;trio esquerdo foi graduado pelo ETEc de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o empregada por Vedrinne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> por&#233;m, modificada: grau 0 = nenhuma microbolha; grau I (m&#237;nimo) = microbolhas raras e puntiformes; grau II (leve) = microbolhas com sinal mais grosseiro e difuso, sem preencher completamente o &#225;trio esquerdo; grau III (moderado) = muitas microbolhas preenchendo homogeneamente o &#225;trio esquerdo, mas com menor intensidade que no &#225;trio direito; e grau IV (importante) = distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea das microbolhas entre os dois &#225;trios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte bicaval ao ETEc. Opacifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste salino com presen&#231;a de microbolhas pequenas e esparsas (teste de contraste de grau leve) no &#225;trio esquerdo ap&#243;s quatro ciclos card&#237;acos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0915-90200-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, ou mediana com varia&#231;&#245;es interquartis. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como propor&#231;&#245;es. Utilizou-se o teste &#8220;t&#8221; de Student para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos, al&#233;m dos testes do qui-quadrado, de Pearson ou exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rios, para comparar a frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi utilizado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os pacientes do GEHE apresentaram dados estruturais card&#237;acos normais (dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias, espessura e massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservadas (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 0,67 &#177; 0,04) e PAS pulmonar de 27 &#177; 3 mmHg (VRT = 2,34 &#177; 0,14 m/s) avaliados ao ETTc. Todos os pacientes do GEHE realizaram o ETEc sem quaisquer intercorr&#234;ncias. N&#227;o houve hip&#243;xia, arritmias, altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas ou sangramento digestivo decorrente do procedimento.</p>
        <p>No grupo-controle submetido ao ETEc, o grau I do teste de contraste foi observado em 12 (65%) dos 19 indiv&#237;duos, sendo ausente nos demais. Desse modo, o grau I foi considerado resposta normal ao ETEc. Portanto, apenas graus &#8805; II foram considerados testes positivos para DVP no GEHE ao ETEc.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da compara&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de DVP entre o ETEc e o ETTc no GEHE est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Ao ETEc, o teste positivo para DVP ocorreu em 13 (68%) dos 19 pacientes do GEHE, sendo 1 em grau III (moderado) e 12 em grau II (leve); nenhum paciente desse grupo apresentou contraste em grau importante. Ao ETTc, a presen&#231;a de contraste em c&#226;maras esquerdas no GEHE foi detectada em apenas 4 (21%; p &lt; 0,01 <italic>versus</italic> ETEc) dos 19 pacientes. O teste foi negativo para DVP em 6 pacientes por ambos os m&#233;todos (ETEc e ETTc), sendo grau I de contraste ao ETEc em 5 deles, fato considerado normal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o ETEc e o ETTc no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares nos pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ETTc negativo para DVP</th>
                <th align="center">ETTc positivo para DVP</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ETEc negativo para DVP</td>
                <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ETEc positivo para DVP</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">15 (79%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ETTc: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com contraste de microbolhas; ETEc: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico com microbolhas; DVP: dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes do GEHE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DVP diagnosticada ao ETEc est&#225; exposta na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Idade, tempo de tratamento, superf&#237;cie corporal (SC) e dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais gerais foram equivalentes nos dois subgrupos de pacientes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> dos grupos; por&#233;m, notou-se tend&#234;ncia a maiores valores da PaO<sub>2</sub>, com n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de SatO<sub>2</sub> e menores de PaCO<sub>2</sub> no subgrupo com DVP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica em fun&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares ao ETEc</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Com DVP (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem DVP (n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50,7 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (fem/masc)</td>
                <td align="center">8 F, 5 M</td>
                <td align="center">1 F, 5 M</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo tratamento (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice SC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">79,25 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">143 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">131,4 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">34,1 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">35,8 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fosfatase alcalina (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAP (segundos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RNI</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ht (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">75,3 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">40,7 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SatO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">94,7 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 9,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaCO<sub>2</sub>/R mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vol.AE indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vol.AE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub>: diferen&#231;a alveoloarterial de oxig&#234;nio; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVP: dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Hb: hemoglobina; Htc: hemat&#243;crito; PaO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio; PaCO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico; PaCO<sub>2</sub>/R: press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico/quoeficiente respirat&#243;rio; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional do tempo de protrombina; SatO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; SC: superf&#237;cie corporal; TAP: tempo de atividade da protrombina; Vol.AE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico, foi observada tend&#234;ncia a maiores dimens&#245;es das cavidades esquerdas e dos volumes do &#225;trio esquerdo no subgrupo com DVP, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao subgrupo sem DVP. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e dos n&#237;veis de PAS pulmonar entre os dois subgrupos.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de SHP, estabelecido por crit&#233;rios pautados somente no ETTc, ocorreu em um paciente (5%); por sua vez, o ETEc confirmou o achado nesse paciente e caracterizou a s&#237;ndrome adicionalmente em mais quatro pacientes, totalizando cinco por esse m&#233;todo (26%; p = 0,09).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo utilizando o ETEc na identifica&#231;&#227;o de DVP na EHE. Em cirr&#243;ticos, estudos foram realizados para esse diagn&#243;stico por meio do ETTc e do ETEc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A compara&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois m&#233;todos na identifica&#231;&#227;o das DVP em cirr&#243;ticos com hipertens&#227;o portal foi realizada inicialmente por Vedrinne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Segundo os autores, o ETEc apresentou maior sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o do <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar comparado ao ETTc: por isso, &#233; indicado em todos os pacientes com suspeita de DVP n&#227;o diagnosticada pelo ETTc. Em outro estudo semelhante, Fischer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> verificaram que o ETEc tamb&#233;m permitiu graduar o aparecimento das microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas em graus vari&#225;veis (discreto at&#233; importante), al&#233;m de observarem que esses graus apresentam rela&#231;&#227;o direta com as altera&#231;&#245;es gasom&#233;tricas encontradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O emprego do ETEc nesses estudos se mostrou vantajoso, uma vez que a qualidade da imagem transtor&#225;cica pode dificultar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do contraste com microbolhas, o que &#233; contornado pela janela transesof&#225;gica.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco, originada de um FOP, tamb&#233;m &#233; mais bem diagnosticada pelo ETEc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O FOP, presente em tr&#234;s pacientes exclu&#237;dos de nossa s&#233;rie ap&#243;s o ETEc, poderia ser o respons&#225;vel pela passagem do contraste para as cavidades esquerdas ao ETTc e causar eventual superestima&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de DVP. Esse fato demonstra a superioridade do m&#233;todo transesof&#225;gico no reconhecimento desta entidade.</p>
        <p>O achado mais relevante de nosso estudo com pacientes com EHE e fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica relativamente preservada foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de DVP subcl&#237;nica, ainda sem repercuss&#227;o nas trocas gasosas, detectada ao ETEc em frequ&#234;ncia significativamente maior que a encontrada ao ETTc. Em nossos pacientes com EHE, o ETEc teve a capacidade de detectar grau discretos de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares, que podem corresponder a est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a. A exist&#234;ncia de DVP na EHE j&#225; havia sido descrita anteriormente em nosso meio por Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em igual propor&#231;&#227;o &#224;quela observada na s&#233;rie estudada, por&#233;m utilizando exclusivamente o m&#233;todo transtor&#225;cico. Em nosso estudo, o ETEc permitiu o diagn&#243;stico adicional de DVP em nove pacientes que n&#227;o haviam sido identificados pelo ETTc, destacando o m&#233;todo transesof&#225;gico na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o indireta desta altera&#231;&#227;o vascular. Portanto, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados em cirr&#243;ticos, o ETEc em pacientes com EHE foi mais sens&#237;vel que o ETTc para o diagn&#243;stico das DVP, demonstrando a superioridade deste m&#233;todo em mais um aspecto na EHE.</p>
        <p>Em estudos com pacientes cirr&#243;ticos e com hipertens&#227;o portal, foi observada DVP ao ETEc entre 51 e 75% deles, frequ&#234;ncia esta substancialmente maior do que aquela detectada ao ETTc, que variou de 13 a 47%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de contraste t&#234;nue (grau I) ao ETEc em alguns indiv&#237;duos do grupo-controle ocorreu provavelmente devido a <italic>shunt</italic> pulmonar fisiol&#243;gico, que possibilita a passagem de microbolhas de contraste de pequenas dimens&#245;es, capazes de ultrapassar a barreira do leito capilar pulmonar e alcan&#231;ar as c&#226;maras esquerdas. Por essa raz&#227;o, foi considerado apenas o grau II ou superior como teste positivo para DVP.</p>
        <p>Na presente s&#233;rie, houve uma tend&#234;ncia do ETEc em diagnosticar a SHP em um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ETTc. Esses dados refletem os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico de SHP, que podem variar com respeito &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gasom&#233;tricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Possivelmente resultados mais expressivos poderiam ser observados com um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa da D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> entre os subgrupos com ou sem DVP, destacando o papel do ETEc para o diagn&#243;stico em uma fase subcl&#237;nica das DVP. Por outro lado, tr&#234;s pacientes com hipoxemia e/ou D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> aumentada apresentaram teste de microbolhas negativo pelos dois m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Esse resultado pode ser decorrente do tipo de contraste (solu&#231;&#227;o salina), da t&#233;cnica de inje&#231;&#227;o e do tamanho das microbolhas alcan&#231;ado. Embora as microbolhas formadas variem de 24 a 180 &#181;, bolhas maiores que 60 &#181;, que s&#227;o mais ecog&#234;nicas, podem ter dificuldade para atravessar o leito capilar mesmo dilatado, produzindo sinal mais fraco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a dissocia&#231;&#227;o dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com contraste e os dados gasom&#233;tricos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DVP refletem a labilidade das trocas gasosas, uma vez que os exames n&#227;o foram realizados simultaneamente, podendo ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es temporais e din&#226;micas das manifesta&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e gasom&#233;tricas. Diferen&#231;as na PaO<sub>2</sub>, SatO<sub>2</sub>, PaCO<sub>2</sub> entre os subgrupos com e sem DVP permanecem incertas.</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes relatam a DVP como precursora ou associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar em cirr&#243;ticos e esquistossom&#243;ticos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> podendo estar ligada a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em cirr&#243;ticos, a presen&#231;a de DVP piora o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, contribui para a indica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce do transplante hep&#225;tico e acarreta maior risco de mortalidade ap&#243;s transplante em pacientes com hipoxemia acentuada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o se conhece o progn&#243;stico das DVP encontradas na EHE, presentes em pacientes sem altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e gasom&#233;tricas pulmonares. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar seu curso evolutivo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguran&#231;a</title>
          <p>Assim como em outros estudos com pacientes cirr&#243;ticos e hipertens&#227;o portal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> o ETEc na s&#233;rie de pacientes com EHE estudada foi realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es: a sonda foi introduzida sem intercorr&#234;ncias at&#233; o ter&#231;o distal do es&#244;fago, at&#233; mesmo ultrapassando o hiato esof&#225;gico, para se obterem os cortes transg&#225;stricos mesmo em presen&#231;a de varizes sem sangramento recente, ap&#243;s escleroterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A amostra relativamente pequena de pacientes com EHE &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo: por&#233;m, traduz o comportamento da doen&#231;a no Brasil, cuja incid&#234;ncia vem reduzindo ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, sobretudo em nosso hospital universit&#225;rio, que se localiza fora de zona end&#234;mica da entidade.</p>
          <p>A baixa preval&#234;ncia de SHP na amostra reduzida de pacientes limitou a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o da DVP com o grau de hipoxemia e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da D(A-a)O<sub>2</sub>. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a produ&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas de tamanhos variados pela agita&#231;&#227;o manual da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, impossibilitando a padroniza&#231;&#227;o de tamanho e a ecogenicidade, que promoveria maior uniformidade dos achados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Como demonstrado, ETTc negativo n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de DVP na EHE: portanto, diante da suspeita cl&#237;nica, o ETEc seria indicado para estabelecer com seguran&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico de DVP no grupo de pacientes estudado. O significado cl&#237;nico ou progn&#243;stico das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares na EHE dever&#225; ser estabelecido em estudos longitudinais futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com EHE e fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica relativamente preservada, o ETEc foi superior ao ETTc na identifica&#231;&#227;o de DVP, sobretudo em seus est&#225;gios mais precoces. O m&#233;todo transesof&#225;gico foi seguro nesses pacientes, na sua maioria com escleroterapia pr&#233;via de varizes esofageanas e sem sangramento recente. Foi diagnosticado FOP, que pode ser um fator a confundir o diagn&#243;stico de DVP ao ETTc.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Aparecida de Gouvea pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero 38476 Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
