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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RCJVBpdRXFNkVDSQSJxBzqK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100905</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Environmental Enrichment Promotes Antioxidant Effect in the Ventrolateral Medulla and Kidney of Renovascular Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3601-5517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favero</surname>
            <given-names>Iuri Ferrari Del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0804-5196</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Frank Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5226-6378</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz Farias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alzamora</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ouro Preto</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Eduardo Sousa &#8226;</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Experimental (LAFEx), Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Exatas e Biol&#243;gicas, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Campus Universit&#225;rio s/n, Postal Code 35400-000. Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG - Brasil Email: <email>luizeduardo@ufop.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Sousa LE; Acquisition of data: Del Favero IF, Souza ABF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bezerra FS, Souza ABF, Alzamora AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>905</fpage>
      <lpage>912</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Arterial hypertension is a precursor to the development of heart and renal failure, furthermore is associated with elevated oxidative markers. Environmental enrichment of rodents increases performance in memory tasks, also appears to exert an antioxidant effect in the hippocampus of normotensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla, heart, and kidneys of renovascular hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty male Fischer rats (6 weeks old) were divided into four groups: normotensive standard condition (Sham-St), normotensive enriched environment (Sham-EE), hypertensive standard condition (2K1C-St), and hypertensive enriched environment (2K1C-EE). Animals were kept in enriched or standard cages for four weeks after all animals were euthanized. The level of significance was at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>2K1C-St group presented higher mean arterial pressure (mmHg) 147.0 (122.0; 187.0) compared to Sham-St 101.0 (94.0; 109.0) and Sham-EE 106.0 (90.8; 117.8). Ventrolateral medulla from 2K1C-EE had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) (49.1 &#177; 7.9 U/mg ptn) and catalase activity (0.8 &#177; 0.4 U/mg ptn) compared to SOD (24.1 &#177; 9.8 U/mg ptn) and catalase activity (0.3 &#177; 0.1 U/mg ptn) in 2K1C-St. 2K1C-EE presented lower lipid oxidation (0.39 &#177; 0.06 nmol/mg ptn) than 2K1C-St (0.53 &#177; 0.22 nmol/mg ptn) in ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, the kidneys of 2K1C-EE (11.9 &#177; 2.3 U/mg ptn) animals presented higher superoxide-dismutase activity than those of 2K1C-St animals (9.1 &#177; 2.3 U/mg ptn).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Environmental enrichment induced an antioxidant effect in the ventrolateral medulla and kidneys that contributes to reducing oxidative damage among hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Renovascular Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Enviromental Enrichment</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventrolateral Medulla</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88881.172437/2018-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>PVEX</funding-source>
          <award-id>88881.172437/2018-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is a key precursor to the development of stroke, renal failure, heart failure, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Imbalance from excessive oxidative compounds coupled with lowered antioxidant defences induces cellular damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In hypertensive rats, oxidative stress is linked to heart, kidney, and brain dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Furthermore, reactive oxygen species [ROS] in the ventrolateral medulla are major contributors to sympathetic hyperactivity and arterial hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The brainstem contains complex structures that control blood pressure and cardiovascular reflex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These regions include the caudal pressor area, caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), and medullocervical pressor area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Inhibition and activation of these nuclei cause depressor and pressor responses, respectively. The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is an important area of basal sympathetic tone, under regulation by CVLM neurons via tonic and phasic inhibition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Rat studies show that hypertension is associated with lower antioxidant defences and elevated oxidative markers in both CVLM and RVLM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Besides the central nervous system, heart and kidneys are also involved in cardiovascular control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> When arterial hypertension develops in renovascular hypertensive rats, both organs experience redox imbalance, along with the increased inflammatory-cell count, lipid peroxidation, and reduced antioxidant defences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including arterial hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Physical exercise improves antioxidant defence in the ventrolateral medulla, thus reducing oxidative damage and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> One way to raise motor activity in laboratory animals is with environmental enrichment. Animals in enriched housing experience neuroanatomical, chemical, and behavioural changes that heighten memory, motor function, sensorial and cognitive activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In turn, neuroplasticity is increased while neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline are mitigated. Environmental enrichment of rodents reliably increases performance in learning and memory tasks, and improves overall health and well-being, compared with standardly housed conspecifics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Such enrichment typically involves introducing stimuli such as toys, tubes, balls, igloos, running wheels, or any items that provoke exploration, social interaction, sensorial and motor activity.</p>
      <p>Non-motor environmental enrichment (e.g. without wheel running) also appears to exert an antioxidant effect in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Thus, environmental enrichment may reduce oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla and contribute to hypertension control. Yet despite noted effects on cognitive activity, no consistent data are available regarding exactly how enrichment influences oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla of hypertensive animals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla, heart, and kidneys of renovascular hypertensive rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal experiments</title>
        <p>All animal experiments in the study were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto by protocol number 2016/24. Subjects were forty adult Fischer male rats (6 weeks old; 140-170 g). Renovascular hypertension was induced as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Briefly, animals were anaesthetized with 50 mg/kg of ketamine and 10 mg/kg of xylazine (i.p.). Next, a silver clip (2K1C; inner diameter, 0.2 mm) was placed around the left renal artery through a midline incision. Normotensive groups (Sham) were subjected to similar procedures but without clips. Four groups were formed: standardly housed hypertensive (2K1C-St) (n = 12), enriched hypertensive (2K1C-EE) (n = 8), standardly housed normotensive (Sham-St) (n = 7), and enriched normotensive (Sham-EE) (n = 13). The sample size was defined by convenience.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Environmental enrichment and standard condition protocol</title>
        <p>Immediately post-surgery, rats were housed in enriched (EE) or standard (St) cages (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The former contained six different objects (plastic coloured balls, igloo, wooden chew sticks, curved tubes, straight tubes); cages were organised with four rats in each cage. Eight different objects combinations were used, with one weekly change to encourage exploration. The control environment consisted of standard cages (St) identical to those used for housing subjects during non-experimental periods. All groups were kept in the same room, on different racks, to control for lighting (12-12 h light-dark cycle), temperature (24 &#177; 1&#186;C), humidity, and ambient noise. Rat chow and tap water were provided ad libitum. The enrichment procedure lasted for four weeks. At the end of that time, cardiovascular measurements were performed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representation of the environments that rats were exposed (A) standard cage (B) enriched cage.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0905-90166-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular measurements</title>
        <p>Within 2 days of experiment end, rats were anaesthetised with urethane (1.2 g/kg body weight, ip; Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Polyethylene catheters (PE-10 connected to PE-50, Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ, USA) filled with heparinized saline (400 IU/mL) were inserted into the right femoral artery for measuring pulsatile arterial pressure. Blood pressure was recorded at 1000 Hz sampling rate and 20 mV range digitizing window. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were derived on-line from the pulsatile arterial pressure signal with LabChart for Windows software (ADInstruments Pty Ltd, Australia). Experimental protocols were carried out in anaesthetized rats. After cardiovascular measurements, rats were decapitated and the left ventricle was perfused with saline solution to remove blood from tissues. Brain, hearts, kidneys and the ventrolateral medulla was dissected, and all samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen before storage at -80&#186;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antioxidant defences and oxidative stress biomarkers</title>
        <p>Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was evaluated via the enzyme&#8217;s capacity to inhibit pyrogallol autoxidation (absorbance of 570 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Catalase activity was determined through the speed of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> reduction (absorbance of 240 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Carbonyl protein determination methods (absorbance of 370 nm) were based on a previous publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Lipid peroxidation was evaluated with the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay (absorbance of 535 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Total protein was quantified with the Bradford method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Results are reported as means &#177; SD or median, minimum and maximum value. Normality was checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Data were then analysed with one-way ANOVA test, followed by a post-hoc Newman-Keuls test or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn&#8217;s post-test. Statistical analyses were performed in GraphPad Prism. Significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of environmental enrichment on mean arterial pressure</title>
        <p>To evaluate if environmental enrichment reduces blood pressure in hypertensive rats, we compared MAP across our four experimental groups. The 2K1C-St group had significantly higher MAP 147.0 (122.0; 187.0) mmHg, p &lt; 0.05, than Sham-St 101.0 (94.0; 109.0) mmHg and Sham-EE 106.0 (90.8; 117.8) mmHg. The four groups did not differ significantly in heart rate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline levels of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, mmHg) in hypertensive (2K1C) and normotensive rats (Sham) subjected to environmental enrichment (EE) and standard condition (St). Direct measurements of MAP were performed on the 4th weeks after 2K1C surgery. Letters (above the bars) indicate significant differences. (a) The difference in relation to the Sham-St; (b) Difference in relation to the Sham-EE analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn&#8217;s post-test a (p &lt; 0.05) (n = 7 in each group). Data are expressed as median, minimum and maximum value.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0905-90166-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress marker in the ventrolateral medulla</title>
        <p>Superoxide dismutase activity in the ventrolateral medulla was higher for 2K1C-EE than for 2K1C-St. Additionally, catalase activity was higher in 2K1C-EE than in all other groups. We observed increased TBARS value in 2K1C-St compared with Sham groups, but reduced activity in 2K1C-EE compared with 2K1C-St (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of environmental enrichment or standard conditions on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative damage in the ventrolateral medulla</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Carbonyl protein (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">TBARS (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-St (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 12.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#177; 0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-EE (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-St (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.53 &#177; 0.22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-EE (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 7.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">57.1 &#177; 12.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.06<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-St;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-EE;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to 2K1C-St.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Analysed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Newman Keuls post-test (p &lt; 0.05). Data are expressed as the mean &#177; SD (n = 7-13 in each group). Sham-St: normotensive group exposed to standard condition; Sham-EE: normotensive group exposed to environmental enrichment; 2K1C-St: hypertensive group exposed to standard condition; 2K1C-EE: hypertensive group exposed to environmental enrichment. SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress marker in the left ventricle</title>
        <p>Overall, TBARS concentration was higher in both hypertensive groups than in Sham groups. Catalase activity was lower in 2K1C-St than in Sham-EE. Carbonyl protein and SOD were similar across all experimental groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of environmental enrichment or standard conditions on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative damage in the left ventricle </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Carbonyl protein (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">TBARS (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-St (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 18.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-EE (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-St (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.07<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-EE (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">48.2 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-St;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-EE.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>Analysed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Newman Keuls post-test (p &lt; 0.05). Data are expressed as the mean &#177; SD (n = 7-13 in each group). Sham-St: normotensive group exposed to standard condition; Sham-EE: normotensive group exposed to environmental enrichment; 2K1C-St: hypertensive group exposed to standard condition; 2K1C-EE: hypertensive group exposed to environmental enrichment. SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress marker in the right kidney</title>
        <p>We observed increased SOD activity in environmentally enriched groups (2K1C-EE, Sham-EE) compared with standard groups (2K1C-St, Sham-St). The 2K1C-EE group had higher carbonyl protein and lower TBARS concentration than the 2K1C-St group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of environmental enrichment or standard conditions on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative damage in the right kidney</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Carbonyl protein (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">TBARS (nM/mg ptn)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-St (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-EE (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-St (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-EE (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 2.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 2.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.07<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-St;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to 2K1C-St.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>
                <italic>Analysed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Newman Keuls post-test (p &lt; 0.05). Data are expressed as the mean &#177; SD (n = 7-13 in each group). Sham-St: normotensive group exposed to standard condition; Sham-EE: normotensive group exposed to environmental enrichment; 2K1C-St: hypertensive group exposed to standard condition; 2K1C-EE: hypertensive group exposed to environmental enrichment. SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress marker in the left kidney</title>
        <p>Furthermore, SOD activity was higher among 2K1C-EE than 2K1C-St animals. Catalase activity was lower in hypertensive groups (2K1C-St and 2K1C-EE) than Sham groups (Sham-St and Sham-EE). Carbonyl protein activity and TBARS concentration did not differ significantly across experimental groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of environmental enrichment or standard conditions on the activity of enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative damage in the left kidney</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">Carbonyl protein (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                <th align="center">TBARS (nM/mg ptn)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-St (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sham-EE (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">17.4 &#177; 8.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">31.9 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-St (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.06<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2K1C-EE (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 6.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-St;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to Sham-EE;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>
                <italic>represents a significant difference between groups when compared to 2K1C-St.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>
                <italic>Analysed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Newman Keuls post-test (p &lt; 0.05). Data are expressed as the mean &#177; SD (n = 7-13 in each group). Sham-St: normotensive group exposed to standard condition; Sham-EE: normotensive group exposed to environmental enrichment; 2K1C-St: hypertensive group exposed to standard condition; 2K1C-EE: hypertensive group exposed to environmental enrichment. SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>As found in other studies, standardly housed hypertensive rats exhibited MAP values different than standardly housed normotensive controls. Importantly, this study is the first to demonstrate similar MAP values between normotensive and enriched hypertensive rats. This outcome is likely due to the antioxidant effect of enrichment on the ventrolateral medulla and kidneys. The finding that hypertensive rats (2K1C-St) showed higher values of MAP than control animals (Sham-St) is consistent with obtained by other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The two-kidney, one-clip (2k1c) Goldblatt hypertensive model is characterized by hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system, especially by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II has actions at AT<sub>1</sub> receptors to elevate blood pressure via numerous mechanisms including vasoconstriction, oxidative stress and increases sympathetic neural discharge. In addition to this classical circulating system, components of the renin-angiotensin system are found locally in the brain. Angiotensin II AT<sub>1</sub> receptors are abundant in the autonomic nervous system and regulatory brain regions, to influence neurotransmission and blood pressure. The actions of angiotensin II in the ventrolateral medulla contribute to sympathoexcitation and hypertension in animals, in part by stimulating oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study showed that the enrichment was effective in making MAP of 2K1C-EE rats similar to that of sham rats. Additionally, the enrichment restored the ROS components in ventrolateral medulla, kidney and left ventricle. Previous studies have showed a hyperactivity of Ang II in both RVLM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and CVLM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> areas of ventrolateral medulla on 2K1C rats. In addition, Ang II has been correlated with ROS in these brain areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> On the other hand, Ang II is a strong inductor of ROS generation in the ventricle and kidney.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Antioxidant compounds are essential to protecting against cardiovascular and nervous systems. Here, the ventrolateral medulla of 2K1C-EE rats had higher SOD and catalase activity in relation to 2K1C-St rats. Thus, environmental enrichment appears to protect against oxidative stress through increasing antioxidant defence, thereby reducing MAP in hypertensive rats. Study shows that increase of antioxidants defences in the ventrolateral medulla reduces the MAP of hypertensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Likewise, previous research found that spontaneously hypertensive rats experienced a decrease in RVLM SOD activity, but also decreased MAP and sympathetic nerve activity when SOD was overexpressed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Carbonyl protein concentration was higher in the ventrolateral medulla of 2K1C-EE rats compared with control groups (Sham-St and Sham-EE). This surprising result suggests that environmental enrichment was either detrimental to hypertensive rats, or the ventrolateral medulla is simply less capable of dealing with protein oxidation, even under advantageous conditions. Similarly, a previous study found that environmental enrichment does not reduce protein oxidation in the cortex of male normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, we also demonstrated that enrichment lowered the TBARS concentration in the ventrolateral medulla of 2K1C rats, indicating that endogenous antioxidants were successfully triggered to neutralise lipid peroxidation. These results corroborate previous research in normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla increases sympathetic nerve activity, suggesting that this brain region is important to modulating ROS-induced elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Overall, environmental enrichment appears to exert a neuroprotective effect through ameliorating oxidative stress, the mechanism of neuroprotection has not been established. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic neurological diseases. This is because the nervous tissue is uniquely sensitive to oxidative stress, due to the great quantity of sources of ROS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The synthesis of trophic factors has been suggested to play a role in mediating the neuroprotective effects of enrichment. Environmental enrichment has been found to cause increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the glial cell, striatum and substantia nigra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Thus, we suggest that environmental enrichment is not only relevant to brain aging, dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, but also to other neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Oxidative stress in the heart is an essential causal agent of hypertension, activating intracellular signalling that induces heart dysfunction through apoptosis or cell overgrowth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> We found higher left-ventricle TBARS levels and lower catalase activity in 2K1C-St rats than in Sham (St and EE) rats. Consistent with our results, sedentary 2K1C rats had higher TBARS levels in the left ventricle. In general, renovascular hypertension is expected to increase relative heart weights, cardiomyocyte diameter, myocardial inflammatory cell count, and collagen deposition in the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Environmental enrichment did not seem to alter MAP, TBARS, and overall antioxidant defence in the left ventricle of hypertensive rats. Environmental enrichment did not seem to alter MAP, TBARS, and overall antioxidant defence in the left ventricle of hypertensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> We hypothesize that environmental enrichment should include physical activity (e.g. wheel running) for antioxidant effects to be observable in the heart of hypertensive rats. Multiple studies examining hypertension and cardiovascular diseases have illustrated that physical activity confers antioxidant effects in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We also observed elevated SOD activity in both kidneys of environmentally enriched hypertensive and normotensive rats. Additionally, left-kidney catalase activity decreased in hypertensive rats (2K1C-St and 2K1C-EE) compared with control, probably because it is the clipped kidney. These data suggest that oxidative stress increased in the kidneys of hypertensive animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causes ROS to increase in the kidney via multiple pathways, including elevation of NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased NO availability, and decreased antioxidant enzymes. Accordingly, high angiotensin II-related ROS generation is implicated in hypertension development among several animal models, including 2K1C rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Catalase and SOD activity is reduced in clipped and nonclipped renal cortices of 2K1C pigs. Relatedly, 8-isoprostane PGF<sub>2</sub> and malondialdehyde excretion are elevated in the kidneys of 2K1C rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Increased ROS production, induced by angiotensin II infusion, in kidneys can initiate hypertension. SOD protects the kidney against stress by attenuating renal p22<sup>phox</sup> expression, NADPH oxidase activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Moreover, SOD overexpression of in the kidney mitigates oxidative stress and hypertension. Adenoviral gene transfer of human SOD-3 in spontaneously hypertensive rats increased SOD-3 expression in kidneys and blood vessels, thereby reducing vascular O<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8226;-</sup> while improving endothelial function and vascular reactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Modifications to the standard caging to create enriched environments that allow improved motor activity, visual activity, exploration and social interactions have been associated with significant behavioural changes and improvements in overall health and well-being.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Overall health and well-being are related to lower levels of cortisol and blood pressure; however few studies show its effects on redox system in the hypertensive animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The physiological effects of environmental enrichment are varied, but improved animal welfare and cognitive properties appear to be clear benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Our study presents limitations since the laboratory environment places several physical and operational restrictions on the methods and the extent of the enrichment offered to the research mice. These limitations stimulate our ability to use different methods and produce maximum environmental enrichment. Despite the limitations collectively, our results suggested that environmental enrichment conferred antioxidant effects on the ventrolateral medulla and kidneys, probably contributing to MAP reduction and minimizing oxidative damage in renovascular hypertensive rats. We suppose that the enrichment may have made MAP of 2K1C-EE rats similar to SHAM rats by reducing levels of oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla, kidneys and heart probably because it reduced Ang II levels in those tissues. However, the effect of environmental enrichment on the renin-angiotensin system is still unknown. No studies were found that show the relationship between enriched environment and the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive rats. Certainly, new studies should be conducted to clarify this issue.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto under the protocol number 2016/24.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Frank Silva Bezerra would like to express their gratitude to CAPES for your Post-Doctoral fellowship (CAPES-PVEX-Process # 88881.172437/2018-01) in the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael&#8217;s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Morf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nitsch</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wurbel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laboratory animal welfare: cage enrichment and mouse behaviour</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>432</volume>
          <issue>7019</issue>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>822</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Enriquecimento Ambiental Promove Efeito Antioxidante no Bulbo Ventrolateral e Rins de Roedores com Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3601-5517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favero</surname>
            <given-names>Iuri Ferrari Del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0804-5196</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Frank Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5226-6378</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz Farias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alzamora</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Eduardo Sousa &#8226;</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Experimental (LAFEx), Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Exatas e Biol&#243;gicas, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Campus Universit&#225;rio s/n, CEP 35400-000. Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG - Brasil Email: <email>luizeduardo@ufop.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sousa LE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Del Favero IF, Souza ABF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bezerra FS, Souza ABF, Alzamora AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um precursor para o desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e renal e, al&#233;m disso, est&#225; associada com o aumento dos marcadores oxidativos. O enriquecimento ambiental dos roedores melhora o desempenho em tarefas de mem&#243;ria, e tamb&#233;m parece ter um efeito antioxidante sobre o hipocampo dos ratos normotensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral, cora&#231;&#227;o, e rins de ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta ratos machos, tipo Fischer (6 semanas de idade), foram divididos em quatro grupos: normotensos em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (Sham-CP), normotensos em ambiente enriquecido (Sham-AE), hipertensos em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (2R1C-CP), e hipertensos em ambiente enriquecido (2R1C-AE). Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas enriquecidas ou padr&#227;o durante quatro semanas e, por fim, todos os animais foram eutanasiados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo 2R1C-CP apresentou press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia maior (mmHg) 147,0 (122,0; 187,0) quando comparado com os grupos Sham-CP 101,0 (94,0; 109,0) e Sham-AE 106,0 (90,8; 117,8). Observou-se maior atividade das enzimas super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) (49,1 &#177; 7,9 U/mg ptn) e da catalase (0,8 &#177; 0,4 U/mg ptn) no bulbo ventrolateral do grupo 2R1C-AE, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade da SOD (24,1 &#177; 9,8 U/mg ptn) e da catalase (0,3 &#177; 0,1 U/mg ptn) no grupo 2R1C-CP. No grupo 2R1C-AE, a oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no bulbo ventrolateral foi menor (0,39 &#177; 0,06 nmol/mg ptn) quando comparado com o grupo 2R1C-CP (0,53 &#177; 0,22 nmol/mg ptn). Ademais, foi observada maior atividade das enzimas super&#243;xido dismutase nos rins dos animais 2R1C-AE (11,9 &#177; 2,3 U/mg ptn) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais 2R1C-CP (9,1 &#177; 2,3 U/mg ptn).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O enriquecimento ambiental provocou efeito antioxidante no bulbo ventrolateral e nos rins, o que contribuiu para a redu&#231;&#227;o do dano oxidante nos ratos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>estresse oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>enriquecimento ambiental</kwd>
        <kwd>medula ventrolateral</kwd>
        <kwd>rins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88881.172437/2018-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>PVEX</funding-source>
          <award-id>88881.172437/2018-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um precursor chave para o desenvolvimento de AVC, insufici&#234;ncia renal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e doen&#231;a cardiovascular. O estresse oxidativo tem sido relacionado na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial e de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O desequil&#237;brio decorrente do excesso de compostos oxidantes, atrelado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o das defesas antioxidantes, resulta em danos celulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos ratos hipertensos, o estresse oxidativo est&#225; relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, dos rins, e do c&#233;rebro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs) no bulbo ventrolateral s&#227;o os principais fatores para a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e hipertens&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tronco cerebral cont&#233;m estruturas complexas que controlam a press&#227;o arterial e o reflexo cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essas regi&#245;es incluem a &#225;rea pressora caudal, o bulbo caudal ventrolateral (CVLM), e a &#225;rea pressora bulbo-cervical.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A inibi&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o desses n&#250;cleos causam repostas depressoras e pressoras, respectivamente. A face rostroventrolateral do bulbo (RVLM) &#233; uma &#225;rea importante do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico basal, sob regula&#231;&#227;o dos neur&#244;nios do CVLM atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o t&#244;nica e f&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estudos com ratos mostram que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada com defesas antioxidantes mais baixas e aumento dos marcadores oxidativos, tanto no CVLM quando na RVLM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do sistema nervoso central, o cora&#231;&#227;o e os rins tamb&#233;m est&#227;o envolvidos no controle cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Quando a hipertens&#227;o arterial se desenvolve nos ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular, observa-se um desequil&#237;brio redox em ambos os &#243;rg&#227;os, acompanhado de um aumento na contagem de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, e diminui&#231;&#227;o das defesas antioxidantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sendentarismo &#233; um fator de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo a hipertens&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A atividade f&#237;sica melhora as defesas antioxidantes do bulbo ventrolateral e, dessa forma, reduz o dano oxidativo e a hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Uma maneira de aumentar a atividade motora nos animais de laborat&#243;rio &#233; atrav&#233;s do enriquecimento ambiental. Os animais em ambientes enriquecidos apresentam mudan&#231;as neuroanat&#244;nicas, qu&#237;micas, e comportamentais que aumentam a mem&#243;ria, a fun&#231;&#227;o motora, as atividades sensoriais e cognitivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Consequentemente, a neuroplasticidade aumenta, ao passo que os dist&#250;rbios neurodegenerativos e o decl&#237;nio cognitivo s&#227;o minimizados. O enriquecimento ambiental de roedores seguramente aumenta seu desempenho no aprendizado e nas tarefas de mem&#243;ria, al&#233;m de melhorar a sa&#250;de e bem-estar gerais, quando comparados com animais da mesma esp&#233;cie alojados da maneira tradicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Esse enriquecimento inclui tipicamente a introdu&#231;&#227;o de est&#237;mulos, tais como brinquedos, tubos, bolas, iglus, rodas para correr, ou quaisquer itens que estimulem a explora&#231;&#227;o, a intera&#231;&#227;o social, as atividades sensorial e motora.</p>
        <p>Os enriquecimentos ambientais n&#227;o motores (por exemplo, sem a roda para correr) tamb&#233;m parece ter um efeito antioxidante no hipocampo e no c&#243;rtex cerebral de ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Assim sendo, o enriquecimento ambiental pode reduzir o estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral e contribuir para o controle da hipertens&#227;o. Todavia, apesar dos efeitos observados sobre a atividade cognitiva, n&#227;o h&#225; dados consistentes dispon&#237;veis sobre a maneira exata atrav&#233;s da qual o enriquecimento influencia o estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral dos animais hipertensos. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral, cora&#231;&#227;o, e rins de ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos com animais</title>
          <p>Todos os experimentos com animais do estudo foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2016/24. Serviram como sujeitos quarenta ratos machos adultos, tipo Fischer (6 semanas de idade; 140-170 g). A hipertens&#227;o renovascular foi induzida como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Resumidamente, os animais foram anestesiados com 50 mg/kg de quetamina e 10 mg/kg de xilazina (IP). Em seguida, um clipe de prata (2R1C; di&#226;metro interno = 0,2mm) foi implantado na art&#233;ria renal esquerda atrav&#233;s de incis&#227;o mediana. Os grupos normotensos (Sham) foram submetidos a procedimentos semelhantes, por&#233;m sem implanta&#231;&#227;o do clipe. Quatro grupos foram formados: hipertensos mantidos em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (2R1C-CP) (n = 12), hipertensos em ambiente enriquecido (2R1C-AE) (n = 8), normotensos mantidos em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (Sham-CP) (n = 7), e normotensos em ambiente enriquecido (Sham-AE) (n = 13). O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do ambiente enriquecido e condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o</title>
          <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirugia, os ratos foram alojados em gaiolas com ambiente enriquecido (AE) ou sob condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (CP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O primeiro continha seis objetos diferentes (bolas coloridas de pl&#225;stico, iglu, palitos mastig&#225;veis de madeira, tubos labirinto, tubos retos); as gaiolas foram organizadas com quatro ratos cada. Oito combina&#231;&#245;es diferentes de objetos foram usadas, com mudan&#231;as semanais para estimular a explora&#231;&#227;o. O ambiente controle consistia de gaiolas padr&#227;o (CP) id&#234;nticas &#224;quelas usadas para alojar os sujeitos durante o per&#237;odo n&#227;o-experimental. Todos os grupos foram mantidos na mesma sala, em prateleiras diferentes, para controlar a ilumina&#231;&#227;o (ciclos de 12h de luz e 12h de escurid&#227;o), a temperatura (24 &#177; 1&#186;C), umidade, e ru&#237;do ambiente. Ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua de torneira foram fornecidas ad libitum. O procedimento de enriquecimento durou quatro semanas. Ao final desse per&#237;odo, as medi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares foram realizadas.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o dos ambientes aos quais os ratos foram expostos (A) gaiola padr&#227;o (B) gaiola enriquecida.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0905-90166-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>Ao longo dos 2 &#250;ltimos dias do experimento, os ratos foram anestesiados com uretano (1,2 g/kg de peso corporal, ip; Sigma-Aldrich, EUA). Cateteres de polietileno (PE-10 conectados PE-50, Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ, EUA), preenchidos com solu&#231;&#227;o salina heparinizada (400 UI/mL), foram introduzidos na art&#233;ria femoral direita para medir a press&#227;o arterial puls&#225;til. A press&#227;o arterial foi registrada com frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1000 Hz e uma janela de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 20 mV de amplitude. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) foram derivadas em tempo real a partir do sinal da press&#227;o arterial puls&#225;til utilizando o software LabChart for Windows (ADInstruments Pty Ltd, Austr&#225;lia). Os protocolos experimentais foram conduzidos em animais anestesiados. Ap&#243;s as medi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, os ratos foram decapitados e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi perfundido com solu&#231;&#227;o salina para remover o sangue dos tecidos. O c&#233;rebro, os cora&#231;&#245;es, os rins e o bulbo ventrolateral foram dissecados, e todas as amostras foram congeladas em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e estocadas a -80&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>As defesas antioxidantes e os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo</title>
          <p>A atividade da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da capacidade da enzima em inibir a auto-oxida&#231;&#227;o do pirogalol (absorb&#226;ncia de 570 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A atividade da catalase foi determinada atrav&#233;s da velocidade com que o H2O2 foi reduzido (absorb&#226;ncia of 240 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os m&#233;todos de determina&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na carbonilada (absorb&#226;ncia de 370 nm) foram baseados em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi avaliada usando o m&#233;todo de ensaio de subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS) (absorb&#226;ncia de 535 nm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A prote&#237;na total foi quantificada usando o m&#233;todo Bradford.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (valor m&#237;nimo-valor m&#225;ximo). A normalidade foi testada por One-wat ANOVA seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Newman-Keuls. Os dados foram ent&#227;o analisados por ANOVA de 1 via seguida pelo teste post hoc Newman-Keuls ou teste Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Dunn. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no GraphPad Prism. A signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia</title>
          <p>Para avaliar se o enriquecimento ambiental reduz a press&#227;o arterial nos ratos hipertensos, n&#243;s comparamos a PAM entre os quatro grupos experimentais. O grupo 2R1C-CP exibiu uma PAM significativamente maior 147,0 (122,0; 187,0) mmHg, p &lt; 0,05, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos Sham-CP 101,0 (94,0; 109,0) mmHg e Sham-AE 106,0 (90,8; 117,8) mmHg. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os quatro grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#237;veis basais da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM, mmHg) nos ratos hipertensos (2R1C) e normotensos (Sham) submetidos ao enriquecimento ambiental (AE) e condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (CP). Medidas diretas de PAM foram obtidas nas 4 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia 2R1C. As letras (por cima das barras) indicam diferen&#231;as significativas. (a) A diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Sham-CP; (b) Differen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Sham-AE analisada atrav&#233;s do teste Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Dunn (p &lt; 0,05) (n = 7 em cada grupo). Os dados foram expressos como mediana (valor m&#237;nimo-valor m&#225;ximo).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0905-90166-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral</title>
          <p>A atividade da super&#243;xido dismutase no bulbo ventrolateral foi maior para o grupo 2R1C-AE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao 2R1C-CP. Adicionalmente, a atividade da catalase foi maior no grupo 2R1C-AE do que em todos os outros grupos. Foi observado um aumento no valor de TBARS no grupo 2R1C-CP quando comparado com os grupos Sham, mas houve redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade no grupo 2R1C-AE quando comparado com o 2R1C-CP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental ou condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e biomarcadores de dano oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Prote&#237;na carbonilada (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">TBARS (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-CP (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 &#177; 0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-AE (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-CP (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 &#177; 0,22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-AE (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 7,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">57,1 &#177; 12,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,06<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">c</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-CP;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-AE;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo 2R1C-CP.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise feita com ANOVA de 1 via, seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Newman Keuls (p &lt; 0,05). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7-13 em cada grupo). Sham-CP: grupo de normotensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; Sham-AE: grupo de normotensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental; 2R1C-CP: grupo de hipertensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; 2R1C-AE: grupo de hipertensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental. SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; TBARS: subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          <p>De modo geral, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS foi maior tanto nos grupos de hipertensos quanto nos grupos Sham. A atividade da catalase foi menor no grupo 2R1C-CP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Sham-AE. A prote&#237;na carbonilada e a SOD foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental ou condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e biomarcadores de dano oxidativo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Prote&#237;na carbonilada (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">TBARS (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-CP (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 18,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-AE (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-CP (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,07<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-AE (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-CP;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-AE.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise feita com ANOVA de 1 via, seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Newman Keuls (p &lt; 0,05). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7-13 em cada grupo). Sham-CP: grupo de normotensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; Sham-AE: grupo de normotensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental; 2R1C-CP: grupo de hipertensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; 2R1C-AE: grupo de hipertensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental. SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; TBARS: subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo no rim direito</title>
          <p>Foi obervado um aumento da atividade da SOD nos grupos em ambientes enriquecidos (2R1C-AE, Sham-AE) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos padr&#227;o (2K1C-CP, Sham-CP). Foram observadas maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na carbonilada e menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS no grupo 2R1C-AE, quando comparado com o 2R1C-CP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental ou condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e biomarcadores de dano oxidativo no rim direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Prote&#237;na carbonilada (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">TBARS (nM/mg ptn)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-CP (n=7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-AE (n=13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-CP (n=12)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-AE (n=8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 2,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 2,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,07<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">c</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-CP;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo 2R1C-CP.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise feita com ANOVA de 1 via, seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Newman Keuls (p &lt; 0,05). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7-13 em cada grupo). Sham-CP: grupo de normotensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; Sham-AE: grupo de normotensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental; 2R1C-CP: grupo de hipertensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; 2R1C-AE: grupo de hipertensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental. SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; TBARS: subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo no rim esquerdo</title>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a atividade da SOD foi maior no grupo 2R1C-AE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais 2R1C-CP. A atividade da catalase foi menor nos grupos de hipertensos (2R1C-CP e 2R1C-AE) do que nos grupos Sham (Sham-CP e Sham-AE). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade da prote&#237;na carbonilada e &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS entre os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental ou condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e biomarcadores de dano oxidativo no rim esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">SOD (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Catalase (U/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">Prote&#237;na carbonilada (nmol/mg ptn)</th>
                  <th align="center">TBARS (nM/mg ptn)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-CP (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sham-AE (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 &#177; 8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-CP (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,06<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2R1C-AE (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 6,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,19</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-CP;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo Sham-AE;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando comparados com o grupo 2R1C-CP.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise feita com ANOVA de 1 via, seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Newman Keuls (p &lt; 0,05). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7-13 em cada grupo). Sham-CP: grupo de normotensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; Sham-AE: grupo de normotensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental; 2R1C-CP: grupo de hipertensos expostos a condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o; 2R1C-AE: grupo de hipertensos expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental. SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; TBARS: subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Assim como em outros estudos, foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos valores de PAM registrados entre os ratos hipertensos mantidos em gaiolas padr&#227;o e os controles normotensos mantidos em gaiolas padr&#227;o. &#201; importante destacar que este estudo &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar valores semelhantes de PAM entre ratos normotensos e ratos hipertensos em ambientes enriquecidos. Este resultado provavelmente se deve ao efeito antioxidante do enriquecimento sobre o bulbo ventrolateral e os rins. O fato de maiores valores de PAM terem sido observados em ratos hipertensos (2R1C-CP) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo controle (Sham-CP) &#233; consistente com dados obtidos em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O modelo experimental de hipertens&#227;o de Goldblatt tipo 2 rins 1 clipe (2R1C) &#233; caracterizado pela hiperatividade do sistema renina-angiotensina, principalmente pela angiotensina II. A angiotensina II ativa os receptores AT<sub>1</sub> para aumentar a press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rios mecanismos (inclusive a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, o estresse oxidative) e aumenta a descarga simp&#225;tica neural. Al&#233;m desse sistema circulat&#243;rio cl&#225;ssico, os componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina tamb&#233;m s&#227;o encontrados no c&#233;rebro. Os receptores AT1 da angiotensina II s&#227;o abundantes no sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico e nas regi&#245;es regulat&#243;rias do c&#233;rebro, a fim de influenciar a neurotransmiss&#227;o e a press&#227;o arterial. As a&#231;&#245;es da angiotensina II no bulbo ventrolateral contribuem para a simpatoexcita&#231;&#227;o e a hipertens&#227;o nos animais, em parte, atrav&#233;s da estimula&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que o enriquecimento conseguiu aproximar a PAM dos ratos 2R1C-AE e a PAM dos ratos sham. Al&#233;m disso, o enriquecimento recuperou os componentes das EROs no bulbo ventrolateral, rim e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Estudos anteriores mostraram uma hiperatividade da Ang II, tanto na RVLM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> quanto no CVLM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> do bulbo ventrolateral dos ratos 2R1C. Al&#233;m disso, a Ang II tem sido correlacionada com as EROs nessas &#225;reas do c&#233;rebro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Por outro lado, a Ang II &#233; um potente indutor da produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs no ventr&#237;culo e no rim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os compostos antioxidantes s&#227;o essenciais para a prote&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso. Aqui, foi observada maior atividade da SOD e da catalase no bulbo ventrolateral dos ratos 2R1C-AE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ratos 2R1C-CP. Dessa forma, o enriquecimento ambiental parece ter um efeito protetor contra o estresse oxidativo atrav&#233;s do aumento das defesas antioxidantes, reduzindo assim a PAM nos ratos hipertensos. O estudo mostrou que o aumento das defesas antioxidantes no bulbo ventrolateral diminui a PAM dos ratos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Do mesmo modo, pesquisas anteriores mostraram que ratos espontaneamente hipertensos tiveram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da SOD no RVLM, mas a PAM e a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram quando a SOD foi superexpressada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na carbonilada foi maior no bulbo ventrolateral dos ratos 2R1C-AE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle (Sham-CP e Sham-AE). Esse resultado surpreendente sugere que o enriquecimento ambiental ou foi delet&#233;rio para os ratos hipertensos, ou o bulbo ventrolateral &#233; simplesmente menos capaz de lidar com a oxida&#231;&#227;o proteica, ainda que sob condi&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis. Do mesmo modo, um estudo anterior mostrou que o enriquecimento ambiental n&#227;o reduz a oxida&#231;&#227;o proteica no c&#243;rtex de ratos machos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Contudo, n&#243;s tamb&#233;m demonstramos que o enriquecimento diminuiu a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS no bulbo ventrolateral dos ratos 2R1C, indicando que antioxidantes end&#243;genos foram satisfatoriamente ativados para neutralizar a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Esses resultados corroboram pesquisas anteriores em ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral aumenta a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica, sugerindo que essa regi&#227;o do c&#233;rebro &#233; importante para modular a eleva&#231;&#227;o causada pelas EROs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De modo geral, o enriquecimento ambiental parece exercer um efeito neuroprotetor atrav&#233;s da melhora do estresse oxidativo, mas o mecanismo de neuroprote&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido. O estresse oxidativo est&#225; envolvido na patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas agudas e cr&#244;nicas. Isso ocorre porque o tecido nervoso &#233; especialmente sens&#237;vel ao estresse oxidativo, devido &#224; grande quantidade de fontes de EROs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Acredita-se que a s&#237;ntese dos fatores tr&#243;ficos desempenhem um papel na media&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos neuroprotetores do enriquecimento. Constatou-se que o enriquecimento ambiental causa o aumento fator neurotr&#243;fico derivado do c&#233;rebro (BDNF) em c&#233;lulas gliais, estriado e subst&#226;ncia negra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Desse modo, n&#243;s sugerimos que o enriquecimento ambiental n&#227;o &#233; relevante apenas para o envelhecimento do c&#233;rebro, dem&#234;ncia e doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas, mas tamb&#233;m para outros dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos e doen&#231;as cardiovaculares.</p>
        <p>O estresse oxidativo no cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; um agente causal importante de hipertens&#227;o, ativando a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular que induz &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da apoptose ou do crescimento celular excessivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> N&#243;s observamos n&#237;veis maiores de TBARS no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e menor atividade da catalase nos ratos 2R1C-CT do que nos ratos Sham (CP e AE). Em conson&#226;ncia com nossos resultados, os ratos sedent&#225;rios 2R1C mostraram n&#237;veis mais altos de TBARS no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em geral, espera-se que a hipertens&#227;o renovascular aumente o peso relativo do cora&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro de cardiomi&#243;citos, contagem de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias do mioc&#225;rdio, e a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O enriquecimento n&#227;o pareceu alterar a PAM, TBARS, e as defesas antioxidantes gerais no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos ratos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o enriquecimento ambiental deveria incluir atividade f&#237;sica (p.e. rodas para correr) para que os efeitos antioxidantes possam ser observados no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos hipertensos. V&#225;rios estudos que examinaram a hipertens&#227;o e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares demonstraram que a atividade f&#237;sica confere efeitos antioxidantes ao cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#243;s tamb&#233;m observamos o aumento da atividade da SOD nos rins dos ratos hipertensos em ambientes enriquecidos e dos ratos normotensos. Al&#233;m disso, a atividade da catalase no rim esquerdo diminuiu nos ratos hipertensos (2R1C-CP e 2R1C-AE) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, provavelmente por se tratar do rim clipado. Esses dados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo aumentou nos rins de animais hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona causa o aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs no rim atrav&#233;s de muitas rotas, incluindo o aumento na atividade da NADPH oxidase, disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, diminui&#231;&#227;o da disponibilidade de NO, e redu&#231;&#227;o das enzimas atioxidantes. Assim, a alta produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs em resposta &#224; ANG II est&#225; implicada no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o entre os v&#225;rios modelos animais, incluindo os ratos 2R1C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A atividade da catalase e da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) diminui no c&#243;rtex dos rins clipado e n&#227;o clipado de porcos 2R1C. De modo semelhante, o PGF2-alfa-8-isoprostano e a excre&#231;&#227;o de malondialde&#237;do aumentam nos rins dos ratos 2R1C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> O aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs, induzido por infus&#227;o de angiotensina II nos rins, pode desencadear a hipertens&#227;o. A atividade da SOD protege o rim contra o estresse atrav&#233;s da diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o renal de p22phox, ativa&#231;&#227;o da NADPH oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a superexpress&#227;o de SOD no rim minimiza o estresse oxidativo e a hipertens&#227;o. A transfer&#234;ncia de genes adenovirais da SOD3 humana em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos aumentou a express&#227;o de SOD3 nos rins e vasos sangu&#237;neos, reduzindo, assim, o O<sub>2</sub>
					<sup>&#8226;-</sup> vascular, ao mesmo tempo que melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a reatividade vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es nos modelos de gaiola-padr&#227;o, visando a cria&#231;&#227;o de ambientes que favore&#231;am a atividade motora, a atividade visual, a explora&#231;&#227;o e as intera&#231;&#245;es sociais, v&#234;m sendo associadas a mudan&#231;as comportamentais significativas e melhora na sa&#250;de e bem-estar gerais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> A sa&#250;de e o bem-estar gerais est&#227;o associados a n&#237;veis mais baixos de cortisol e press&#227;o arterial; entretanto, poucos estudos demonstraram seu efeito sobre o sistema redox nos animais hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos do enriquecimento ambiental s&#227;o muitos, mas a melhora no bem-estar e nas propriedades cognitivas dos animais parece ser um benef&#237;cio evidente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que o ambiente laboratorial imp&#245;e v&#225;rias restri&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e operacionais sobre os m&#233;todos e a dimens&#227;o do enriquecimento oferecido para os ratos inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es estimulam nossa capacidade de usar m&#233;todos diferentes para favorecer ao m&#225;ximo o enriquecimento ambiental. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es como um todo, nossos resultados indicam que o enriquecimento ambiental conferiu efeitos antioxidantes ao bulbo ventrolateral e aos rins, e provavelmente contribuiu para a reduzir a PAM e minimizar o dano oxidativo nos ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular. N&#243;s sugerimos que o enriquecimento ambiental pode ter aproximado a PAM dos ratos 2R1C-AE e dos ratos SHAM atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo no bulbo ventrolateral, rins e cora&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente por ter reduzido os n&#237;veis de Ang II naqueles tecidos. No entanto, o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina ainda n&#227;o &#233; conhecido. N&#227;o encontramos estudos que mostrassem a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o ambiente enriquecido e o sistema renina-angiotensina nos ratos hipertensos. Certamente, novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer essa quest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2016/24.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Frank Silva Bezerra gostaria de agradecer &#224; CAPES, pela bolsa de p&#243;s-doutorado recebida (CAPES-PVEX- Processo no 88881.172437/2018-01), na Divis&#227;o de Pesquisa Interdepartamental de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Saint Michael, Universidade de Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canad&#225;.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
