<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NqFj3hrQJp8KBjfs4LHsQWH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100903</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190219</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A New Rodent Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Metabolic Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9394-6895</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Alves Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Botucatu</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Gomes Romeiro,</bold> UNESP - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr. Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fgromeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>903</fpage>
      <lpage>904</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatty Liver</kwd>
        <kwd>Syndrome Metabolic</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress Oxidative</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Obesity is markedly linked to an increased risk of all-cause mortality and its prevalence has risen to unacceptable levels in the developed world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Obesity and insulin resistance compose the core of most cases of metabolic syndrome (MS), which is a group of conditions and traits associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes (approximately 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of MS and has gained attention not only for obesity-related disorders but also for the progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Similar to the other metabolic components involved in MS, NAFLD treatment is based on lifestyle changes that are difficult to achieve in clinical trials, making preclinical studies an excellent option to increase the knowledge about the disease and to test the interventions proposed.</p>
    <p>However, <italic>in vitro</italic> models have severe limitations to evaluate the hepatic and extrahepatic findings of human NASH due to its multifactorial etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As a result, data obtained from animals are largely assessed, with a growing interest in the development of mice models. Even if many of these models do not develop steatohepatitis as the strict definition applied to human liver tissue, they are still an outstanding source of knowledge about NAFLD and NASH.</p>
    <p>Rodent models need to mimic NAFLD regarding their development by diet-induced obesity, which is deemed the most common risk factor for NAFLD in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Above all, the diet given to the mice should resemble human diets regarding macronutrient composition, not depending on toxins and leading to obesity, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Some of the most used mice models to simulate NAFLD are the methionine and choline-deficient diet and the choline-deficient L-amino-defined diet, but both have been criticized because the animals suffer weight loss and do not develop insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition, the high-cholesterol diet promotes only slight increases in liver weight, triglyceride levels and serum liver enzymes, at the expense of an unusual amount of dietary cholesterol (1%) compared to human diets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The Cholesterol and Cholate (CC) diet also require a high amount of cholesterol (1.25%). It induces inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning, steatosis and fibrosis over 6-24 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Furthermore, additions of 60% fat can shorten the development of NASH to 12 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The model also causes lipid peroxidation, serum lipids increase and oxidative stress. However, mice submitted to this diet lose weight, have low plasma triglyceride levels and do not develop insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The high-fat diet (71% fat, 18% proteins and 11% carbohydrates) is another interesting option to simulate NASH, developing insulin resistance and panlobular steatosis, but it is highly dependent on the animal strain and the diet composition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The high-fructose diet promotes hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress but does not induce the hepatic findings of NASH when administered <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Therefore, it would be expected that a high fat, fructose and cholesterol diet would be an excellent option to induce NASH by combining all the main components of each models mentioned above. Nevertheless, some mice models fed with these components do not develop advanced liver fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Other models bring some advantages, but they are more expensive and involve more technical issues.</p>
    <p>An additional option to the rodent models of NAFLD is now presented by Muniz et al., in which mice were fed with a high-fat diet composed by lard (20%), cholesterol (1%) and cholate (0.1%). The regimen given to the mice is similar to the CC diet, leading to dyslipidemia and severe liver damage as seen in the human NASH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The animals not only gained weight but their liver weight was marked increased as well, reaching 5% of the total body weight. The authors postulated that the use of cholate could have accelerated the metabolic disturbances induced by the diet. Of note, the total fat composed only 44% of the dietary energy content, similar to the amount consumed by obese people (43-55%). Also, the authors obtained significant results after 6 weeks, whereas similar studies needed 9-12 weeks to achieve their aims.</p>
    <p>The histological analysis presented in the article showed pronounced steatosis and marked inflammation. New studies should be developed in order to evaluate if these findings would lead to liver fibrosis and other consequences of human NASH. For the moment, the model presented by Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> is a fast and low-cost option to induce NASH in mice by using a diet that resembles the ones consumed by obese people. Hopefully, this model can bring new information on NAFLD, NASH and MS, increasing the current knowledge about their pathophysiology and allowing evaluating new treatments against these metabolic disorders.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: High-Lard and High-Cholesterol Diet, but not High-Lard Diet, Leads to Metabolic Disorders in a Modified Dyslipidemia Model</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Novo Modelo Animal Murino de Esteatohepatite N&#227;o-Alco&#243;lica e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9394-6895</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Alves Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Gomes Romeiro,</bold> UNESP - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr. Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fgromeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;gado Gorduroso</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A obesidade est&#225; nitidamente ligada ao risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas e sua preval&#234;ncia tem aumentado para n&#237;veis inaceit&#225;veis nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A obesidade e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina comp&#245;em o n&#250;cleo da maioria dos casos de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), que &#233; um grupo de condi&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas associadas a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e diabetes (aproximadamente 2 e 5 vezes, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (DHGNA) &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica da SM e tem ganho aten&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas por dist&#250;rbios relacionados &#224; obesidade, mas tamb&#233;m pela progress&#227;o para esteatohepatite n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (EHNA), cirrose hep&#225;tica e carcinoma hepatocelular. Semelhante aos outros componentes metab&#243;licos envolvidos na SM, o tratamento da DHGNA &#233; baseado em mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida dif&#237;ceis de serem alcan&#231;adas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, tornando os estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos uma excelente op&#231;&#227;o para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e testar as interven&#231;&#245;es propostas</p>
      <p>Entretanto, os modelos in vitro apresentam s&#233;rias limita&#231;&#245;es para avaliar os achados hep&#225;ticos e extra-hep&#225;ticos da EHNA em humanos, devido &#224; sua etiologia multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como resultado, os dados obtidos em animais s&#227;o amplamente avaliados, com um interesse crescente no desenvolvimento de modelos de camundongos. Mesmo que muitos desses modelos n&#227;o desenvolvam esteatohepatite como a defini&#231;&#227;o exata aplicada ao tecido hep&#225;tico humano, eles ainda s&#227;o uma excelente fonte de conhecimento sobre DHGNA e EHNA.</p>
      <p>Os modelos de roedores precisam mimetizar a DHGNA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu desenvolvimento pela obesidade induzida pela dieta, que &#233; considerado o fator de risco mais comum para a DHGNA em seres humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Acima de tudo, a dieta dada aos camundongos deve se parecer com as dietas humanas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o de macronutrientes, n&#227;o dependendo de toxinas e levando &#224; obesidade, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
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      <p>Alguns dos modelos de camundongos mais frequentemente utilizados para simular DHGNA s&#227;o a dieta deficiente em metionina e colina e a dieta deficiente em colina e com composi&#231;&#227;o de amino&#225;cidos definida, mas ambas foram criticadas porque os animais sofrem perda de peso e n&#227;o desenvolvem resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a dieta rica em colesterol promove apenas ligeiros aumentos no peso hep&#225;tico, nos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e nas enzimas hep&#225;ticas s&#233;ricas, &#224;s custas de uma quantidade incomum de colesterol na dieta (1%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com as dietas humanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
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      <p>A dieta Colesterol e Colato (CC) tamb&#233;m exige uma quantidade alta de colesterol (1,25%). Ela induz inflama&#231;&#227;o, baloniza&#231;&#227;o dos hepat&#243;citos, esteatose e fibrose em um per&#237;odo de 6 a 24 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a adi&#231;&#227;o de 60% de gordura pode encurtar o tempo de desenvolvimento de NASH para 12 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O modelo tamb&#233;m causa peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, aumento de l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos e estresse oxidativo. No entanto, camundongos submetidos a essa dieta perdem peso, apresentam baixos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de triglic&#233;rides e n&#227;o desenvolvem resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
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      <p>A dieta rica em gordura (71% de gordura, 18% de prote&#237;nas e 11% de carboidratos) &#233; outra op&#231;&#227;o interessante para simular DHGNA, levando &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e esteatose panlobular, mas &#233; altamente dependente da estirpe animal e da composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A dieta rica em frutose promove a inflama&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e o estresse oxidativo, mas n&#227;o induz os achados hep&#225;ticos da DHGNA quando administrada ad libitum. Portanto, seria de se esperar que uma dieta rica em gordura, frutose e colesterol fosse uma excelente op&#231;&#227;o para induzir DHGNA ao combinar todos os componentes principais de cada modelo mencionado acima. No entanto, alguns modelos de camundongos alimentados com esses componentes n&#227;o desenvolvem fibrose hep&#225;tica avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Outros modelos trazem algumas vantagens, mas s&#227;o mais caros e envolvem mais problemas t&#233;cnicos.</p>
      <p>Uma op&#231;&#227;o adicional aos modelos animais murinos da DHGNA &#233; agora apresentada por Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em que os ratos foram alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura composta por banha (20%), colesterol (1%) e colato (0,1%). O regime dado aos camundongos &#233; semelhante &#224; dieta CC, levando &#224; dislipidemia e graves danos ao f&#237;gado, como observado na EHNA humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os animais n&#227;o apenas ganharam peso, mas tamb&#233;m aumentaram acentuadamente o peso do f&#237;gado, que atingiu 5% do peso corporal total. Os autores postularam que o uso de colato pode ter acelerado os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos induzidos pela dieta. Vale destacar que o total de gordura constitu&#237;a apenas 44% do conte&#250;do energ&#233;tico da dieta, semelhante &#224; quantidade consumida por obesos (43-55%). Al&#233;m disso, os autores obtiveram resultados significativos ap&#243;s 6 semanas, enquanto estudos semelhantes precisaram de 9 a 12 semanas para atingir seus objetivos.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica apresentada no artigo mostrou esteatose acentuada e inflama&#231;&#227;o relevante. Novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para avaliar se esses achados levariam &#224; fibrose hep&#225;tica e outras consequ&#234;ncias da EHNA humana. No momento, o modelo apresentado por Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e de baixo custo para induzir EHNA em camundongos, utilizando uma dieta semelhante &#224; consumida por pessoas obesas.</p>
      <p>Espera-se que esse modelo possa trazer novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre DHGNA, EHNA e SM, aumentando o conhecimento atual sobre sua fisiopatologia e permitindo avaliar novos tratamentos contra esses dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dieta Rica em Banha e Colesterol, mas n&#227;o Dieta Rica em Banha, Leva a Dist&#250;rbios Metab&#243;licos em um Modelo Modificado de Dislipidemia</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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