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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pxGbNgtjcq5m7JhgSMbMC7m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000783</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005018102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190187</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocarditis Following Recent Chikungunya and Dengue Virus Coinfection: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8978-9903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Arthur Brasil Gadelha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Lillyan Christyan Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Alesxander Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferragut</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Mandato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gir&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Evelyne Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto da Justa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC)</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC) - Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Carlos - Terapia Intensiva, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lu&#237;s Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias,</bold> Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC) - Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Juazeiro do Norte, Postal Code 60165-110, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luisarthurbrasilk@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ; Acquisition of data: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Ferragut JM, Pires Neto RJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ferragut JM, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ; Statistical analysis: Pires Neto RJ; Writing of the manuscript: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Pires Neto RJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferragut JM, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>783</fpage>
      <lpage>786</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coinfection</kwd>
        <kwd>Dengue</kwd>
        <kwd>Chikungunya Virus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are arboviruses that cause ongoing epidemics in several countries of Latin America. DENV belongs to the <italic>Flaviviridae</italic> family and CHIKV is an alphavirus of the <italic>Togaviridae</italic> family. Both viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus <italic>Aedes</italic> (mainly <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic>) and during the acute phase they may cause similar nonspecific febrile syndromes that can progress to severe or debilitating conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>DENV infection has been endemic in Brazil since the 1980's. However, CHIKV is an emergent agent. Autochthonous transmission was first detected in September 2014 in the city of Oiapoque, Amap&#225; state. Since then, there have been thousands of autochthonous cases in the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A total of 38,499 and 277,882 cases of suspected CHIKV infection were reported by the national surveillance system in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, a total of 185,369 suspected cases were reported until December 9. Cear&#225; (1,271 cases/100,000 inhabitants) and Roraima (789 cases/100,000 inhabitants) have the highest incidence among the Brazilian Federation states.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Coinfections with these two viruses have been reported and the overall effect on the heart is still unknown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> There have been some reports of myopericarditis following DENV and CHIKV infection, but this manifestation in coinfected patients is rare and few data are available.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this report is to present a case of a young and immunocompetent man with myocarditis, following a recent DENV and CHIKV coinfection. We discuss the clinical course and laboratory abnormalities of this rare condition, along with its successful management in an infectious disease specialized center, highlighting the importance of being aware of this condition in developing countries endemic for DENV and CHIKV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>The patient was a 28-year-old male, resident in Fortaleza, Cear&#225; State and was admitted in the emergency room of S&#227;o Jos&#233; Hospital of Infectious Diseases in May 2017. The symptoms had started 5 days prior to admission with fever, adynamia, myalgia, and worsening of general condition. He denied retroorbital pain, bleeding phenomena or abdominal pain. He had taken no medications in the previous year and had not traveled outside of Brazil. There was no previous history of cardiopathies.</p>
      <p>Upon the initial examination, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of the patient was E4 V5 M6. He had a heart rate of 120 beats per minute and had hypotension (70/40 mm of Hg). There was no heart murmur or pericardial rub and his pulmonary examination was unremarkable. The skin showed no rashes, and there were no petechiae or jaundice.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (EKG) showed supraventricular tachycardia (230 bpm) not responsive to intravenous adenosine. An electric cardioversion was performed and successfully restored the normal heart rhythm. A new EKG was performed showing ST elevation with upper concavity and PR segment depression in DII, DIII and aVF, such as ST depression in V1 and aVR. The patient was then admitted to the intensive care unit. His laboratory parameters are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. A first transthoracic echocardiogram revealed an altered left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (43%), left ventricular hypercontractility, and mild bilateral pericardial and pleural effusions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). After 5 days, a new echocardiogram was performed, revealing a 36.4% EF, as well as diffuse hypokinesia and moderate pericardial effusion.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory results during hospital stay of a patient with myocarditis and coinfection with dengue virus and Chikungunya virus</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">Day 1</th>
              <th align="center">Day 2</th>
              <th align="center">Day 3</th>
              <th align="center">Day 4</th>
              <th align="center">Day 5</th>
              <th align="center">Day 6</th>
              <th align="center">Day 7</th>
              <th align="center">Day 8</th>
              <th align="center">Day 9</th>
              <th align="center">Day 10</th>
              <th align="center">Day 11</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">18.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.7</td>
              <td align="center">14.1</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit, %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC count, x10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">17.4</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Polymorphs, %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocytes, %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocyte count, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.57</td>
              <td align="center">1.76</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.78</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.37</td>
              <td align="center">1.45</td>
              <td align="center">1.83</td>
              <td align="center">2.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count, x10<sup>9</sup>/l</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">158</td>
              <td align="center">177</td>
              <td align="center">182</td>
              <td align="center">169</td>
              <td align="center">160</td>
              <td align="center">156</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">199</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine level, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.51</td>
              <td align="center">1.65</td>
              <td align="center">1.52</td>
              <td align="center">1.69</td>
              <td align="center">1.42</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">1.29</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP levels, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum Lactate level mmol/l</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NT-proBNP, pg/mL</td>
              <td align="center">32692</td>
              <td align="center">20858</td>
              <td align="center">14543</td>
              <td align="center">13832</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDH, IU/L</td>
              <td align="center">522</td>
              <td align="center">1371</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">360</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ESR, mm</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CK level, U/L</td>
              <td align="center">1306</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">347</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin I, ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INR</td>
              <td align="center">1.56</td>
              <td align="center">1.73</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.51</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.19</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>WBC: White Blood Cell; CRP: C - Reactive Protein; NT-proBNP: N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; ESR: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; CK level: Creatine Kinase level; INR: International Normalized Ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram with altered left ventricular ejection fraction (36.39%), left ventricular hypercontractility, and mild bilateral pericardial effusion (A-D). E-H shows a second transthoracic echocardiogram with ejection fraction of 70%. DP and LP: pericardial effusion. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; EF: ejection fraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0783-90187-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Dobutamine (2.9 mcg/Kg/min) IV was initiated and maintained for 4 days and a single dose of 400 mg of hydrocortisone IV was administered. Treatments with immunoglobulin IV or colchicine were not considered. Paired blood cultures were negative for pyogenic agents. Antibiotics were not used.</p>
      <p>Serologies for coxsackie virus, rubella, Chagas disease, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus were negative. The patient&#8217;s serum samples were tested and found to be ELISA-IgM positive and ELISA-IgG positive for DENV and ELISA-IgM positive for CHIKV. The DENV NS1 antigen test yielded a negative result. There was a good response to therapy and the patient progressed with gradual improvement until recovery of ventricular function. After 11 days, a last echocardiogram showed an EF of 70% and persistence of pericardial effusion. The patient was discharged from the hospital 11 days after admission. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows laboratory results during hospital stay.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Typical clinical manifestations of acute CHIKV infection are fever, headache, polyarthralgia/polyarthritis, myalgia, rash, and fatigue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Atypical manifestations have also been described, affecting the cardiovascular, nervous, ocular, cutaneous, and other systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The clinical spectrum of chikungunya heart disease ranges from asymptomatic ECG alterations to potentially lethal cardiac complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The manifestations of acute DENV infection are very similar to those of CHIKV, with a lower prevalence for joint manifestations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Heart involvement in DENV infection is not uncommon. Cardiac manifestations can vary widely, from silent disease to severe myocarditis resulting in death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Arora et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> studying 120 patients with DENV found 37.5% of patients with cardiac manifestation in the form of myocarditis and 5% with rhythm disturbance, with AV block being the most common.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The specific viral diagnosis is commonly made through ELISA, a specific serological test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In cases of DENV, secretion of the NS1 non-structural viral protein from infected cells makes an early diagnosis possible. NS1 protein can be detected in blood and tissue samples within 9 days of the onset of fever.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is a low probability that the patient had an isolated viral infection since both viruses are part of different viral families, thus considerably reducing the cross-reaction probability. Kam et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> found that 6% of DENV-infected patients had antibodies that were cross-reactive to CHIKV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although they share the same vector, CHIKV is part of the <italic>Togaviridae</italic> family, while DENV is part of the <italic>Flaviviridae</italic> family.</p>
      <p>Heart disease associated with arboviruses has no specific treatment and may be a self-limited condition. Thus, quick supportive therapy to prevent further cardiac function loss and cardiogenic shock is still the most recommended management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> There is also evidence that IV hydrocortisone may be helpful to accomplish full recovery in DENV myocarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> but there is yet no consensus about whether this drug should be used in this setting or if it has a real impact on recovery and mortality rates, even more in cases of combined arbovirus infection. Although arbovirus myocarditis is an acute condition, most patients persist chronically with cardiac disease, such as chronic heart failure and ECG T-wave changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The role of coinfection in the severity of arbovirus cardiac manifestations is not currently known, but studies regarding other symptoms showed that it might contribute to a more severe disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It is also noteworthy that the herein described myocarditis may have been caused solely by the CHIKV, since the NS1 protein test yielded a negative result. It is also important to note that the DENV IgM may be positive from 139 up to 179 days, respectively for secondary and primary infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study has limitations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was not available for the etiological diagnosis. The degree of myocardial impairment was not assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Although reported by other authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> MRI was not available at our center.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The case presented herein suggests that DENV and CHIKV coinfection may result in myocarditis, which can be severe and may be possibly reverted with supportive therapy and correct management of cardiac function. Nevertheless, the correct etiopathogenesis of the cardiac disorder is undefined and the disease may be caused solely by either the DENV or CHIKV virus. It is important to be aware of this possible complication of arboviruses mainly in endemic areas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas under the protocol number 2.405.527. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite ap&#243;s Coinfec&#231;&#227;o Recente por V&#237;rus da Dengue e Chikungunya: Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8978-9903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Arthur Brasil Gadelha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Lillyan Christyan Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Alesxander Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferragut</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Mandato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gir&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Evelyne Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto da Justa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC) - Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Carlos - Terapia Intensiva, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lu&#237;s Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias,</bold> Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC) - Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Juazeiro do Norte, CEP 60165-110, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luisarthurbrasilk@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Ferragut JM, Pires Neto RJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ferragut JM, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pires Neto RJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Farias LABG, Beserra FLCN, Fernandes L, Teixeira AAR, Pires Neto RJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferragut JM, Gir&#227;o ES, Pires Neto RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o Mista</kwd>
        <kwd>Dengue</kwd>
        <kwd>Virus Cikunnya</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O v&#237;rus da dengue (DENV) e o v&#237;rus da Chikungunya (CHIKV) s&#227;o arbov&#237;rus que causam epidemias cont&#237;nuas em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. O DENV pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia <italic>Flaviviridae</italic> e CHIKV &#233; um alphavirus da fam&#237;lia <italic>Togaviridae</italic>. Ambos os v&#237;rus s&#227;o transmitidos por mosquitos do g&#234;nero <italic>Aedes</italic> (principalmente <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> e <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic>) e, durante a fase aguda, podem causar s&#237;ndromes febris inespec&#237;ficas semelhantes, que podem evoluir para quadros graves ou debilitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o por DENV &#233; end&#234;mica no Brasil desde os anos 80. No entanto, o CHIKV &#233; um agente emergente. A transmiss&#227;o aut&#243;ctone foi detectada pela primeira vez em setembro de 2014 na cidade de Oiapoque, no estado do Amap&#225;. Desde ent&#227;o, houve milhares de casos aut&#243;ctones no pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Um total de 38.499 e 277.882 casos de suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o por CHIKV foram relatados no sistema nacional de vigil&#226;ncia em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. Em 2017, foram notificados 185.369 casos suspeitos at&#233; 9 de dezembro. O estado do Cear&#225; (1.271 casos/100.000 habitantes) e o estado de Roraima (789 casos/100.000 habitantes) t&#234;m a maior incid&#234;ncia entre os estados da Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Coinfec&#231;&#245;es com esses dois v&#237;rus t&#234;m sido relatadas e o efeito global no cora&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; desconhecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Existem alguns relatos de miopericardite ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o por DENV e CHIKV, mas essa manifesta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes coinfectados &#233; rara, sendo poucos os dados dispon&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste relato &#233; apresentar o caso de um jovem imunocompetente com miocardite ap&#243;s uma recente coinfec&#231;&#227;o por DENV e CHIKV. Discutimos o curso cl&#237;nico e as anormalidades laboratoriais dessa condi&#231;&#227;o rara, juntamente com o seu manejo bem-sucedido em um centro especializado em doen&#231;as infecciosas, destacando a import&#226;ncia de estar ciente dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento end&#234;micos para DENV e CHIKV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 28 anos, residente em Fortaleza, Cear&#225;, internado no pronto-socorro do Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas em maio de 2017. Os sintomas come&#231;aram 5 dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, com febre, adinamia, mialgia e agravamento do estado geral. Ele negou ter dor retro-orbital, fen&#244;menos hemorr&#225;gicos ou dor abdominal. O paciente n&#227;o havia tomado medicamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e n&#227;o havia viajado para fora do Brasil. N&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de cardiopatias.</p>
        <p>No exame inicial, o escore na Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS) do paciente foi E4 V5 M6. Ele apresentava uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 batimentos por minuto e tinha hipotens&#227;o (70/40 mm de Hg). N&#227;o havia sopro card&#237;aco ou atrito peric&#225;rdico, e o exame pulmonar n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es. A pele n&#227;o apresentava erup&#231;&#245;es e n&#227;o havia pet&#233;quias ou icter&#237;cia.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou taquicardia supraventricular (230 bpm) n&#227;o responsiva &#224; adenosina endovenosa. Uma cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica foi realizada, restaurando com sucesso o ritmo card&#237;aco normal. Um novo ECG foi realizado mostrando eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com concavidade superior e depress&#227;o do segmento PR em DII, DIII e aVF, bem como depress&#227;o do segmento ST em V1 e aVR. Em seguida o paciente foi internado em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Seus par&#226;metros laboratoriais s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. Um primeiro ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo alterada (43%), hipercontratilidade ventricular esquerda e derrame peric&#225;rdico e pleural bilateral leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s 5 dias, foi realizado novo ecocardiograma, revelando FE de 36,4%, hipocinesia difusa e derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados laboratoriais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o de um paciente com miocardite e coinfec&#231;&#227;o com o v&#237;rus da dengue e v&#237;rus Chikungunya</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 1</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 2</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 3</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 4</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 5</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 6</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 7</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 8</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 9</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 10</th>
                <th align="center">Dia 11</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">18,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito, %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, x10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Polimorfos, %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linf&#243;citos, %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">1,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,78</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,83</td>
                <td align="center">2,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">182</td>
                <td align="center">169</td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">156</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">199</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,65</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;veis de PCR, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de Lactato no soro mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">32692</td>
                <td align="center">20858</td>
                <td align="center">14543</td>
                <td align="center">13832</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDH, UI/L</td>
                <td align="center">522</td>
                <td align="center">1371</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">360</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VHS, mm</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de CK, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">1306</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">347</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina I, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR</td>
                <td align="center">1,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PCR: Prote&#237;na C-Reativa; NT proBNP: N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide; LDH: Lactato Desidrogenase; VHS: Velocidade de Hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; CK: Creatina Quinase; INR: International Normalized Ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo alterada (36,39%), hipercontratilidade ventricular esquerda e derrame peric&#225;rdico bilateral discreto (A-D). As imagens E-H mostram um segundo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 70%. DP e LP: derrame peric&#225;rdico. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0783-90187-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o IV de Dobutamina (2,9 mcg/Kg/min) foi iniciada e mantida por 4 dias, junto com uma dose &#250;nica IV de 400 mg de hidrocortisona. Tratamentos com imunoglobulina IV ou colchicina n&#227;o foram considerados. Hemoculturas pareadas foram negativas para agentes piog&#234;nicos. Antibi&#243;ticos n&#227;o foram utilizados.</p>
        <p>As sorologias para o v&#237;rus Coxsackie, rub&#233;ola, doen&#231;a de Chagas, v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana, citomegalov&#237;rus, v&#237;rus de Epstein-Barr (EBV), toxoplasmose, v&#237;rus da hepatite B e v&#237;rus da hepatite C foram negativas. As amostras de soro do paciente foram testadas e os resultados foram ELISA-IgM positivo e ELISA-IgG positivo para DENV e ELISA-IgM positivo para CHIKV. O teste do ant&#237;geno DENV NS1 apresentou resultado negativo. Houve uma boa resposta &#224; terapia e o paciente evoluiu com melhora gradual at&#233; recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ap&#243;s 11 dias, um &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma mostrou FE de 70% e persist&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico. O paciente recebeu alta do hospital 11 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os resultados laboratoriais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas t&#237;picas da infec&#231;&#227;o aguda por CHIKV s&#227;o febre, dor de cabe&#231;a, poliartralgia/poliartrite, mialgia, erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea e fadiga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Manifesta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido descritas afetando os sistemas cardiovascular, nervoso, ocular, cut&#226;neo e outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O espectro cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca causada pelo v&#237;rus Chikungunya varia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas assintom&#225;ticas a complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas potencialmente letais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es da infec&#231;&#227;o aguda pelo DENV s&#227;o muito semelhantes &#224;s da CHIKV, com menor preval&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es articulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o na infec&#231;&#227;o por DENV n&#227;o &#233; incomum. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas podem variar muito, desde doen&#231;a silenciosa at&#233; miocardite grave, resultando em morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Arora et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> estudando 120 pacientes com DENV, encontraram 37,5% dos indiv&#237;duos com manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na forma de miocardite e 5% com dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco, sendo o bloqueio AV a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico viral espec&#237;fico &#233; comumente feito atrav&#233;s do teste ELISA, um teste sorol&#243;gico espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nos casos de DENV, a secre&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na n&#227;o-estrutural NS1 das c&#233;lulas infectadas torna o diagn&#243;stico precoce poss&#237;vel. A prote&#237;na NS1 pode ser detectada em amostras de sangue e tecidos no per&#237;odo de 9 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da febre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma baixa probabilidade de o paciente apresentar uma infec&#231;&#227;o viral isolada, j&#225; que ambos os v&#237;rus fazem parte de diferentes fam&#237;lias virais, assim reduzindo consideravelmente a probabilidade de rea&#231;&#227;o cruzada. Kam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> descobriram que 6% dos pacientes infectados com DENV apresentavam anticorpos que eram reativos de forma cruzada com o CHIKV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora compartilhem o mesmo vetor, o CHIKV faz parte da fam&#237;lia <italic>Togaviridae</italic>, enquanto o DENV faz parte da fam&#237;lia <italic>Flaviviridae</italic>.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca associada a arbov&#237;rus n&#227;o possui tratamento espec&#237;fico, e pode ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o autolimitada. Portanto, a terapia de suporte r&#225;pido para evitar perda adicional da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico ainda &#233; o tratamento mais recomendado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> H&#225; tamb&#233;m evid&#234;ncias de que a hidrocortisona IV pode ser &#250;til para obter a recupera&#231;&#227;o total da miocardite por DENV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mas ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre se esse f&#225;rmaco deve ser utilizado nesse cen&#225;rio ou se ele tem um impacto real nas taxas de recupera&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade, ainda mais nos casos de infec&#231;&#227;o combinada por arbov&#237;rus. Embora a miocardite por arbov&#237;rus seja uma condi&#231;&#227;o aguda, a maioria dos pacientes permanecem com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T no ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O papel da coinfec&#231;&#227;o na gravidade das manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas do arbov&#237;rus n&#227;o &#233; conhecido atualmente, mas estudos sobre outros sintomas mostraram que isso pode contribuir para uma doen&#231;a mais grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; relevante notar que a miocardite descrita aqui pode ter sido causada apenas pelo CHIKV, uma vez que o teste da prote&#237;na NS1 apresentou resultado negativo. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que o IgM do DENV pode ser positivo por 139 at&#233; 179 dias, respectivamente, para infec&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias e prim&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. A Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico. O grau de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico n&#227;o foi avaliado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM). Embora relatada por outros autores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a RM n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel em nosso centro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O caso aqui apresentado sugere que a coinfec&#231;&#227;o por DENV e CHIKV pode resultar em miocardite, que pode ser grave e possivelmente revertida com terapia de suporte e manejo correto da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, a etiopatogenia correta do dist&#250;rbio card&#237;aco &#233; indefinida, e a doen&#231;a pode ser causada exclusivamente pelo v&#237;rus DENV ou CHIKV. &#201; importante estar ciente dessa poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o dos arbov&#237;rus, principalmente em &#225;reas end&#234;micas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de S&#227;o Jos&#233; de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.405.527. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
