<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WMs6BzZYDyKnHM7jQgLF65k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000775</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190225</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2019 - 55-Year-Old Diabetic Man with Heart Failure After Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6529-049X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1556-4314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmasur@incor usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br) Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>775</fpage>
      <lpage>782</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>ST- Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Schock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 55-year-old male patient which is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) with visual complications and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was admitted a month ago (February 2017) after an episode of nocturnal dyspnea. A diagnosis of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (AMI) was identified. Admission examinations revealed elevated myocardial injury markers - CKMB of 70 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL troponin. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a ST-segment depression from <sub>V2</sub> to <sub>V6</sub>. The coronary angiography revealed a 30% lesion in the right and left coronary arteries did not present lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The echo revealed diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia and 36% ejection fraction. Creatinine was 1.8 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Right coronary in right anterior oblique view. A) Left coronary in right oblique view (B)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>After discharge, the patient developed orthopnea and lower limb edema and sought emergency care and was transferred to InCor two weeks after hospital discharge with a diagnosis of decompensated heart failure (March 22, 2017).</p>
    <p>During a physical examination, the patient had dyspnea, was hydrated, did not have a fever, had good peripheral perfusion, blood pressure was 100x70 mmHg, a 90 bpm heart rate and 92% oxygen saturation. There was jugular turgescence, bilateral and symmetrical vesicular murmur present, presence of crackles in both lung bases, normophonetic rhythmic sounds in two stages, without murmurs. There was no hepatomegaly or hepatojugular reflux. The patient's abdomen was flaccid, painless and had airborne noises present. The lower limbs presented a ++ / 4+ edema, the calves were free and there were symmetrical pedis pulses.</p>
    <p>The patient was using 100mg acetylsalicylic acid, 20 mg enalapril and NPH human insulin.</p>
    <p>The ECG (March 22, 2017) revealed sinus rhythm, low voltage of the QRS complex in the frontal plane and ST segment depression, 1 mm, horizontal from V<sub>2</sub> to V5, and a reduction of the left ventricular potentials (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Low-voltage electrocardiogram of the QRS complex in the frontal plane and ST-segment depression from V<sub>2</sub> to V<sub>5</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Chest radiography (March 23, 2017) revealed massive bilateral pleural effusion and cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), persistently identified on the radiograph on March 31, 2017.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray: massive bilateral pleural effusion and cardiomegaly.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Laboratory tests revealed anemia and creatinine increases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Laboratory Exams</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Exams</th>
            <th align="center">03/23/2017</th>
            <th align="center">03/27/2017</th>
            <th align="center">03/30/2017</th>
            <th align="center">03/31/2017</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
            <td align="center">11.3</td>
            <td align="center">9.4</td>
            <td align="center">9.3</td>
            <td align="center">8.5</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
            <td align="center">35</td>
            <td align="center">29</td>
            <td align="center">27</td>
            <td align="center">25</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Leukocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">9600</td>
            <td align="center">16000</td>
            <td align="center">9470</td>
            <td align="center">10030</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Rod cells (%)</td>
            <td align="center">n</td>
            <td align="center">8</td>
            <td align="center">6</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Segmented</td>
            <td align="center">n</td>
            <td align="center">81</td>
            <td align="center">80</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Neutrophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">67</td>
            <td align="center">89</td>
            <td align="center">86</td>
            <td align="center">81</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Eosinophils:</td>
            <td align="center">2</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Basophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lymphocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">21</td>
            <td align="center">5</td>
            <td align="center">9</td>
            <td align="center">13</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Monocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
            <td align="center">6</td>
            <td align="center">3</td>
            <td align="center">6</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Platelets/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">202000</td>
            <td align="center">151000</td>
            <td align="center">180000</td>
            <td align="center">129000</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">CKMB (ng/mL)</td>
            <td align="center">14.5</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Troponin I (ng/mL)</td>
            <td align="center">3.65</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">8.5</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">8.5</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ionic calcium (mMol/L)</td>
            <td align="center">1.24</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Phosphorus (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">5.1</td>
            <td align="center">5.1</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Magnesium (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">1.8</td>
            <td align="center">1.8</td>
            <td align="center">2.3</td>
            <td align="center">2.4</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
            <td align="center">3.13</td>
            <td align="center">91.39</td>
            <td align="center">53.16</td>
            <td align="center">48.25</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">139</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">138</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">4.4</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">3.2</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Urea (mg/dl)</td>
            <td align="center">56</td>
            <td align="center">66</td>
            <td align="center">131</td>
            <td align="center">144</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Creatinine(mg/dl)</td>
            <td align="center">2.34</td>
            <td align="center">2.62</td>
            <td align="center">3.46</td>
            <td align="center">4.01</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Gasometry</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">venous</td>
            <td align="center">artery</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pH</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">7,36</td>
            <td align="center">6.92</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">43.2</td>
            <td align="center">56.1</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">39.7</td>
            <td align="center">59.1</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> saturation (%)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">63.2</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">HCO<sub>3</sub>- (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">23.9</td>
            <td align="center">-22.9</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">BE (mEq/l)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">-1</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">tAP (INR)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">2.5</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">TTPA (rel)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">1.22</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Dimer D (ng/mL)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">704</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Fibrinogen (mg/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">327</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Arterial lactate (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">24</td>
            <td align="center">134</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">33</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">46</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">35</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lactic Dehydrogenase (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">293</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Total bilirubins (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">0.45</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">0.67</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">0.23</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">0.34</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>CKMB: creatinokinase MB; PCR: C reactive protein; BE: base excess; tAP (INR): prothrombin time; TTPA: Partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>Echocardiography (March 23, 2017) revealed a 30 mm aortic diameter, 39mm left atrium, right ventricle in the basal portion, which was 44 mm and in the middle portion, which was 29 mm. The septum and posterior wall thickness were 7 mm, left ventricular diameters of 56 mm in diastole and 51 mm in systole, the area method ejection fraction (Simpson) was 22%. There was mild to moderate mitral regurgitation and pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 36 mmHg.</p>
    <p>The serologies for Chagas disease and cytomegalovirus were negative.</p>
    <p>With this history and the exam findings, the hypothesis of type 2 infarction or myocarditis was raised.</p>
    <p>Magnetic nuclear resonance showed marked biventricular systolic dysfunction - 11% left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and slight dilatation (indexed final diastolic volume of 106 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and final systolic volume of 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), with increased right ventricular dilation (final diastolic volume indexed was 137 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and final systolic volume of 122 mL/m&#178;, 6% ejection fraction). The right atrium had a normal volume while the left atrium was greatly enlarged (indexed volume 65 mL/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>The cardiac diameters were: aorta 2.5 mm, right ventricle in the longest axis 71 mm and shortest axis 40 mm; left ventricle diastole 57 mm, systole 56 mm; septum thickness 6 mm and 5mm lateral wall. There was a transmural, circumferential multifocal late enhancement, sparing the apical segments beyond the apex and compromising the papillary muscles, which all had subendocardium involvement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). There was no pericardial effusion and there was massive bilateral pleural effusion.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>4-chamber magnetic resonance imaging - circumferential late enhancement.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>During hospitalization, the patient had a fever and leukocytosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), and was diagnosed with bronchopneumonia, treated with vancomycin and tazobactam with a reduction in C-reactive protein and leukocytosis.</p>
    <p>Renal function worsened (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) with oliguria and a shilley catheter was used in the femoral vein, but due to hemodynamic instability, hemodialysis was not possible.</p>
    <p>Since admission, the patient had severe dyspnea requiring long-term non-invasive ventilation and right hemithorax drainage due to respiratory discomfort with a serohematic discharge of about 3 liters during two days. The March 31 radiograph revealed massive bilateral pleural effusion prior to drainage. In the middle of the night on March 31st, 2017, the patient had cardiopulmonary arrest with pulseless electrical activity and was promptly resuscitated for 15 minutes with a return to spontaneous circulation. The patient received orotracheal intubation and required maximum doses of noradrenaline and dobutamine to maintain a mean blood pressure of 65 mmHg. He evolved with a refractory shock, with mechanical ventilation difficulties and died at 12:05 (March 31st, 2017).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical Aspects</title>
      <p>This is a 55-year-old male patient known to have insulin dependent DM and CKD who in February 2017 had a nocturnal episode of dyspnea. Due to the episode, he sought medical care in the emergency room, where changes in markers of myocardial necrosis were identified - increased CKMB and troponin, as well as ST-segment depression from V<sub>2</sub> to V<sub>6</sub> on the ECG. A coronary angiography was performed at the time showing only a 30% lesion in the right coronary artery.</p>
      <p>After discharge, the patient developed orthopnea and lower limb edema requiring further hospitalization seven days after discharge. On admission to our service, he presented signs of pulmonary and systemic congestion, the ECG maintained previous parameters, a chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and massive bilateral pleural effusion, and laboratory tests showed a worsening of renal function and anemia. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed 22% LVEF, through the Simpson method, with diffuse hypokinesia and no segment changes. After this initial evaluation, the following hypothesis was raised for this patient - type 2 AMI and myocarditis. In order to enable a better investigation of the patient&#180;s conditions, propaedeutic complementation was performed. The serologies for Chagas disease and cytomegalovirus were negative. A cardiac resonance showed increased systolic dysfunction in both ventricles with 11% LVEF, with slight left ventricular dilation, increased right ventricular dilation, a significant enlargement of the left atrium and an absence of changes in the right atrium. Regarding the enhancement, the patient presented late transmural, circumferential multifocal enhancement, with subendocardial involvement sparing the apex. There was no pericardial effusion, but there was massive bilateral pleural effusion.</p>
      <p>During hospitalization, the patient developed pulmonary focal sepsis, with an initial improvement after the introduction of an antimicrobial regimen. Due to the need for infectious treatment, the team decided to postpone endomyocardial biopsy. Despite the improvement of infectious parameters, there was a worsening in renal function and hemodynamic instability. During the entire hospitalization period, the patient maintained a borderline respiratory pattern requiring noninvasive ventilation and right hemithorax drainage to control respiratory symptoms with serohematic secretion drainage. The patient evolved with pulseless electrical activity, reversed after resuscitation for 15 minutes. However, the patient evolved with a refractory shock, which led the patient to die 12 hours after cardiopulmonary arrest.</p>
      <p>Due to the diagnostic doubts concerning the case and a lack of improvement after the selected therapy to control the condition, the patient was referred for autopsy with the intention of elucidating the case.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical evaluation of the case, the main diagnostic hypotheses raised were myocardial infarction and myocarditis, due to the clinical presentation of acute onset heart failure with left ventricular dysfunction. The changes found on magnetic resonance imaging, although not typical, reinforced the maintenance of the initial hypotheses. We describe below information about the two clinical entities evaluated in this clinical case.</p>
      <p>According to the fourth universal definition of MI, it consists in an increase in troponin above the 99% associated with at least one of the other factors (typical ischemic symptoms and/or new ECG abnormalities and/or imaging showing a myocardial loss with a pattern of coronary ischemia and/or thrombosis evidenced during the catheterization or autopsy).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Myocardial injury does not include the changes described above and can occur in very common events in practice such as: decompensated heart failure, chronic renal failure, shock, anemia, stroke, myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Among the five types of AMI, type 2 occurs in the presence of an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, in the absence of atherosclerotic plaque complications. The threshold for this imbalance to occur varies between individuals and is influenced by ongoing stressors, comorbidities (including cardiac and noncardiac), and pre-existing coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The mechanisms that influence the aforementioned imbalance are diverse and may occur concomitantly, besides being related to atherosclerosis with a reduction of myocardial perfusion and without plaque rupture, coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, hypoxemia, significant anemia, shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of type 2 AMI is variable in the studies and depends on the type of criteria used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In a real-life study conducted in Sweden with 20,138 patients, 7.1% of AMI hospitalizations were type 2. Patients in this group were older, predominantly female, and had more comorbidities, especially heart failure and atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In a 2016 study, the main causes of type 2 AMI were - tachyarrhythmias in 36.7%; aortic stenosis in 14.5% and heart failure in 13.7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Another study observed that approximately 50% of the patients with type 2 AMI had no significant coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the initial evaluation of these patients, the most common symptom presented was dyspnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, ST segment elevation is known to occur in 3-24% of cases. Coronary atherosclerosis is a common angiographic finding among these patients and, in general, they have a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Please note that angiography is not necessary to establish the diagnosis of type 2 infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The long-term consequences of type 2 AMI are poorly understood. A study published in 2018 evaluated and compared outcomes of patients diagnosed with type 1 AMI, type 2 AMI, and myocardial injury and showed that the risk of death was higher among those with a history of type 2 AMI compared to those with a history of type 1 AMI, even after variable adjustment. Most deaths in the first 2 groups were due to noncardiac causes. Regarding major cardiovascular events, there was no difference between the groups. Coronary artery disease was an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 AMI or myocardial injury with a 1.71 odds ratio and a confidence index of 1.31-2.24.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Management of type 2 AMI remains uncertain and there are no well-defined clinical management strategies. Initial management should be performed by controlling the precipitating factor that leads to an imbalance in the demand and supply.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another study published in 2019 showed that almost 30% of the patients in the sample were diagnosed with type 1 AMI when they actually had a type 2 AMI diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding myocarditis, it is known that this entity consists of a myocardial inflammatory process with multiple presentation aspects, from asymptomatic presentations to sudden death, including heart failure and fulminant presentations in this spectrum. The etiological agents are diverse, including viral or bacterial, fungal or protozoal infections, hypersensitivity reaction, autoimmune diseases and toxins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Regarding the epidemiological evaluation, it is known that it is an underdiagnosed disease, with a bimodal peak (ranging from 1 year and 20 years) and corresponds to an important cause of cell loss by direct action necrosis of the virus, cytotoxic agents with inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress products.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> After the initial action process of the immune system, there may be an improvement in conditions, fighting the myocyte aggressive organism and reducing the immune response or persistence of the injury due to persistent aggressive mechanisms or exacerbated immune responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In regards to complementary exams, there is usually an increase in inflammatory markers and there may be an increase in myocardial necrosis markers. As for ECG, there may not be changes or changes that are not specific, and the echocardiogram findings may also be variable and include diffuse hypokinesia, pericardial effusion, or segment changes. Magnetic resonance imaging is a fundamental exam, as it presents high sensitivity and specificity for myocardial inflammatory processes, and may show segment changes, regional hypertrophy, dilatation of the cardiac chambers. In the endomyocardial biopsy assessment, the exam has high levels of specificity, with moderate sensitivity. Class I indications by the Brazilian Myocarditis Guideline for biopsy include the IC level for cases lasting up to 2 weeks with no established cause with progressive haemodynamic worsening, and IC for cases beginning less than 3 months ago and more than 15 days after, no definite cause and presenting ventricular arrhythmias or second and third degree atrioventricular blocks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding treatment, uncomplicated cases do not require specific approaches, only symptomatic management and rest guidelines. Heart failure cases that present decreased ejection fraction require special attention and must receive medications that are known to reduce mortality. Cases requiring antiviral treatment and immunosuppressive therapy need to be evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The prognosis of myocarditis is favorable in most cases. A study published in 2019 showed that 13% of the evaluated patients had a poor evolution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Summarizing, despite raising other hypotheses for the recent onset of IC, the hypothesis of coronary disease is still the main one for this patient due to risk factors, epidemiological context and alteration of complementary exams. <bold>(Dr. Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti Martins and Dr. Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da Silva Filho)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnosis hypothesis:</bold> Type 2 infarction with heart failure; death from cardiogenic shock. <bold>(Dr. Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti Martins and Dr. Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da Silva Filho)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The necropsy showed the presence of myocardial infarction in the final healing phase in all left ventricular walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross section of the heart in the middle portion of the ventricles, showing grayish-white areas that correspond to end-stage infarcts in all left ventricular walls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the left ventricular myocardium showing the boundary between preserved (more rosy, left) myocardium and healing necrosis area. Hematoxylin and eosin coloring; lens magnification: 10x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary arteries had atherosclerosis, moderate in the anterior interventricular (anterior descending) and circumflex branches of the left coronary artery (66% maximal obstructions in the first centimeter and 59% in the third centimeter, respectively) and specifically severe in the right coronary artery (77% obstruction in the fourth centimeter). There was no thrombosis or other occlusive lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological sections of coronary artery segments showing moderate and focally severe atherosclerosis (4th centimeter of right coronary artery, 77% obstruction). Right coronary artery CD; Cx: circumflex branch; IVA: anterior interventricular branch (anterior descending); PVI: posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending). Verhoeff coloring for elastic fibers (right coronary artery segment) or hematoxylin and eosin (other segments); lens magnification: 2.5x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As the patient had cardiogenic shock, there was a small occipital cerebral infarction with a few days of evolution.</p>
      <p>No cavitary lesion or thrombus occluding the left ventricular apex was evidenced.</p>
      <p>Lung sections did not show recent bronchopneumonia.</p>
      <p>An important finding was pancreatic lipomatosis, with almost complete replacement of exocrine pancreatic tissue by fat, leaving only the islets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pancreas seen both macroscopically (A) and histologically sectioned (B), hematoxylin and eosin staining, (2.5x objective enlargement) with lipomatosis, replacement of exocrine glands with fatty tissue, with only a few Langerhans islets (endocrine pancreas) left.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> Ischemic heart disease, with myocardial infarction in the final stage of healing in all left ventricular walls. Pancreatic lipomatosis. <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>&#8220;Causa mortis&#8221;:</bold> cardiogenic shock <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>This is a very unusual case, in which some points were not clarified in the necropsy. The main point concerns the fact that the patient had a lesion with microscopic appearance of a myocardial infarction with an evolution of 4 to 6 weeks, that is, compatible with the clinical history of a sudden onset heart failure, diagnosed with infarction and elevated necrosis. However, the pattern of the lesion was not usual, irregularly affecting all the walls of the left ventricle. Therefore, we came to think of myocarditis and there was no adequate explanation for the occurrence of this ischemic necrosis; Atherosclerosis was only moderate, with a single segment with severe right coronary artery injury, and there were no recent or organizing thrombi. Diabetic patients sometimes have cardiac microcirculatory lesions, but in the present case these were not significant.</p>
      <p>Another issue is that the pancreas had its exocrine portion almost completely replaced by fat, with the Langerhans islets left. There are three diagnoses to consider: cystic fibrosis, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, and carboxyl lipase ester mutations. The former is eliminated due to the absence of cysts, whether in the pancreas, lungs or other organs. Schwachman-Diamond syndrome mainly affects young children. Therefore, the patient will most likely carry a carboxyl lipase ester mutation, which may even be responsible for delayed onset juvenile diabetes, as was the case with this patient, and influence the development of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018).J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018,72(18)2231-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>2231</fpage>
          <lpage>2264</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Baron T, Hambraeus K, Sundstr&#246;m J, Erlinge D, Jernberg T, Lindahl B, et al. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice Heart. 2015;101(2):101-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hambraeus</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erlinge</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jernberg</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindahl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 L&#243;pez-Cuenca A, Gomez-Molina M, Flores-Blanco PJ, S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;nez M, Garc&#237;a-Narbon A, De Las Heras-G&#243;mez, et al. Comparison between type-2 and type-1 myocardial infarction: clinical features, treatment strategies and outcomes. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016;13(1):15-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Cuenca</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez-Molina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flores-Blanco</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-Narbon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heras-G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>De Las</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison between type-2 and type-1 myocardial infarction: clinical features, treatment strategies and outcomes</article-title>
          <source>J Geriatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Saaby L, Poulsen TS, Hosbond S, Larsen TB, Diederichsen ACP, Hallas J, et al. Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of type 2 myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2013;126(9): 789-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saaby</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulsen</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hosbond</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diederichsen</surname>
              <given-names>ACP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hallas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of type 2 myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>789</fpage>
          <lpage>797</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Chapman AR , Shah ASV, Lee KK, Anand A, Francis O, Adamson P, et al. Long term outcomes in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury. Circulation. 2018;137(12):1236-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>ASV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long term outcomes in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1236</fpage>
          <lpage>1245</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Hawatmeh A, Thawabi M, Aggarwal R, Abirami C, Vavilin I, Wasty N, et al. Implications of misclassification of type 2 myocardial infarction on clinical outcomes. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2019 Apr 12;Pii:S1553-8389(19)30235-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hawatmeh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thawabi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abirami</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vavilin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasty</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Implications of misclassification of type 2 myocardial infarction on clinical outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med</source>
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">S1553-8389(19)30235-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Elamm C, Fairweather D, Cooper LT. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis. Heart.2012;98(11):835-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elamm</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fairweather</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>840</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al.Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2163-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flaxman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naghavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lozano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michaud</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezzati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>380</volume>
          <issue>9859</issue>
          <fpage>2163</fpage>
          <lpage>2196</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Mann D, Zipes D, Libby P, Bonow R. Braunwald's Heart Disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 10th ed, Saunders: Philadelphia; 2017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Braunwald's Heart Disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <edition>10th ed</edition>
          <year>2017</year>
          <publisher-loc>Saunders</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Philadelphia</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Montera MW, Mesquita ET, Colafranceschi AS, Oliveira Junior AM, Rabischoffsky A, Ianni BM, et al. I Diretriz Brasileira de Miocardites e Pericardites. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(4 Suppl 1):1-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabischoffsky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ianni</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Diretriz Brasileira de Miocardites e Pericardites</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>4 Suppl 1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Tsch&#246;pe C, Cooper LT, Toree-Amione G, Van Linthout S. Management of myocarditis-related cardiomyopathy in adults. Circ Res. 2019;124(11):1568-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsch&#246;pe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toree-Amione</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Linthout</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of myocarditis-related cardiomyopathy in adults</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1568</fpage>
          <lpage>1583</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Johansson BB, Torsvik J, Bj&#248;rkhaug L, Vesterhus M, Ragvin A, Tjora E, et al. Diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction due to mutations in the carboxyl ester lipase gene-maturity onset diabetes of the young (CEL-MODY): a protein misfolding disease. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(40):34593-605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johansson</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torsvik</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bj&#248;rkhaug</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vesterhus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ragvin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tjora</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction due to mutations in the carboxyl ester lipase gene-maturity onset diabetes of the young (CEL-MODY): a protein misfolding disease</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>286</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>34593</fpage>
          <lpage>34605</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Vesterhus M, Raeder H, Johansson S, Molven A, Nj&#248;lstad PR. Pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):306-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vesterhus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raeder</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molven</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nj&#248;lstad</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>306</fpage>
          <lpage>310</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Kodvawala A, Ghering AB, Davidson WS, Hui DY. Carboxyl ester lipase expression in macrophages increases cholesteryl ester accumulation and promotes atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(46):38592-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kodvawala</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghering</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidson</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hui</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carboxyl ester lipase expression in macrophages increases cholesteryl ester accumulation and promotes atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>46</issue>
          <fpage>38592</fpage>
          <lpage>38598</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Hui DY, Howles PN. Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res. 2002;43(12):2017-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hui</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howles</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2017</fpage>
          <lpage>2030</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2019 - Homem de 55 Anos de Idade, Diab&#233;tico e com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6529-049X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1556-4314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmasur@incor usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br) Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 55 anos, portador de diabetes mellitus (DM) insulino-dependente e com complica&#231;&#245;es visuais e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), foi internado h&#225; um m&#234;s (fevereiro de 2017) ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de dispneia noturna. Foi ent&#227;o feito diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Os exames da interna&#231;&#227;o revelaram marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica elevados - CKMB de 70 ng/mL e troponina de 2 ng/mL. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) apresentava infradesnivelamento de segmento ST de V<sub>2</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>. A cineangiografia revelou les&#227;o de 30% em coron&#225;ria direita e coron&#225;ria esquerda sem les&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>). O ecocardiograma revelou hipocinesia difusa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 36%. A creatinina era de 1,8 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coron&#225;ria direita em obl&#237;qua anterior direita. A) Coran&#225;ria esquerda em obl&#237;qua direita (B). Figura</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a alta evoluiu com ortopneia e edema de membros inferiores e procurou atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia sendo transferido para o InCor duas semanas ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (22 de mar&#231;o de 2017).</p>
      <p>No exame f&#237;sico de entrada o paciente estava dispneico, hidratado, afebril, com boa perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica, press&#227;o arterial 100x70 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio 92%. Havia turg&#234;ncia jugular, murm&#250;rio vesicular presente bilateral e sim&#233;trico, presen&#231;a de estertores em ambas as bases pulmonares, bulhas r&#237;tmicas normofon&#233;ticas em dois tempos, sem sopros. N&#227;o havia hepatomegalia ou refluxo hepatojugular. O abdome era fl&#225;cido, indolor, com ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos presentes. Os membros inferiores apresentavam edema ++/4+, as panturrilhas estavam livres e os pulsos pediosos sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>O paciente estava em uso de &#225;cido-acetil-salic&#237;lico 100 mg, enalapril 20 mg e insulina humana NPH.</p>
      <p>O ECG (22 de mar&#231;o de 2017) revelou ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem do complexo QRS em plano frontal e infradesnivelamento de segmento ST, 1 mm, horizontal de V<sub>2</sub> a V<sub>5</sub>, e diminui&#231;&#227;o de potenciais de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma com baixa voltagem do complexo QRS em plano frontal e infradesnivelamento de segmento ST de V<sub>2</sub> a V<sub>5</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (23 de mar&#231;o de 2017) revelou volumoso derrame pleural bilateral e cardiomegalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>), achados persistentes na radiografia de 31 de mar&#231;o de 2017.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax: volumoso derrame pleural bilateral e cardiomegalia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia e eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Exames</th>
              <th align="center">23/03/2017</th>
              <th align="center">27/03/2017</th>
              <th align="center">30/03/2017</th>
              <th align="center">31/03/2017</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11,3</td>
              <td align="center">9,4</td>
              <td align="center">9,3</td>
              <td align="center">8,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">9600</td>
              <td align="center">16000</td>
              <td align="center">9470</td>
              <td align="center">10030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bast&#245;es (%)</td>
              <td align="center">n</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segmentados</td>
              <td align="center">n</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutr&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eosin&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bas&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Linf&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mon&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">202000</td>
              <td align="center">151000</td>
              <td align="center">180000</td>
              <td align="center">129000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CKMB (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">14,5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponina I (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">3,65</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">8,5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">8,5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C&#225;lcio i&#244;nico (mMol/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1,24</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F&#243;sforo (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5,1</td>
              <td align="center">5,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Magn&#233;sio (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,3</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">3,13</td>
              <td align="center">91,39</td>
              <td align="center">53,16</td>
              <td align="center">48,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">138</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4,4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3,2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">2,34</td>
              <td align="center">2,62</td>
              <td align="center">3,46</td>
              <td align="center">4,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gasometria </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">venosa</td>
              <td align="center">arterial</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pH</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7,36</td>
              <td align="center">6,92</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">43,2</td>
              <td align="center">56,1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">39,7</td>
              <td align="center">59,1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">satura&#231;&#227;o O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">63,2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HCO<sub>3</sub> (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">23,9</td>
              <td align="center">-22,9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BE (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">tAP (INR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TTPA (rel)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D&#237;mero D (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">704</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">327</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lactato arterial (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">134</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desidrogenase l&#225;tica (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">293</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bilirrubinas totais (mfg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,45</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bilirrubina direta (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,23</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,34</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>CKMB: creatinoquinase MB; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; BE: excesso de base; tAP (INR): tempo de atividade da protrombina; TTPA: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (23 de mar&#231;o de 2017) revelou di&#226;metro da aorta igual a 30 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo 39 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito na por&#231;&#227;o basal 44 mm e na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia 29 mm. As espessuras de septo e parede posterior eram de 7 mm, os di&#226;metros de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 56 mm na di&#225;stole e 51 mm na s&#237;stole, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de &#225;rea (Simpson) de 22%. Havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta para moderada e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar era de 36 mmHg.</p>
      <p>As sorologias para doen&#231;a de Chagas e citomegalov&#237;rus foram negativas.</p>
      <p>Com esse hist&#243;rico e achados de exames foram levantadas as hip&#243;teses de infarto tipo 2 ou miocardite.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica evidenciou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular acentuada - fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 11% e discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o (volume diast&#243;lico final indexado de 106 mL/m<sup>2</sup> e sist&#243;lico final de 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), com acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (volume diast&#243;lico final indexado 137 mL/m&#178; e sist&#243;lico final de 122 mL/m&#178;, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 6%). O &#225;trio direito tinha volume normal enquanto o &#225;trio esquerdo estava muito aumentado (volume indexado de 65mL/m&#178;). Os di&#226;metros card&#237;acos foram: aorta 2,5 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito no maior eixo 71 mm e menor eixo 40 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo di&#225;stole 57 mm, s&#237;stole 56 mm; espessura de septo 6 mm e parede lateral 5 mm. Havia realce tardio multifocal transmural, circunferencial, poupando os segmentos apicais, al&#233;m do &#225;pice e comprometendo os m&#250;sculos papilares, todos com acometimento do sub-endoc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>). N&#227;o havia derrame peric&#225;rdio e havia derrame pleural bilateral volumoso.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica 4 c&#226;maras &#8211; realce tardio circunferencial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentou febre e leucocitose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>), e foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de broncopneumonia tratada com vancomicina e tazobactan com queda de Prote&#237;na C Reativa e diminui&#231;&#227;o da leucocitose.</p>
      <p>Houve piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>) com olig&#250;ria e foi passado cateter Shilley em veia femoral, por&#233;m devido &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Desde a admiss&#227;o apresentava dispneia acentuada com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva durante longos per&#237;odos e drenagens de hemit&#243;rax direito devido a desconforto respirat&#243;rio com sa&#237;da de secre&#231;&#227;o sero-hem&#225;tica em cerca de 3 litros durante dois dias. A radiografia de 31 de mar&#231;o revelava derrame pleural bilateral volumoso antes da drenagem. Na madrugada do dia 31 de mar&#231;o de 2017 apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, sendo prontamente reanimado durante 15 minutos com retorno &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. O paciente recebeu intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e necessitou do uso de doses m&#225;ximas de noradrenalina e dobutamina para manter a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 65 mmHg. Evoluiu com choque refrat&#225;rio, com dificuldade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e faleceu &#224;s 12h 5 (31 de mar&#231;o de 2017).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um paciente do sexo masculino com 55 anos sabidamente portador de DM insulino dependente e DRC que em fevereiro de 2017 apresentou epis&#243;dio noturno de dispneia. Devido ao epis&#243;dio procurou atendimento m&#233;dico na urg&#234;ncia, onde foi identificada altera&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica - aumento de CKMB e troponina, al&#233;m de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de V<sub>2</sub> a V<sub>6</sub> no ECG. Foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia na ocasi&#227;o que evidenciou apenas les&#227;o de 30% em coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s alta, evoluiu com ortopneia e edema de MMII com necessidade de nova interna&#231;&#227;o sete dias ap&#243;s alta. &#192; admiss&#227;o em nosso servi&#231;o apresentava sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, o ECG mantinha par&#226;metros pr&#233;vios, a radiografia do t&#243;rax evidenciava cardiomegalia e volumoso derrame pleural bilateral e os exames laboratoriais demonstravam piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e anemia. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico apresentava FEVE, pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, de 22% com hipocinesia difusa e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares. Ap&#243;s esta avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial foram levantadas as seguintes hip&#243;teses para este paciente - IAM tipo 2 e miocardite. Para melhor investiga&#231;&#227;o do quadro foi realizada complementa&#231;&#227;o proped&#234;utica. As sorologias para doen&#231;a de Chagas e citomegalov&#237;rus foram negativas. A resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica acentuada de ambos ventr&#237;culos com FEVE de 11%, com discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, aumento importante de &#225;trio esquerdo e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es em &#225;trio direito. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao realce, o paciente apresentava realce tardio multifocal transmural, circunferencial, com acometimento subendoc&#225;rdico poupando o &#225;pice. N&#227;o havia derrame peric&#225;rdico, mas apresentava derrame pleural bilateral volumoso.</p>
        <p>Durante interna&#231;&#227;o evoluiu com quadro de sepse de foco pulmonar, com melhora inicial ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de esquema antimicrobiano. Devido &#224; necessidade de tratamento infeccioso, foi optado por postergar bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica. Apesar da melhora dos par&#226;metros infecciosos, evoluiu com piora de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Manteve durante toda interna&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio lim&#237;trofe com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e necessidade de drenagem de hemit&#243;rax direito para controle dos sintomas respirat&#243;rios apresentando drenagem de secre&#231;&#227;o sero-hem&#225;tica. Evoluiu com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, revertida ap&#243;s reanima&#231;&#227;o por 15 minutos. Contudo, evoluiu com choque refrat&#225;rio, que levou o paciente ao &#243;bito 12 horas ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Frente &#224;s d&#250;vidas diagn&#243;sticas do caso e aus&#234;ncia de melhora ap&#243;s terap&#234;utica implementada para controle do quadro, o paciente foi encaminhado para aut&#243;psia com inten&#231;&#227;o de elucida&#231;&#227;o do caso.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do caso as principais hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas levantadas foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e miocardite, devido ao quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de in&#237;cio agudo com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. As altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, apesar de n&#227;o serem t&#237;picas, refor&#231;aram a manuten&#231;&#227;o das hip&#243;teses iniciais. Descrevemos abaixo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as duas entidades cl&#237;nicas avaliadas neste caso cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Segundo a quarta defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IAM esta entidade consiste em aumento da troponina acima do percentil 99 associada a pelo menos um dos outros fatores (sintomas isqu&#234;micos t&#237;picos e/ou nova altera&#231;&#227;o do ECG e/ou exame de imagem que mostre perda mioc&#225;rdica com padr&#227;o de isquemia e/ou trombose de coron&#225;ria evidenciada no cateterismo ou aut&#243;psia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o contempla as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas acima e pode ocorrer em entidades muito comuns na pr&#225;tica tais como: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, choque, anemia, acidente vascular cerebral, miocardite, cardiomiopatia tipo Takotsubo, dentre outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dentre os cinco tipos de IAM, o tipo 2 consiste naquele que ocorre na presen&#231;a de desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e necessidade de oxig&#234;nio, na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. O limite para esse desequil&#237;brio ocorrer varia entre os indiv&#237;duos e &#233; influenciado pelo fator estressor em curso, comorbidades (incluindo as card&#237;acas e as n&#227;o card&#237;acas) e doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233; existente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os mecanismos influenciadores do desequil&#237;brio citado s&#227;o diversos e podem ocorrer de forma concomitante al&#233;m de se relacionarem com aterosclerose com redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e sem ruptura de placa, com espasmo coronariano, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, embolia coronariana, dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, taquiarritmias, bradiarritmias, hipoxemia, anemia significativa, choque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do IAM tipo 2 &#233; vari&#225;vel nos estudos e depende do tipo de crit&#233;rio utilizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em um estudo de vida real realizado na Su&#233;cia com 20.138 pacientes, 7,1% das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IAM eram do tipo 2. Os pacientes desse grupo tinham maior m&#233;dia de idade, predominantemente mulheres e tinham maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades, especialmente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em um estudo de 2016, as principais causas do IAM tipo 2 foram - taquiarritmias em 36,7%; estenose a&#243;rtica em 14,5% e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 13,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Outro estudo observou que aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com IAM tipo 2 n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a coronariana significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial destes pacientes demonstrou-se que o sintoma mais comum de apresenta&#231;&#227;o foi a dispneia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ocorre em 3-24% dos casos. Aterosclerose coronariana &#233; um achado angiogr&#225;fico comum nestes pacientes e estes, em geram, apresentam pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Salienta-se que a angiografia n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria para se estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de infarto tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As consequ&#234;ncias em longo prazo do IAM tipo 2 s&#227;o pouco conhecidas. Estudo publicado em 2018 avaliou e comparou desfechos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM tipo 1, tipo 2 e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e demonstrou que o risco de morte era maior naqueles com hist&#243;ria de IAM tipo 2 quando comparados aos com hist&#243;ria de IAM tipo 1, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste de vari&#225;veis. A maior parte das mortes nos primeiros 2 grupos se deu por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos cardiovasculares maiores n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. A doen&#231;a coronariana foi preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em paciente com IAM tipo 2 ou inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com raz&#227;o de chance de 1,71 e &#237;ndice de confian&#231;a de 1,31-2,24.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O manejo do IAM tipo 2 permanece incerto e n&#227;o h&#225; estrat&#233;gias de manejo cl&#237;nico bem definidas. O manejo inicial deve ser realizado com controle do fator precipitante que leva ao desequil&#237;brio de demanda e suprimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro estudo publicado em 2019 mostrou que quase 30% dos pacientes da amostra receberam diagn&#243;stico de IAM tipo 1 quando na verdade apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de IAM tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; miocardite, sabe-se que esta entidade consiste em um processo inflamat&#243;rio do mioc&#225;rdio com m&#250;ltiplas facetas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, desde quadro assintom&#225;tico at&#233; morte s&#250;bita, incluindo nesse espectro a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o fulminante. Os agentes etiol&#243;gicos s&#227;o diversos, incluindo as infec&#231;&#245;es virais ou bacterianas, f&#250;ngicas ou por protozo&#225;rios, rea&#231;&#227;o de hipersensibilidade, doen&#231;as auto imunes e por toxinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, sabe-se que &#233; uma doen&#231;a sub-diagnosticada, com pico bimodal (em torno das faixas de 1 ano e 20 anos) e corresponde a importante causa de perda celular por necrose por a&#231;&#227;o direta do v&#237;rus, efeitos citot&#243;xicos dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e produtos de estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Ap&#243;s processo inicial de atua&#231;&#227;o do sistema imune pode haver melhora do quadro com combate do organismo agressor do mi&#243;cito e redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune ou ocorrer persist&#234;ncia da inj&#250;ria devido a mecanismo agressor persistente ou resposta imune exacerbada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exames complementares, h&#225; em geral um aumento dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e pode haver aumento de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Quanto ao ECG, podem n&#227;o existir altera&#231;&#245;es ou haver altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas, e ao ecocardiograma os achados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o vari&#225;veis podendo incluir hipocinesia difusa, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; um exame fundamental, j&#225; que apresenta alta sensibilidade e especificidade para processo inflamat&#243;rio do mioc&#225;rdio, podendo evidenciar altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, hipertrofia regional, dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, o exame apresenta alta especificidade, com moderada sensibilidade. As indica&#231;&#245;es classe I pela Diretriz Brasileira de Miocardites, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia incluem n&#237;vel IC para casos com dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 2 semanas sem causa estabelecida com piora hemodin&#226;mica progressiva, e IC para casos com in&#237;cio h&#225; menos de 3 meses e mais de 15 dias, sem causa definida e apresentando arritmias ventriculares ou bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo e terceiros graus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao tratamento, os casos n&#227;o complicados n&#227;o necessitam de condutas espec&#237;ficas, apenas sintom&#225;ticos e orienta&#231;&#227;o de repouso. Deve-se atentar aos quadros de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da e apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o de receber medica&#231;&#245;es que sabidamente reduzem mortalidade. &#201; necess&#225;rio avaliar casos que necessitam de tratamento antiviral e terapia imunossupressora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O progn&#243;stico da miocardite &#233; favor&#225;vel na maioria dos casos. Um estudo publicado em 2019 evidenciou que 13% dos pacientes avaliados apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o ruim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Sumarizando, apesar de levantadas outras hip&#243;teses para o quadro de IC de in&#237;cio recente, a hip&#243;tese de doen&#231;a coronariana ainda &#233; a principal para este paciente devido aos fatores de risco, contexto epidemiol&#243;gico e altera&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares. <bold>(Dra. Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti Martins e Dr. Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da Silva Filho)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Infarto tipo 2 com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; morte por choque cardiog&#234;nico. <bold>(Dra. Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti Martins e Dr. Jos&#233; Roberto de Oliveira da Silva Filho)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
        <p>A necr&#243;psia mostrou a presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em fase final de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o em todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sec&#231;&#227;o transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos ventr&#237;culos, mostrando &#225;reas branco-acinzentadas que correspondem a infartos em fase final de evolu&#231;&#227;o em todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrando limite entre mioc&#225;rdio preservado (mais r&#243;seo, &#224; esquerda) e &#225;rea de necrose em cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 10x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias tinham aterosclerose, moderada nos ramos interventricular anterior (descendente anterior) e circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (obstru&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas de 66%, no primeiro cent&#237;metro, e de 59%, no terceiro cent&#237;metro, respectivamente) e grave apenas focalmente, na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (77% de obstru&#231;&#227;o no quarto cent&#237;metro). N&#227;o havia trombose ou outras les&#245;es oclusivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cortes histol&#243;gicos de segmentos de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias mostrando aterosclerose moderada e focalmente grave (4&#186; cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 77% de obstru&#231;&#227;o). CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; Cx: ramo circunflexo; IVA: ramo interventricular anterior (descendente anterior); IVP: ramo interventricular posterior (descendente posterior). Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Verhoeff para fibras el&#225;sticas (segmento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita) ou hematoxilina e eosina (demais segmentos); aumento da objetiva: 2,5x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Como o paciente apresentou choque cardiog&#234;nico, havia pequeno infarto cerebral occipital com poucos dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi evidenciada nenhuma les&#227;o cavit&#225;ria ou trombo que oclu&#237;sse o &#225;pice ventricular esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Os cortes de pulm&#227;o n&#227;o mostraram broncopneumonia recente.</p>
        <p>Achado importante foi lipomatose pancre&#225;tica, com substitui&#231;&#227;o quase integral do tecido pancre&#225;tico ex&#243;crino por gordura, restando apenas as ilhotas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>). <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>P&#226;ncreas vendo-se tanto macroscopicamente (A) quanto em corte histol&#243;gico (B), colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva 2,5x com lipomatose, substitui&#231;&#227;o das gl&#226;ndulas ex&#243;crinas por tecido gorduroso, restando apenas poucas ilhotas de Langerhans (p&#226;ncreas end&#243;crino).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0775-90225-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold><italic>:</italic> Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em fase final de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o em todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo Lipomatose pancre&#225;tica. <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>&#8220;Causa mortis&#8221;:</bold> Choque cardiog&#234;nico <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um caso bastante incomum, no qual alguns pontos n&#227;o ficaram esclarecidos mesmo com a necr&#243;psia. O principal ponto diz respeito ao fato de que o paciente teve les&#227;o com aspecto microsc&#243;pico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com evolu&#231;&#227;o de 4 a 6 semanas, ou seja, compat&#237;vel com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito, com diagn&#243;stico de infarto e marcadores de necrose elevados. Por&#233;m, o padr&#227;o da les&#227;o n&#227;o era usual, acometendo irregularmente todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por isso, chegou-se a pensar em miocardite e n&#227;o se encontrou explica&#231;&#227;o adequada para a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa necrose isqu&#234;mica; a aterosclerose era apenas moderada, com um &#250;nico segmento com les&#227;o grave na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, e n&#227;o havia trombos recentes ou em organiza&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes diab&#233;ticos por vezes t&#234;m les&#245;es na microcircula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas no presente caso estas n&#227;o eram significativas.</p>
        <p>Outra quest&#227;o &#233; a de que o p&#226;ncreas tinha sua por&#231;&#227;o ex&#243;crina quase completamente substitu&#237;da por gordura, em meio &#224; qual sobram as ilhotas de Langerhans. H&#225; tr&#234;s diagn&#243;sticos a serem pensados: fibrose c&#237;stica, s&#237;ndrome de Schwachman-Diamond e muta&#231;&#245;es da &#233;ster carboxil lipase. O primeiro fica afastado pela aus&#234;ncia de cistos, seja no p&#226;ncreas, seja nos pulm&#245;es ou em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. A s&#237;ndrome de Schwachman-Diamond atinge principalmente crian&#231;as pequenas. Por isso, o mais prov&#225;vel &#233; que o paciente fosse portador de muta&#231;&#227;o da &#233;ster carboxil lipase, a qual pode inclusive ser respons&#225;vel por diabetes tipo juvenil com in&#237;cio retardado, como era o caso deste paciente, e influenciar o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
