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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rcZcBBpVf6YPrfGkw4bT8HR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000768</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190212</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiology Training in Brazil and Developed Countries: Some Ideas for Improvement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6171-1269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Colombo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farkouh</surname>
            <given-names>Michael E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1920-7071</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manta</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela C. K. Abud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dal&#231;&#243;quio</surname>
            <given-names>Talia F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4639-1003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Eric H. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gun</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Toronto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Toronto</city>
          <state>ON</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women&#180;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Boston</city>
          <state>MA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women&#180;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau,</bold> Unidade de Coronariopatia Aguda (UCCA) do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2 andar, sala 12. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Godoy LC, Farkouh ME, Manta ICKA, Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; Acquisition of data: Godoy LC, Manta ICKA, Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Godoy LC, Farkouh ME, Manta ICKA, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Furtado RHM, Yu EHC, Gun C, Nicolau JC; Writing of the manuscript: Godoy LC, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>768</fpage>
      <lpage>774</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Huge variations exist in cardiology training programs across the world. In developing (middle-income) countries, such as Brazil, to find the right balance between training improvements and social and economic conditions of the country may be a difficult task. Adding more training years or different mandatory rotations, for instance, may be costly and not have an immediate direct impact on enhancing patient care or public health. In this text, we compare the Brazilian cardiology training system with other proposals implemented in developed countries from North America and Europe, aiming to point out issues worth of future discussion. Factors such as training rotations and competencies, and program duration and distribution across the countries are presented. The number of first year cardiology trainees per inhabitants is similar between Brazil and the United States (0.24 medical residents/100,000 inhabitants in Brazil and 0.26 medical residents/100,000 inhabitants in the USA). These numbers should be analyzed considering the inequality in training program distribution across Brazil, since most centers are located in the Southeast and South regions. Having more residency programs in distant areas could improve cardiovascular care in these areas. Duration of cardiology Residency Training is shorter in Brazil (two years) in comparison with developed countries (&gt; 3 years). Brazilian residency programs give less emphasis to scientific research and diagnostic methods. Unifying minimum training requirements across the globe would facilitate the development of international learning opportunities and even professional exchange around the world.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Program Accreditation</kwd>
        <kwd>Internship and Residency</kwd>
        <kwd>Fellowships and Scholarships</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, regarding both land territory and population, and it is the tenth largest economy globally.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As well as in many other developing and developed nations, cardiovascular diseases are a major concern in Brazil, being the leading cause of death in the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> On the other hand, many Brazilian citizens do not receive proper cardiovascular care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Improving health professionals&#8217; training may contribute to change this scenario, although the understanding of what modifications should be made in cardiology training programs is not an easy task. Drawing parallels between the cardiology residency programs in Brazil and other countries&#8217; programs may help to identify possible targets for improvement. However, there are few publications currently available on cardiology training programs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The main objectives of this report were 1) to delineate a non-systematic narrative point-of-view, comparing the Brazilian training system with countries in Europe and North America; 2) to briefly introduce the cardiology training program in Brazil to international readers who may not be familiar with it. PubMed database was searched for articles published up to February 2018 with the keywords &#8220;cardiology Residency&#8221; and &#8220;cardiology Training&#8221; in the target countries, written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Official position statements and legal documents issued by cardiovascular societies and public organizations pertinent to this topic were also reviewed and cited as appropriate. Selection of countries was made based on the availability of information in the literature. Given the nature of the present article, and the scarcity of published data, authors&#8217; opinions were also included when appropriate.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Length of Training</title>
      <p>To become a cardiologist in Brazil, the first step is to obtain a medical degree. After finishing high school, the student must apply for a highly competitive entrance exam (called &#8220;vestibular&#8221;) and be admitted to a medical degree course, which lasts six years. The following step is a two-year internal medicine residency and, finally, the general cardiology residency (named Fellowship in some countries, such as the USA), which lasts two more years. To be a specialist in a field of cardiology, additional training is required. For example, for training in imaging techniques (echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, nuclear medicine, etc.), usually one or two additional years are necessary for each track. The same amount of time is normally required for some clinical subspecialties, such as Acute Coronary Care, and two years are mandatory for Interventional cardiology. For Heart Failure and Transplantation, one extra year is required. In summary, to become a Cardiologist in Brazil one needs to complete four (General Cardiologist) to six (General Cardiologist with a subspecialty training) years of postgraduate medical education. It is important to note that the National Board of Medical Residency (&#8220;<italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica</italic>&#8221; - CNRM) supervises the residency training (as will be discussed later) and some (but not all) of the subspecialties training programs.</p>
      <p>When comparing education and training lengths between developed and developing countries, important differences are observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Ten years are required to become a general cardiologist in Brazil (which is similar to most countries in Latin America).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the USA, internal medicine residency and cardiology Fellowship usually last three years each. Adding that to the period in the undergraduate degree program and in Medical School (eight years), the total post-secondary education time to become a cardiologist in the USA is 14 years. In Germany, three years of internal medicine residency training and three years of cardiology residency training are required (12 years in total). There are also differences in patterns of work shifts across the countries, which may influence the real time spent in training. Post-call day-off, for example, is a common practice in the USA and Canada, while in Brazil the resident is allowed six hours of rest (instead of the whole day) following a night-shift work. After the completion of the whole educational program straightly, that is, without interruptions for conscription, or extra or sabbatical years, a doctor will be able to become a cardiologist approximately at the age of 28 in Brazil, 33 in the USA and 31 in Germany.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Length of cardiology residency trainings in selected countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Country</th>
              <th align="center">Continent</th>
              <th align="center">Graduation (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Previous training length (ys) (e.g.: internal medicine)</th>
              <th align="center">Cardiology residency program (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Total length (years)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Australia</td>
              <td align="center">Oceania</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">South Am.</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Canada</td>
              <td align="center">North Am.</td>
              <td align="center">7 or 8</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13 or 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">France</td>
              <td align="center">Europe</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Germany</td>
              <td align="center">Europe</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spain</td>
              <td align="center">Europe</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UK</td>
              <td align="center">Europe</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">4 or 5</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">14 or 15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">USA</td>
              <td align="center">North Am.</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Am.: America. Data obtained from each country's official legislation or decree on medical training and/or National Cardiovascular Society</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Another example of a lengthy training process can be observed in the United Kingdom. After finishing medical school (usually five years), the trainee must complete a two-year Foundation Program, followed by the Core Medical Training (two years) or Acute Care Common Stem (three years). After that, the trainee is finally able to go through the specialty training in cardiology. That is comprised of three initials years of Core Cardiology Training and two years of advanced training in specialist area modules. During the three initial years, the emphasis is given to acute cardiovascular care and basic procedural techniques. For the last two years, most of the time is spent in one or more of these fields of practice: interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, non-invasive imaging, adult congenital heart disease or heart failure. Counting all those years together, a total of 14 or 15 years is required to become a cardiologist in the UK. Of note, after the completion of this pathway, not all cardiologists will have the same amount of knowledge in every area, since the curriculum for the last years is flexible to the individual&#8217;s interest. Additional years may be necessary for those doing part-time training, or for dual certification in cardiology and internal medicine, or for combining out-of-program research (by doing a research fellowship in another institution, for example) or extra training in subspecialties of cardiovascular care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Clearly, the duration of training to become a cardiologist is not uniform across countries, and there is not a definitive standard of practice. It depends not only on the total amount of knowledge and practical skills that the professional needs to acquire, but also on the country&#8217;s social and economic conditions, since having more training years increases educational expenses. As a general guidance, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) endorses the period of three years for training in general cardiology while the European Society of Cardiology recommends a four-year term, despite important variations among European countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Using a comparative approach only, it is not possible to accurately state that the same length of training in these countries would be applicable to the Brazilian reality. It may be the case that medical residents in Brazil spend more time in service during the two-year residency and oversee more patients. Conversely, the amount of knowledge in cardiology has increased dramatically in the last decades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and it seems unlikely that a resident in cardiology resident in Brazil would be able to master the necessary knowledge and abilities in a 2-year training duration. As a result, there is an ongoing discussion in Brazil to have a single focused year of internal medicine training (instead of the current two years, as in France and Spain) before starting a new model of a 3-year cardiology residency.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Required competencies and training schedule</title>
      <p>To better understand how knowledge is acquired, one may also look at the core rotations trainees must complete. The government sector responsible for the coordination of medical training throughout Brazil is the Ministry of Education (with active participation of the Ministry of Health), and the CNRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The CNRM was founded in 1977 and has made several improvements to the medical residency, as follow:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Regulation of work hours: currently, a medical resident in Brazil (of any specialty) should work up to 60 hours per week, with no more than 24 hours of in-hospital shift activities (in-home on-call is not permitted);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Wages and salaries: the resident doctor is paid monthly by the Government (Federal, State, or County) or by a private institution. All residents receive the same amount, regardless of the year of training or the field of training (currently there are 53 different medical specialties officially recognized in Brazil). Usually, no extra payment is granted for night shifts. Housing and food assistance are commonly offered, especially for those in greater need. Working at night shifts outside the residency program (&#8220;moonlighting&#8221;) and &#8220;locuming&#8221; are not prohibited, as long as they do not interfere with the residency program;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Training supervision: the definition of residency is &#8220;training at service under supervision&#8221;, which means that the resident must be overseen by an attending physician at all time, including night, weekend and holiday shifts.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Once the CNRM requirements are fulfilled, each program has the flexibility to adapt the program according to the local reality. For cardiology, CNRM requires the trainee to spend at least half of the total training time in inpatient care, in the emergency department, wards or coronary care units (CCU). Around one-fifth of the training time must be dedicated to outpatient clinics, and at least 5% of the time should be spent learning diagnostic methods. Congenital heart disease and post-operative care are also considered mandatory rotations for all cardiology trainees.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Importantly, as in North America and some European countries, cardiology residency programs in Brazil are planning to implement a &#8220;competency-based curriculum&#8221;. This approach is focused on evaluating the trainees according to specific learner outcomes, with emphasis on a formative, instead of a summative assessment, leaving behind the traditional time-based curriculum and passive learning methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The discussions are still ongoing, and it will probably take some time until the new proposal is fully implemented in Brazil.</p>
      <p>In the USA, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) oversees training programs across the country and establishes general basic requirements for training sites and educators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The ACC also publishes the Core Cardiovascular Training Statement, currently in the fourth version (COCATS 4), with recommendations for levels of trainings and milestones within each component of the cardiovascular training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Both documents from the ACC and ACGME are aligned to and focused on competency-based learning. The general core competencies are: patient care; medical knowledge; practice-based learning and improvement; interpersonal communication skills; professionalism; and system-based practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Of note, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (BSC) also published a guideline for cardiovascular training in the Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Canada, cardiology training programs are supervised by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Along the three-year cardiology Residency Program, the minimum requirements comprehend: 15 training blocks of clinical residency (CCU, wards, consults, clinics), 15 blocks of laboratory-based residency (cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology, nuclear cardiology, echocardiography), two research blocks, and four blocks of electives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Additionally, clinical and academic contents of the program must fulfill all of the CanMEDS roles for the cardiology specialty. CanMEDS is a &#8220;framework that identifies and describes the abilities physicians require to effectively meet the healthcare needs of the people they serve&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> According to CanMEDS, medical competencies are grouped under seven key roles: medical expert, communicator, collaborator, leader, health advocate, scholar and professional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Training programs are supposed to offer their trainees opportunities to master each one of these roles in the scope of practice. Canada is also moving towards implementing a competency-based medical education curriculum for all residency programs, through the &#8220;Competence by Design&#8221; initiative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This is based on milestones to be achieved as the resident advances through the training program, from the entrance in the residency program until the transition to the unsupervised medical practice. The target year for Canadian cardiology Residency programs to launch the &#8220;Competence by Design&#8221; is 2020. In Spain, trainees gain access to the cardiology Residency via the MIR test (&#8220;M&#233;dico Interno Residente&#8221;), right after leaving medical school, and the training lasts five years. In the first year, most of the rotations are usually related to internal medicine. In the second year, activities are divided between CCU, cardiology wards and consults. The third year is dedicated to non-invasive tests, such as echocardiography and cardiac stress tests. In the fourth year, around six months should be spent in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and 4 months in an electrophysiology service. The last year has a more flexible curriculum, at the discretion of each hospital. Residents may rotate on areas such as congenital heart disease and heart transplantation and/or can spend more time doing research and elective rotations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When compared to trainees from North America and some European countries, medical residents in Brazil spend less time in non-invasive tests and in the catheterization laboratory, since those abilities are developed in depth by those who choose to pursue further training in these subspecialties. Training in North America and Europe generally includes completing mandatory, procedural logs and documentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In addition, in Brazil, little emphasis is given to research, contrary to countries with longer training length.</p>
      <p>Residency training programs in Brazil are aimed at practical aspects of cardiology (around 80% of the time), and didactic activities, such as lectures, seminars, etc., are developed in the remaining 20% of total time. Again, changing the residency program duration from two to three years, would also contribute to a better training in important areas, such as research, among others.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Availability and distribution of training centers</title>
      <p>In Brazil, in 2017, 502 new residents<sup>a</sup> started their training in 167 cardiology Programs, unevenly distributed throughout the regions of the country (average of 0.24 medical residents/100,000 inhabitants);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the respective numbers for the USA (2016/2017 period) were 855 new cardiology Fellows in 193 Programs (0.26 new medical residents/100,000 inhabitants).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, the proportion of Cardiologists/100,000 inhabitants in both countries is, respectively, 7.47 for Brazil and 6.83 for the USA <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>, <sup>b</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between Brazil and the USA (without Puerto Rico) regarding Cardiology Residency (Fellowship) Program distribution. Inhab.: inhabitants.<sup>d</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0768-90212-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In Canada, there are 15 cardiology Residency Programs. A total of 58 new residents (PGY-4, postgraduate year four in the Canadian numerical scheme) started their training in Adult cardiology in the 2016/2017 period (0.16 new residents/100,000 inhabitants), most of them (50 residents) receiving regular government funding (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Most of the programs are held in the provinces of Ontario (21 new cardiology residents within five programs), and Quebec (16 new cardiology residents within four programs), especially in the cities of Toronto and Montreal, respectively. Canada is a large country territory-wise, but with the vast majority of its 35 million inhabitants living within 100 miles of the USA border.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Geographical representation of all Cardiology training programs in Canada. 1: University of British Columbia (Vancouver, BC); 2: University of Calgary (Calgary, AB); 3: University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB); 4: University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, SK); 5: University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, MB); 6: University of Western Ontario (London, ON); 7: McMaster University (Hamilton, ON); 8: University of Toronto (Toronto, ON); 9: Queen&#8217;s University (Kingston, Ontario); 10: University of Ottawa (Ottawa, ON); 11: McGuill University (Montreal, QC); 12: Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al (Montreal, QC); 13: Universit&#233; de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, QC); 14: Universit&#233; Laval (Quebec City); 15: Dalhousie University (Halifax, NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0768-90212-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Brazil also has significant variability in population density and financial resources across the country and, consequently, the distribution of the residency programs is very unequal, and most of the programs are held in institutions of the South and the Southeast regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In fact, a single State out of the total 26, the S&#227;o Paulo State, supports more than one-third of all available positions in the whole country. This reflects the distribution of the medical schools in these areas; the Southeast region concentrates most of the medical schools, while the North region, occupied mainly by the Amazon rainforest and with the smallest population density in the country, exhibits the smallest number of medical schools and cardiology Residency programs. In the USA, the distribution of the Residency Programs in cardiology is also unequal, but not like Brazil. Despite having the smallest geographical area, the US Northeast region houses the majority of positions, and the New York State alone concentrates approximately one-eighth of them all.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Creating more training programs and facilities in more distant locations in Brazil could help improve cardiovascular care in the inner regions of the country. Local authorities have been working on this issue during the past years, but with limited success.</p>
      <p>Board certification</p>
      <p>Each country has a method to certify that a doctor is legally recognized as a specialist in a field. In the USA, the American Board of Internal Medicine is the agency responsible for offering physicians the certification in cardiovascular care. In Europe, each nation has its own agency, such as the Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board in the United Kingdom and the &#8220;College National des Enseignants de Cardiologie&#8221; in France. To date, there is not a single, unified European examination valid for all countries, although some initiatives have been proposed. In Brazil, after finishing the residency, the doctor is automatically certified by the CNRM and Federal Council of Medicine as a Cardiologist. Additionally, to be certified as a Cardiologist by the Brazilian Medical Association, the physician must apply for the BSC exam, which consists of a written examination, applied once a year, during the BSC National Congress. If approved, this professional will be certified by the BSC, Brazilian Medical Association and by the Federal Council of Medicine.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, besides the residency programs supervised by the CNRM, there are 20 programs, accredited and supervised by the BSC (not by the CNRM) throughout the country.<sup>c</sup> In general, the core curriculum is similar to the CNRM programs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> but some differences should be noted: 1) in the BSC training programs no salary is paid to the trainee and 2) no automatic certification is granted by the Federal Council of Medicine; the trainees must undergo the BSC Board Certification test in order to be certified as a Cardiologist.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Final comments</title>
      <p>The model of the medical residency programs reflects the socioeconomic conditions, and the organization of the educational and health systems of each country. A limitation of the present text is the lack of data in the literature describing and comparing different cardiology training programs around the globe. This impairs our ability to make a more evidence-based comparison and many inferences presented in this manuscript are derived from the authors&#8217; opinions and experiences. With these points in mind, in our understanding the main strengths of the cardiology Residency Programs in Brazil are: 1) one centralized national coordination (CNRM), responsible for the supervision and the rules that are valid for all programs; 2) the rigorous selection process candidates must go through to advance to the next level of training. On the other hand, this international perspective identifies opportunities for improvement, such as the fact that two years for training in General cardiology is likely too short, given the complexity of modern cardiology.</p>
      <p>In countries like Brazil, with huge regional differences, it is imperative to make proposals for an equal provision of good Medicine all over the country. Yet, given the differences observed among the cardiology Residency Programs worldwide, it would be very useful if our professional governing bodies defined a minimum standardized curriculum for the training of new Cardiologists, considering the characteristics of the country. Possibly, a three-year residency, with a competency-based curriculum, offering a balanced amount of patient care, procedures and diagnostic test training, organized in time-limited rotations and longitudinal activities (such as an integrated outpatient clinic), and a time dedicated to research, would be a starting point for discussion about harmonization of the residency programs. Further, it would be important that medical societies across the world recognize these training differences, so that they could tailor educational programs in cardiology (including scientific meetings and conferences) for the needs of the developing world. Besides giving better care to our underserved population, these initiatives would facilitate collaboration and exchange experiences with cardiologists internationally.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the development of an international standardized minimum curriculum for the cardiology residency training programs, to be customized according to individual country characteristics, would be very useful and promote exchange of experience internationally. In our opinion, the cardiology training in Brazil needs to be improved based on the programs conducted in developed countries. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary an urgent mobilization of different sectors of the cardiology community, such as the cardiology Residency programs, the BSC, and the CNRM, among others.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
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            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women&#180;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau,</bold> Unidade de Coronariopatia Aguda (UCCA) do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2 andar, sala 12. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Godoy LC, Farkouh ME, Manta ICKA, Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Godoy LC, Manta ICKA, Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Godoy LC, Farkouh ME, Manta ICKA, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Furtado RHM, Yu EHC, Gun C, Nicolau JC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Godoy LC, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Existe enorme varia&#231;&#227;o nos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no mundo. Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, tal como o Brasil, encontrar o equil&#237;brio correto entre melhorias nos programas de resid&#234;ncia e condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas do pa&#237;s pode ser uma tarefa dif&#237;cil. Aumentar a dura&#231;&#227;o dos programas ou o n&#250;mero de est&#225;gios obrigat&#243;rios, por exemplo, pode ter um custo elevado e n&#227;o ter um impacto imediato na melhoria do cuidado do paciente ou na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Neste texto, comparamos o sistema de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia brasileiro com outras propostas implementadas em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos da Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa, com objetivo de indicar quest&#245;es para discuss&#245;es futuras. Apresentamos fatores como rod&#237;zios por est&#225;gios e compet&#234;ncias, dura&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o dos programas pelos pa&#237;ses. O n&#250;mero de alunos no primeirs ano de Resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia por n&#250;mero de habitantes &#233; similar entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos (0,24 m&#233;dicos residentes/100 mil habitantes no Brasil e 0,26 m&#233;dicos residentes/100 mil habitantes nos EUA). Esses n&#250;meros devem ser analisados considerando a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos programas pelo pa&#237;s, uma vez que a maioria dos centros localiza-se nas regi&#245;es sul e sudeste do pa&#237;s. A exist&#234;ncia de mais programas de resid&#234;ncia em &#225;reas distantes melhoraria o cuidado cardiovascular nessas &#225;reas. O per&#237;odo de treinamento &#233; menor no Brasil (dois anos) em compara&#231;&#227;o a pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos (&gt;3 anos). Os programas de resid&#234;ncia no Brasil d&#227;o menos &#234;nfase em pesquisa cient&#237;fica e m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. O estabelecimento de exig&#234;ncias m&#237;nimas que sejam padronizadas a todos os pa&#237;ses facilitaria o desenvolvimento de oportunidades de aprendizagem e mesmo o interc&#226;mbio de profissionais pelo mundo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Acredita&#231;&#227;o de Programas</kwd>
        <kwd>Internato e Resid&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Brasil &#233; o quinto maior pa&#237;s do mundo em territ&#243;rio e em popula&#231;&#227;o, e a d&#233;cima maior economia do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim como em muitos outros pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, no Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o, e a principal causa de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>Por outro lado, muitos cidad&#227;os brasileiros n&#227;o recebem tratamento cardiovascular adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A melhoria do treinamento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de poderia contribuir na mudan&#231;a desse cen&#225;rio; contudo, identificar quais modifica&#231;&#245;es deveriam ser feitas nos programas de treinamento em cardiologia n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil. Tra&#231;ar paralelos entre programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Brasil e programas de outros pa&#237;ses poderia ajudar a identificar poss&#237;veis alvos para a melhoria desses programas. No entanto, h&#225; poucas publica&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis com foco em programas de treinamento em cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram 1) descrever um ponto de vista, n&#227;o sistem&#225;tico, comparando o sistema de treinamento no Brasil com o de alguns pa&#237;ses europeus e da Am&#233;rica do Norte; 2) apresentar, brevemente, o programa de treinamento em cardiologia realizado no Brasil a leitores internacionais que possivelmente n&#227;o estejam familiarizados com ele. Realizou-se uma busca na base de dados do PubMed por artigos publicados at&#233; fevereiro de 2018, utilizando-se as seguintes palavras-chaves: &#8220;<italic>Cardiology Residency</italic>&#8221; e &#8220;<italic>Cardiology Training</italic>&#8221; nos pa&#237;ses pr&#233;-determinados, escritos nos idiomas ingl&#234;s, espanhol ou portugu&#234;s. Documentos oficiais (posicionamentos, documentos legais) de sociedades de cardiologia ou de organiza&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas pertinentes a este t&#243;pico tamb&#233;m foram revisados e citados. A escolha dos pa&#237;ses foi feita com base na disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura. Dada a natureza do presente artigo, e a escassez de dados publicados, opini&#245;es de autores tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das quando apropriado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento</title>
        <p>Para se tornar um cardiologista no Brasil, o primeiro passo &#233; se formar em Medicina. Ap&#243;s terminar o ensino m&#233;dio, o estudante deve prestar um vestibular muito concorrido para ingressar em um curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina, o qual tem dura&#231;&#227;o de seis anos. O passo seguinte &#233; a resid&#234;ncia em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e, finalmente, a resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia (chamado de <italic>fellowship</italic> em alguns pa&#237;ses, como nos EUA), que dura dois anos. Para se tornar um especialista em uma &#225;rea espec&#237;fica da cardiologia, &#233; necess&#225;rio mais treinamento. Por exemplo, para treinamento em t&#233;cnicas de imagens (ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, medicina nuclear, etc.), geralmente s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais um ou dois anos para cada ramo. O mesmo tempo &#233; normalmente necess&#225;rio para algumas subespecialidades, tais como coronariopatia aguda, e dois anos s&#227;o mandat&#243;rios para cardiologia Intervencionista. Para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante, &#233; necess&#225;rio um ano a mais. Em resumo, para se tornar um cardiologista no Brasil, &#233; necess&#225;rio completar de quatro (cardiologia cl&#237;nica) a seis (cardiologia cl&#237;nica com treinamento na subespecialidade) anos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina. Vale ressaltar que a Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica (CNRM) supervisiona a resid&#234;ncia (conforme ser&#225; discutido adiante) e alguns (mas n&#227;o todos) os programas de treinamento das subespecialidades.</p>
        <p>Ao comparar o per&#237;odo total de ensino e de treinamento entre pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, s&#227;o observadas diferen&#231;as importantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Dez anos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para se tornar um cardiologista (sem subespecialidade) no Brasil, o que &#233; semelhante &#224; maioria dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nos EUA, a resid&#234;ncia em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e a resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia dura geralmente tr&#234;s anos cada. Somando isso ao per&#237;odo de gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina nos EUA (oito anos), o tempo total de educa&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-ensino m&#233;dio para se tornar um cardiologista nos EUA &#233; de 14 anos. Na Alemanha, s&#227;o exigidos tr&#234;s anos de resid&#234;ncia em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e mais tr&#234;s anos de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia (12 anos no total). Tamb&#233;m existem diferen&#231;as nos turnos de trabalho entre os pa&#237;ses, o que pode influenciar o tempo real em treinamento. Por exemplo, nos EUA e no Canad&#225;, o residente tem direito a um dia inteiro de folga p&#243;s-plant&#227;o, enquanto, no Brasil, o residente tem direito e a seis horas de descanso ap&#243;s um turno noturno de trabalho. Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o de todo o programa educacional sem interrup&#231;&#245;es, tais como alistamento militar, ano sab&#225;tico ou outros, um m&#233;dico se tornar&#225; um cardiologista aos 28 anos no Brasil, 33 nos EUA e 31 na Alemanha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o dos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia nos pa&#237;ses selecionados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Pa&#237;s</th>
                <th align="center">Continente</th>
                <th align="center">Gradua&#231;&#227;o (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento pr&#233;vio (anos) (por exemplo: resid&#234;ncia em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica)</th>
                <th align="center">Resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Total (anos)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alemanha</td>
                <td align="center">Europa</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Austr&#225;lia</td>
                <td align="center">Oceania</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Canad&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                <td align="center">7 ou 8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13 ou 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espanha</td>
                <td align="center">Europa</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EUA</td>
                <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fran&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Europa</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reino Unido</td>
                <td align="center">Europa</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4 ou 5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14 ou 15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados obtidos da legisla&#231;&#227;o ou decreto oficial sobre resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e/ou Sociedade Nacional de Cardiologia de cada pa&#237;s</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Outro exemplo de um longo processo de treinamento pode ser observado no Reino Unido. Ap&#243;s finalizar a gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina (geralmente cinco anos), o estudante deve completar dois anos de um programa b&#225;sico/geral, chamado de <italic>Foundation Programm</italic>, seguido de treinamento em uma especialidade, o <italic>Core Medical Training</italic> (dois anos) ou <italic>Acute Care Common Stem</italic> (tr&#234;s anos). Ap&#243;s esses programas, o residente pode ent&#227;o passar pelo treinamento na especialidade de cardiologia, o qual consiste em tr&#234;s anos de cardiologia geral (<italic>Core Cardiology Training</italic>) e dois anos de treinamento em subespecialidades (<italic>specialist area modules</italic>). No Core Cardiology Training, a &#234;nfase &#233; dada aos cuidados agudos e a t&#233;cnicas b&#225;sicas de procedimentos. Nos dois anos seguintes, a maior parte do tempo &#233; destinada a uma ou mais dessas principais &#225;reas: cardiologia intervencionista, eletrofisiologia, m&#233;todos de imagns n&#227;o-invasivos, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita no adulto, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Somando-se todos esses anos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios 14-15 anos para se tornar um cardiologista no Reino Unido. Vale observar que, ap&#243;s essas etapas, nem todos os cardiologistas ter&#227;o o mesmo conhecimento em uma determinada &#225;rea, uma vez que o curr&#237;culo dos &#250;ltimos anos &#233; flex&#237;vel ao interesse individual. Mais anos podem ser necess&#225;rios &#224;queles que realizam treinamento em tempo parcial, que buscam dupla certifica&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia e em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, &#224;queles que realizam pesquisa fora do programa de resid&#234;ncia (programa de pesquisa em outra institui&#231;&#227;o por exemplo), ou que realizam treinamento adicional em subespecialidades da cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento para se tornar um cardiologista n&#227;o &#233; uniforme entre os pa&#237;ses, e n&#227;o existe um padr&#227;o definitivo da pr&#225;tica. Isso depende n&#227;o somente da quantidade total de conhecimento e habilidades pr&#225;ticas que o profissional necessita adquirir, mas tamb&#233;m das condi&#231;&#245;es sociais e econ&#244;micas do pa&#237;s, uma vez que um maior tempo em treinamento requer mais gastos com educa&#231;&#227;o. Como uma orienta&#231;&#227;o geral, o <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) recomenda um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos para treinamento em cardiologia geral e a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> recomenda quatro anos, apesar de importantes varia&#231;&#245;es entre os pa&#237;ses europeus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Utilizando-se apenas uma abordagem comparativa, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar, com precis&#227;o, que a mesma dura&#231;&#227;o de treinamento nesses pa&#237;ses seria aplic&#225;vel &#224; realidade brasileira. &#201; poss&#237;vel que residentes m&#233;dicos no Brasil passem mais tempo em servi&#231;o durante os dois anos de resid&#234;ncia e cuidem de um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes. Por outro lado, o conhecimento em cardiologia aumentou drasticamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel que um residente em cardiologia no Brasil domine todo o conhecimento e habilidades necess&#225;rias em um per&#237;odo de dois anos. Consequentemente, existe uma discuss&#227;o no pa&#237;s em mudar o programa de resid&#234;ncia para um ano com foco em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica (em vez dos atuais dois anos, assim como na Fran&#231;a e na Espanha) mais tr&#234;s anos em cardiologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compet&#234;ncias necess&#225;rias e rod&#237;zios de treinamento</title>
        <p>Para melhor compreender como o conhecimento &#233; adquirido, deve-se observar tamb&#233;m os est&#225;gios que os residentes devem completar. O setor governamental respons&#225;vel pela coordena&#231;&#227;o do treinamento m&#233;dico em todo o Brasil &#233; o Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o (com participa&#231;&#227;o importante do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de), e a CNRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A CNRM foi fundada em 1977 e realizou importantes melhorias na resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, tais como:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Regulariza&#231;&#227;o da carga hor&#225;ria de trabalho: atualmente, o m&#233;dico residente no Brasil (de qualquer especialidade) deve trabalhar por at&#233; 60 horas por semana, em turnos m&#225;ximos de 24 horas (trabalho em &#8220;sobreaviso&#8221; n&#227;o &#233; permitido);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Valor da hora trabalhada e dos sal&#225;rios: o m&#233;dico residente recebe um sal&#225;rio mensal do governo (federal, estadual ou municipal) ou da institui&#231;&#227;o privada. Todos os residentes recebem o mesmo valor, independentemente do ano ou &#225;rea de treinamento (atualmente existem 53 especialidades m&#233;dicas reconhecidas no Brasil). Geralmente, o residente n&#227;o recebe pagamento adicional por plant&#245;es noturnos. Normalmente, &#233; oferecida assist&#234;ncia de moradia e alimenta&#231;&#227;o, especialmente &#224;queles com maior necessidade. Trabalhos em turnos noturnos fora do programa de resid&#234;ncia (empregos secund&#225;rios ou &#8220;ou passar visita para outros m&#233;dicos&#8221;) n&#227;o s&#227;o proibidos, desde que n&#227;o interfiram com o programa de resid&#234;ncia;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Supervis&#227;o de treinamento: a defini&#231;&#227;o de resid&#234;ncia &#233; &#8220;treinamento em servi&#231;o sob supervis&#227;o&#8221;, o que significa que o m&#233;dico residente deve ser supervisionado por um m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel em tempo integral, incluindo em plant&#245;es noturnos, de fins de semana e feriados.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Uma vez que as exig&#234;ncias da CNRM s&#227;o atendidas, cada programa tem a flexibilidade para adaptar o programa de acordo com a realidade local. Em cardiologia, a CNRM exige que o residente passe no m&#237;nimo metade do tempo de treinamento no cuidado do paciente internado, nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, em enfermarias ou unidades coronarianas. Aproximadamente um quinto do per&#237;odo de resid&#234;ncia deve ser dedicado a ambulat&#243;rios, e no m&#237;nimo 5% do tempo aprendendo m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e cuidado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m s&#227;o considerados est&#225;gios obrigat&#243;rios a todos os residentes em cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Vale ressaltar que, assim como na Am&#233;rica do Norte e em pa&#237;ses europeus, os programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Brasil planejam implementar um &#8220;curr&#237;culo por compet&#234;ncias&#8221;. Essa abordagem tem como foco a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos residentes segundo desfechos espec&#237;ficos, com base em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o formativa em vez de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o somativa, deixando para tr&#225;s o tradicional curr&#237;culo baseado em tempo e a metodologia de aprendizagem passiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As discuss&#245;es ainda est&#227;o ocorrendo, e provavelmente ainda levar&#225; um tempo para que a nova proposta seja implementada no Brasil.</p>
        <p>Nos EUA, o Conselho de Credenciamento para a P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica (ACGME, <italic>Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</italic>) supervisiona programas de treinamento em todo o pa&#237;s e estabelece exig&#234;ncias b&#225;sicas para os locais de treinamento e educadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O ACC tamb&#233;m publica diretrizes para o treinamento em medicina cardiovascular, o <italic>Core Cardiovascular Training Statement</italic>, atualmente em sua quarta vers&#227;o (COCATS 4), com recomenda&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis de treinamento e marcos importantes em cada componente do treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os documentos do ACC e do ACGME est&#227;o alinhados e t&#234;m como foco a aprendizagem baseada em compet&#234;ncia. As compet&#234;ncias principais s&#227;o: cuidado do paciente; conhecimento m&#233;dico; aprendizagem e aprimoramento baseados na pr&#225;tica; habilidades de comunica&#231;&#227;o interpessoal; profissionalismo e pr&#225;tica baseada no sistema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Vale ressaltar que a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) tamb&#233;m publicou uma diretriz para o treinamento m&#233;dico em cardiologia no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Canad&#225;, os programas de treinamento em cardiologia s&#227;o supervisionados pelo <italic>Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada</italic>. As exig&#234;ncias m&#237;nimas durante o programa de resid&#234;ncia em Cardilogia, com duara&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s anos, s&#227;o - 15 est&#225;gios na resid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica (unidade coronariana, enfermarias, interconsulta, ambulat&#243;rio), 15 est&#225;gios em laborat&#243;rio (cateterismo card&#237;aco, eletrofisiologia, cardiologia nuclear, ecocardiografia), dois est&#225;gios em pesquisa e quatro est&#225;gios eletivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Al&#233;m disso, conte&#250;dos cl&#237;nicos e acad&#234;micos do programa devem preencher todas as fun&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas pelo CanMEDS para a especialidade de cardiologia. O CanMEDS &#233; uma estrutura que identifica e descreve as habilidades necess&#225;rias para que os m&#233;dicos atinjam as necessidades em sa&#250;de das pessoas atendidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> De acordo com o CanMEDS, as compet&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas est&#227;o agrupadas em sete principais papeis: especialista m&#233;dico, comunicador, colaborador, l&#237;der, defensor da sa&#250;de, acad&#234;mico e profissional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os programas de resid&#234;ncia devem oferecer aos alunos oportunidades para dominarem cada um desses papeis na pr&#225;tica. O Canad&#225; tamb&#233;m tende a implementar um curr&#237;culo na educa&#231;&#227;o em medicina baseado em compet&#234;ncia para todos os programas de resid&#234;ncia, por meio da iniciativa &#8220;<italic>Competence by Design</italic>&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Essa baseia-se nas etapas a serem alcan&#231;adas &#224; medida que o residente avan&#231;a pelo programa, desde a entrada no programa de resid&#234;ncia at&#233; a transi&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica sem supervis&#227;o. Os programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia do Canad&#225; pretendem lan&#231;ar o &#8220;<italic>Competence by Design</italic>&#8221; em 2020. Na Espanha, os alunos residentes t&#234;m acesso &#224; resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia por meio do exame MIR &#8220;<italic>M&#233;dico Interno Residente&#8221;</italic>, logo ap&#243;s concluir a gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina. A resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia tem dura&#231;&#227;o de cinco anos. No primeiro ano, a maioria dos est&#225;gios est&#227;o relacionados &#224; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica. No segundo ano, as atividades s&#227;o dividias em Unidade Coronariana, enfermaria e consultas. O terceiro ano &#233; dedicado a testes n&#227;o invasivos, tais como ecocardiografia e teste de estresse card&#237;aco. No quarto ano, o residente deve passar aproximadamente seis meses no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco e quatro meses em um servi&#231;o de eletrofisiologia. O &#250;ltimo ano tem uma grade curricular mais flex&#237;vel, a crit&#233;rio de cada hospital. Os residentes devem fazer rod&#237;zio em &#225;reas tais como doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita e transplante card&#237;aco e/ou passar mais tempo em pesquisa e est&#225;gios eletivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o a residentes da Am&#233;rica do Norte e alguns pa&#237;ses europeus, os m&#233;dicos residentes do Brasil passam menos tempo em testes n&#227;o invasivos e no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, uma vez que essas habilidades s&#227;o treinadas com mais profundidade por aqueles que escolhem essas subespecialidades. O treinamento na Am&#233;rica do Norte e na Europa geralmente inclui o preenchimento de documenta&#231;&#227;o e descri&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ainda, no Brasil, pouca &#234;nfase &#233; dada &#224; pesquisa, ao contr&#225;rio do que se observa em pa&#237;ses em que os programas de resid&#234;ncia s&#227;o mais longos.</p>
        <p>Os programas de resid&#234;ncia no Brasil t&#234;m como foco aspectos pr&#225;ticos da cardiologia (cerca de 80% do tempo); enquanto atividades did&#225;ticas, tais como palestras, semin&#225;rios, e outros, s&#227;o realizadas nos 20% restante do tempo. A proposta sob discuss&#227;o de modificar o tempo de resid&#234;ncia de dois para tr&#234;s anos certamente contribuiria para um melhor treinamento em &#225;reas importantes, como pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Disponibilidade e distribui&#231;&#227;o de centros de treinamento</title>
        <p>No Brasil, em 2017, 502 novos residentes<sup>a</sup> iniciaram a resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia em 167 programas, distribu&#237;dos de forma irregular pelas regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s (m&#233;dia de 0,24 m&#233;dico residente/100 000 habitantes);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> os n&#250;meros respectivos para os EUA para o per&#237;odo de 2016/2017 foram 855 novos residentes em cardiologia em 193 programas (0,26 m&#233;dico residente/100 000 habitantes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Contudo, a propor&#231;&#227;o de cardiologistas/100 000 habitantes em ambos os pa&#237;ses &#233; de 7,47 para o Brasil e 6,83 para os EUA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, <sup>b</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos (sem Porto Rico).<sup>b</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0768-90212-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No Canad&#225;, existem 15 programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Um total de 58 novos residentes (PGY-4 - quarto ano de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina de acordo com sistema Canadense) iniciaram o programa de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia em 2016/2017 (0,16 novos m&#233;dicos residentes/100 000 habitantes), a maioria deles (50 residentes) recebendo aux&#237;lio financeiro do governo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). A maioria dos programas s&#227;o desenvolvidos nas prov&#237;ncias de Ont&#225;rio (21 novos residentes em cardiologia em cinco programas), e de Quebec (16 novos residentes em cardiologia em quatro programas), especialmente nas cidades de Toronto e Montreal, respectivamente. Apesar de o Canad&#225; ser um vasto pa&#237;s em termos territoriais, a maioria de seus 35 milh&#245;es de habitantes vive a 100 milhas (160km) da fronteira com os EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica de todos os programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Canad&#225;. 1: Universidade da Col&#250;mbia Brit&#226;nica (Vancouver, BC); 2: Universidade de Calgary (Calgary, AB); 3: Universidade de Alberta (Edmonton, AB); 4: Universidade de Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, SK); 5: Universidade de Manitoba (Winnipeg, MB); 6: Universidade de Western Ontario (London, ON); 7: Universdiade McMaster (Hamilton, ON); 8: Universidade de Toronto (Toronto, ON); 9: Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario); 10: Universidade de Ottawa (Ottawa, ON); 11: Universidade McGuill (Montreal, QC); 12: Universidade de Montr&#233;al (Montreal, QC); 13: Universidade de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, QC); 14: Universidade Laval (Quebec City); 15: Universidade Dalhousie (Halifax, NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0768-90212-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O Brasil tamb&#233;m apresenta uma variabilidade significativa na densidade populacional e recursos financeiros pelo pa&#237;s e, consequentemente, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos programas de resid&#234;ncia &#233; bastante desigual, e a maioria dos programas s&#227;o conduzidos em institui&#231;&#245;es das regi&#245;es sul e sudeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). De fato, um &#250;nico estado de um total de 26, o estado de S&#227;o Paulo, concentra mais de um ter&#231;o das vagas dispon&#237;veis de todo o pa&#237;s. Esse fato reflete a distribui&#231;&#227;o das escolas m&#233;dicas nessas &#225;reas; a regi&#227;o sudeste concentra a maioria das escolas m&#233;dicas, enquanto a regi&#227;o norte, ocupada principalmente pela floresta Amaz&#244;nica e com a menor densidade populacional do pa&#237;s, apresenta o menor n&#250;mero de escolas m&#233;dicas e programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Nos EUA, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia tamb&#233;m &#233; desigual, mas n&#227;o como no Brasil. Apesar de apresentar a menor &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica, &#233; na regi&#227;o nordeste dos EUA que se concentra a maioria das vagas, e cerca de um oitavo delas encontra-se somente no estado de Nova Iorque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A cria&#231;&#227;o de mais programas de resid&#234;ncia e infraestrutura em localidades mais distantes no Brasil contribuiria para melhorar o cuidado cardiovascular em regi&#245;es do interior do pa&#237;s. Autoridades locais t&#234;m trabalhado nessa quest&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos, mas com pouco sucesso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Certifica&#231;&#227;o do Conselho</title>
        <p>Cada pa&#237;s possui um m&#233;todo para certificar que um m&#233;dico &#233; legalmente reconhecido como especialista em uma determinada &#225;rea. Nos EUA, o <italic>American Board of Internal Medicine</italic> &#233; a ag&#234;ncia respons&#225;vel pela certifica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos no cuidado em cardiologia. Na Europa, cada pa&#237;s tem sua pr&#243;pria ag&#234;ncia, tais como o <italic>Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board</italic> no Reino Unido e o <italic>College National des Enseignants de Cardiologie</italic> na Fran&#231;a. At&#233; o presente momento, n&#227;o existe uma avalia&#231;&#227;o unificada que seja v&#225;lida a todos os pa&#237;ses, apesar de algumas propostas tenham sido feitas. No Brasil, ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da resid&#234;ncia, o m&#233;dico est&#225; automaticamente certificado como cardiologista pela CNRM e pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina. Al&#233;m disso, para ser certificado como um cardiologista pela Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira, o m&#233;dico deve prestar a prova da SBC, que consiste em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o escrita aplicada uma vez ao ano durante o Congresso Nacional da SBC. Se aprovado, o profissional recebe a certifica&#231;&#227;o da SBC, da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira e do Conselho Federal de Medicina.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, al&#233;m dos programas de resid&#234;ncia supervisionados pela CNRM, h&#225; 20 programas, credenciados e supervisionados pela SBC (e n&#227;o pela CNRM) distribu&#237;dos pelo pa&#237;s.<sup>c</sup> O curr&#237;culo &#233; similar aos programas credenciados pela CNRM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mas algumas diferen&#231;as devem ser observadas: 1) nos programas da SBC, o residente n&#227;o recebe sal&#225;rio e 2) os residentes n&#227;o recebem automaticamente o certificado pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina, sendo necess&#225;rio prestar a prova da SBC para receberem a certifica&#231;&#227;o de cardiologista.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios finais</title>
        <p>O modelo dos programas de resid&#234;ncia reflete as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, e a organiza&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas educacionais e de sa&#250;de de cada pa&#237;s. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente texto &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de dados na literatura descrevendo e comparando os diferentes programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia ao redor do mundo. Isso nos impede de fazer uma melhor compara&#231;&#227;o baseada em evid&#234;ncia, e muitas infer&#234;ncias apresentadas neste manuscrito resultam de opini&#245;es e experi&#234;ncias dos autores. Considerando esses pontos, em nosso entendimento, os pontos fortes dos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Brasil s&#227;o: 1) a exist&#234;ncia de uma coordena&#231;&#227;o nacional centralizada (a CNRM), respons&#225;vel pela supervis&#227;o e regras v&#225;lidas a todos os programas; 2) o r&#237;gido processo de sele&#231;&#227;o a que os candidatos devem passar para avan&#231;arem ao n&#237;vel seguinte de treinamento. Por outro lado, essa perspectiva internacional identifica oportunidades para melhora, como o fato de que dois anos de treinamento em cardiologia geral seja provavelmente pouco, dada a complexidade da cardiologia moderna.</p>
        <p>Em pa&#237;ses como o Brasil, com enormes diferen&#231;as regionais, &#233; imperativo criar propostas para uma oferta igualit&#225;ria de uma Medicina de boa qualidade por todo o pa&#237;s. Ainda, dadas as grandes diferen&#231;as em v&#225;rios aspectos dos programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia, seria muito &#250;til se os &#243;rg&#227;os profissionais definissem um curr&#237;culo m&#237;nimo padr&#227;o para o treinamento de novos cardiologistas, considerando as caracter&#237;sticas do pa&#237;s. &#201; poss&#237;vel que um programa de resid&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s anos, com um curr&#237;culo baseado em compet&#234;ncia, que equilibre cuidado do paciente, procedimentos e treinamento em teste diagn&#243;sticos, organizado tanto com rod&#237;zios de tempo fixo quanto com atividades longitudinais (como ambulat&#243;rios com seguimento horizontal de pacientes), e com tempo dedicado &#224; pesquisa, seria um ponto inicial de discuss&#227;o sobre harmoniza&#231;&#227;o dos programas de resid&#234;ncia. Ainda, seria importante que sociedades m&#233;dicas de todo o mundo reconhecessem essas diferen&#231;as entre os programas, para que possam adequar os programas educacionais em cardiologia (incluindo encontros e confer&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas) &#224;s necessidades dos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Al&#233;m de prover melhor cuidado a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o carente, essas iniciativas facilitariam a colabora&#231;&#227;o e a troca de experi&#234;ncias com cardiologistas internacionalmente.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o desenvolvimento de um curr&#237;culo internacional padr&#227;o para os programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia, para ser adaptado de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas de cada pa&#237;s, seria muito &#250;til e promoveria a troca de experi&#234;ncias internacionalmente. Na nossa opini&#227;o, o treinamento em cardiologia no Brasil necessita melhorar com base nos programas conduzidos em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Para alcan&#231;ar esse objetivo, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o urgente de diferentes setores da comunidade em cardiologia, tais como programas de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia, a SBC, e a CNRM, entre outros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
