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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vHyvT5PgGGFjYkr774y7Fbn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000748</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005017102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190184</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Unfavourable Outcomes in Children and Adolescents Submitted to Surgical Mitral Valvuloplasty Secondary to Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5760-4978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Cristina Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7899-1228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4979-4425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5657-1433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3109-4727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2235-7401</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Tecnologia e ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Tecnologia e ci&#234;ncias, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Renata Cristina Castro Cruz &#8226;</bold> Rua Waldemar Falc&#227;o, 1695, apt. 1501 - Norte. Postal Code 40295-010, Horto Florestal, BA - Brazil E-mail: <email>rennatacruz@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>rennatacruz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cruz RCC, Cordeiro BS, Santos FS, Fernandes CR, Gama JMA, Ladeia AMT; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Cruz RCC, Cordeiro BS, Santos FS, Fernandes CR, Gama JMA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cruz RCC, Ladeia AMT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>748</fpage>
      <lpage>756</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mitral valve repair in paediatric patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease is superior to valve replacement and has been used with good results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify predictors of unfavourable outcomes in children and adolescents submitted to surgical mitral valvuloplasty secondary to rheumatic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective study of 54 patients under the age of 16 operated at a tertiary paediatric hospital between March 2011 and January 2017. The predictors of risk for unfavourable outcomes were: age, ejection fraction, degree of mitral insufficiency, degree of pulmonary hypertension, presence of tricuspid insufficiency, left chamber dilation, preoperative functional classification, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, duration of anoxia, presence of atrial fibrillation, and duration of vasoactive drug use. The outcomes evaluated were: death, congestive heart failure, reoperation, residual mitral regurgitation, residual mitral stenosis, stroke, bleeding and valve replacement. For all analyzes a value of p &lt; 0.05 was established as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the patients evaluated, 29 (53.7%) were female, with an average of 10.5 &#177; 3.2 years. The functional classification of 13 patients (25%) was 4. There was no death in the sample studied. The average duration of extracorporeal circulation was 62.7&#177;17.8 min, and anoxia 50 &#177; 15.7 min. The duration of use of vasoactive drug in the immediate postoperative period has an average of 1 day (interquartile interval 1-2 days). The logistic regression model was used to evaluate the predictive variables for each unfavourable outcome. The duration of use of vasoactive drug was the only independent predictor for the outcomes studied (p = 0.007). Residual mitral insufficiency was associated with reoperation (p = 0.044), whereas tricuspid insufficiency (p = 0.012) and pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.012) were associated with the presence of unfavourable outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The duration of vasoactive drug use is an independent predictor for unfavourable outcomes in the immediate and late postoperative period, while residual mitral regurgitation was associated with reoperation, and both tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension were associated with unfavourable outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension,Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Reoperation</kwd>
        <kwd>Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopathy, Rheumatic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD) consists of a non-suppurative complication of rheumatic fever (RF), with uni- or multivalvar involvement, which can lead to severe heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is estimated that each year there are 470,000 new cases of RF and 233,000 deaths attributed to RF or RHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mitral valve regurgitation is the main cause of RHD in children;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> when moderate or severe rheumatic valve disease is associated with pulmonary hypertension and left ventricular dysfunction, the development of congestive heart failure suggests the need for surgical intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Chronic rheumatic disease and its complications generated, in Brazil, 6,648 hospitalizations and a cost of BRL 73,067,919.52 in 2017 alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Problems inherent to mitral valve replacement include the need for long-term anticoagulation, risk of bleeding, thromboembolism, endocarditis and lack of growth potential of the prosthesis, which makes the mitral valve plasty (MVP) technique superior to valve replacement in pediatric patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, patients submitted to valvuloplasty had a higher reoperation rate in the short term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed to identify predictors of unfavorable outcome in children and adolescents submitted to mitral valvuloplasty secondary to rheumatic heart disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective cohort study was performed. Data were collected by reviewing information on medical records (physical and electronic). The collection was performed by four researchers after standardized training. The Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica Research Ethics Committee approved this study together with CAAE from 64019316.0.0000.5544.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>The study included 54 patients with mitral insufficiency of rheumatic etiology who underwent surgical correction by MVP technique, from March 2011 to January 2017.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preoperative evaluation</title>
        <p>Patients were clinically identified using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> All medications that patients used continuously for at least one month were recorded. Valvular lesions were assessed by preoperative transthoracic echocardiography, classifying the lesions as &#8220;absent/discrete&#8221; or &#8220;moderate/significant&#8221;. Patients who presented another cause of valve damage at the time of surgical correction by MVP (infective endocarditis; congenital, post-traumatic, degenerative lesions or dystrophic lesions; cardiomyopathies or inflammatory or ischemic disease) or who underwent aortic valve surgery or other procedures in the same surgical time of MVP or an undocumented previous MVP, or patients who did not reach 60 postoperative days until January 2017 were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical technique</title>
        <p>The reconstructive valve surgery technique was MVP, described by Carpentier,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> which includes annuloplasty and commissurotomy. The patients studied were preferably operated by the same medical team. The intraoperative data collected were: surgical technique used, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), duration of anoxia and presence of atrial fibrillation. The intraoperative outcomes studied were: arrhythmia, cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) and bleeding.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>Follow-up was carried out within 60 days after surgery, in an outpatient setting, in a single centre. The predictors of risk for unfavourable outcomes studied were: age, ejection fraction, type of valve lesion, degree of mitral insufficiency (MI), left chamber dilatation, NYHA Preoperative Functional Classification, surgical technique used, duration of CPB, duration of anoxia, presence of atrial fibrillation, presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) (sPAP &gt; 35 mmHg) and presence of tricuspid insufficiency (TI).</p>
        <p>Early (up to 7 postoperative days) and late (&gt;7 days post-operative) outcomes related to heart valve disease were studied. The following were investigated: death, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, endocarditis, mitral valve damage, sepsis, stroke, bleeding, reoperation and valve replacement. The presence of any of these outcomes alone or in combination would characterize an unfavourable outcome as a single dependent variable.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), version 14.0 for Windows, was used for the elaboration of the database and for descriptive analysis. The results were presented in tables. Categorical variables were expressed in frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation; those with non-normal distribution were expressed in median and interquartile range. The normality of the numerical variables was verified through descriptive statistics, graphical analysis and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
        <p>The independent Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare groups of numerical variables with normal distribution (age, weight, body mass index - BMI, duration of anoxia, duration of CPB, ejection fraction). The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare numerical variables with asymmetric distribution, such as duration of use of vasoactive drugs (VAD).</p>
        <p>The &#967;<sup>2</sup> test was used to compare the use of medications in the preoperative and upon hospital discharge, and the intergroup comparison of the following categorical variables: gender, origin, outpatient follow-up, reoperations, functional classification, surgical team, events during surgery, duration of extubation and echocardiographic variables. When the distribution showed n &lt; 5 individuals in each category, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used.</p>
        <p>The paired Student&#8217;s t-test was used for the numerical variable &#8220;ejection fraction&#8221; in the comparison of the paired groups (pre- and postoperative), and the McNemar test was used to compare the categorical variables of the echocardiogram. For all univariate analyses, a value of p &lt; 0.05 was established.</p>
        <p>The logistic regression model was used to evaluate the predictive variables for unfavourable outcomes in children and adolescents who underwent surgical mitral valvuloplasty secondary to rheumatic heart disease. After the univariate analysis, the independent variables were included in the logistic model if they presented p &lt; 0.05, remaining in the model if they remained significant (p &lt; 0.05). The manual procedure for insertion and withdrawal of the variables was adopted. Results were presented using Odds Ratio (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From March 2011 to January 2017, 90 patients underwent surgery by the MVP technique in the tertiary hospital where the present study was carried out. Of these, 36 were excluded, of which 7 had congenital mitral lesions (mitral dysplasia), 8 had underwent aortic valve replacement associated with MVP and 21 due to loss to follow-up or incomplete data.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the sample studied</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows clinical and demographic aspects of the 54 patients included, of which 29 (53.7%) were female, with a mean age of 10.5 &#177; 3.2 years. Of these patients, 34 (64.2%) lived on the countryside of the State of Bahia, 5 (9.4%) were from the Metropolitan Region and 14 (26.4%) were from the capital, Salvador. The mean BMI was 15.7 &#177; 3.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Prior to the surgery, 27 (51.9%) had regular outpatient follow-up. The disease duration until the surgery was a median of 8 months (interquartile range 5-36). The functional classification of 44 (81.48%) patients was between NYHA 2 and 4, with 13 (25%) being NYHA 4. None presented atrial fibrillation or had to undergo emergency surgery. There were no deaths in the sample studied.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of sociodemographic and clinical variables of 54 children and adolescents with rheumatic mitral insufficiency undergoing mitral valvuloplasty</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="65%"/>
              <col width="35%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 14.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">15.7 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Median (IQ25&#8211;IQ75)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time from disease to surgery (months)</td>
                <td align="center">8.00 (5.00&#8211;36.00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">29 (53.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">25 (46.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Origin</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Countryside</td>
                <td align="center">34 (64.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salvador</td>
                <td align="center">14 (26.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metropolitan Region</td>
                <td align="center">05 (9.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Outpatient follow-up</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">27 (51.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">25 (48.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiac insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA 1</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA 2</td>
                <td align="center">22 (40.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA 3</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA 4</td>
                <td align="center">13 (24.1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Only 3 (5.6%) patients had to undergo reoperation, all of them undergoing a single reoperation. The causes were moderate to severe aortic regurgitation, leading to valve replacement in one patient on the 23<sup>rd</sup> postoperative day, and the other on the 45<sup>th</sup>. The third patient maintained severe MI even after correction, evolving with associated severe aortic insufficiency, undergoing reoperation for aortic and mitral valve replacement on the 45<sup>th</sup> day after repair.</p>
        <p>Preoperative medications were grouped into 4 combinations: combination 1 - captopril and furosemide; combination 2 - captopril, furosemide and spironolactone; combination 3 - captopril, furosemide, spironolactone and digoxin; combination 4 - captopril, furosemide, spironolactone and carvedilol. Of these combinations, approximately half of the patients (55.8%) used combination 1. All patients had regular use of benzathine penicillin.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intraoperative data</title>
        <p>The patients underwent surgery with a standard surgical team in most cases, with only 2 procedures (3.8%) being performed by another team. The most used surgical technique was annuloplasty (96.2%), followed by commissurotomy 02 (3.8%), considering only the main procedure. There were events during surgery in 24 (44.4%) of the cases, including: severe bleeding (2), CRA (6), use of VAD (8) or others (8). The mean duration of CPB was 62.7 &#177; 17.8 min and anoxia was 50 &#177; 15.7 min. Extubation occurred within 6 hours postoperatively in 48 (92.3%) patients. The duration of VAD use in the immediate postoperative period had a median of 1 day (interquartile interval 1-2 days).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of preoperative and postoperative echocardiograms</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes the data found in the preoperative and immediate postoperative echocardiogram (up to 7 postoperative days), comparing their results. The postoperative ejection fraction was reduced when compared to the preoperative one, 54.8 &#177; 13.9% and 70.2 &#177; 8.5%, respectively, with a value of p &lt; 0.05. As for left chamber dilatation, 98% of the patients presented it preoperative and 87% postoperatively. This reduction showed p = 0.063, demonstrating a trend towards significance.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of surgical and echocardiographic variables in the preoperative and immediate postoperative periods of 54 children and adolescents with rheumatic mitral insufficiency undergoing mitral valvuloplasty</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Preoperative Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Post-operative Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of ECC (min)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">62.7 &#177; 17.8</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of anoxia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">50.0 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of VAD use (days)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 - 2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 13.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.015<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dilation of left chambers</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">06 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.063<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48 (98.0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (84.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mitral stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">46 (93.9)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (94.7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">03 (6.1)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (5.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aortic insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36 (73.5)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (78.9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26.5)</td>
                <td align="center">08 (21.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aortic stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mitral insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (84.2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48 (98.0)</td>
                <td align="center">06 (15.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tricuspid insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36 (73.5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (81.6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.508<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26.5)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (18.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pulmonary hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22.4)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (81.6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">38 (77.6)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (18.4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ECC: extracorporeal circulation; VAD: vasoactive drug;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>paired Student&#8217;s t test;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>McNemar test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the valve changes described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, moderate or significant aortic insufficiency was present in 13 (26.5%) patients in the preoperative period. In the postoperative period, only 8 (21.1%) had aortic insufficiency, but with no statistical significance (p = 1,000).</p>
        <p>Moderate or significant MI was present in 48 (98%) patients in the preoperative period. Of these, none of the patients&#8217; MI had worsened and 6 (15.8%) patients maintained moderate or significant postoperative MI (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>PH was present in 38 (77.6%) patients in the preoperative period and only 7 (18.4%) in the postoperative period. No patient progressed to PH or worsened in the postoperative period. On the other hand, 31 (81.6%) participants who had preoperative PH did not present it in the postoperative period (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis and description of outcomes</title>
        <p>The presence of outcomes in the sample was divided into outcomes in the immediate postoperative period (up to 7 days) and in the late postoperative period (up to 60 days), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Seventeen patients presented an immediate postoperative outcome, mitral lesion (stenosis and/or residual insufficiency), being present in 8 (14.8%) patients. In the late postoperative period, 16 had outcomes, and mitral regurgitation was again the most common, presented by 11 (20.4%) patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of the immediate and late outcomes (and combined outcomes) of 54 children and adolescents with rheumatic mitral disease undergoing mitral valvuloplasty</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Immediate outcome (n = 54)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">37 (68.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sepsis</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral lesion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">04 (7.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">04 (7.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding and others</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">02 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF and mitral lesion <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others and CHF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral lesion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> and others</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">02 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral lesion* and bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Late outcome (n = 54)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">38 (70.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reoperation/valve replacement (up to 30 days)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">03 (5.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral lesion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">01 (1.9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>mitral lesion: mitral stenosis and/or residual mitral insufficiency;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>n: number of participants; CHF: congestive heart failure.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The comparison between the use of medications in the preoperative period and after discharge and the outcomes did not present statistical significance, regardless of the combination used.</p>
        <p>The variables that were related to the presence of late postoperative outcome were duration of CPB and duration of anoxia, both with p &lt; 0.05. Age, weight, height, gender, origin, outpatient follow-up, disease duration until surgery, functional classification, surgical team, surgery events and duration of extubation had no statistically proven relationship.</p>
        <p>When the variables of the echocardiogram were studied in the immediate and late postoperative period, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, the relationship between the presence of outcomes with MI, TI, and PH is statistically significant. In preoperative echocardiography, no relationship of statistical significance with the outcomes was found.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between clinical and echocardiographic variables in the postoperative period with clinical outcomes in 54 children and adolescents with rheumatic mitral insufficiency undergoing mitral valvuloplasty</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="22%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Imediate postoperative period (up to 7 days)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Late postoperative period (up to 60 days)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">Yes<break/>mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">No<break/>mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Yes<break/>mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">No<break/>mean &#177; SD</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of VAD use (days)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (1.0&#8211;3.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (1.0&#8211;2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.0&#8211;3.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (1.0&#8211;2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.035<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 17.6</td>
                <td align="center">54.9 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.982<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54.5 &#177; 15.8</td>
                <td align="center">55.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.936<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dilation of left chambers</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">02 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">04 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.846<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">02 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">04 (15.4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.920<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">12 (85.7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (84.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mitral stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">12 (85.7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.057<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">10 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.094<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">02 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">00 (00.0)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">00 (00.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aortic insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">10 (71.4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.385<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">09 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (80.8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.685<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">04 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">04 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (19.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aortic stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">14 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mitral insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">09 (64.3)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (95.8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.010<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">08 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (92.3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.044<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">05 (35.7)</td>
                <td align="center">01 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">04 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (7.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tricuspid insufficiency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/discrete</td>
                <td align="center">09 (64.3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91.7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">07 (58.3)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (92.3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.012<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate/significant</td>
                <td align="center">05 (35.7)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (41.7)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (7.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pulmonary hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">09 (64.3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91.7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">07 (58.3)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (92.3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.012<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">05 (35.7)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (41.7)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (7.7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>n: number of participants; SD: standard deviation; IQ: interquartile range; VAD: vasoactive drugs;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>independent Student&#8217;s t test;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Mann-Whitney&#8217;s test;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#967;<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictive variables</title>
        <p>The predictive variables are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>. In the final model, the variable duration of VAD use was found as an independent predictor for the immediate outcome, presenting OR 2.5 (95%CI, 1.3-4.9), while no independent predictor was found for the late outcome. The duration of ECC was close to statistical significance.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictive variables for immediate and late outcomes in 54 children and adolescents with rheumatic mitral insufficiency undergoing mitral valvuloplasty</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Input Model</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Final Model</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Immediate outcome</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 (0.8&#8211;15.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.084</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of VAD use (days)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 (1.2&#8211;4.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 (1.3&#8211;4.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Late outcome</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Days of VAD</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (0.9&#8211;3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of reoperations</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (0.1&#8211;31.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.683</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of ECC (min)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (0.9&#8211;1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.538</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (1.0&#8211;1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of anoxia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (0.9&#8211;1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.958</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extubation (hour)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 (0.4&#8211;67.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.211</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: Odds Ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; logistic regression.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>MVP is universally accepted as superior to valve replacement (bioprostheses or metal prostheses), especially in children in whom growth, problems with anticoagulation, thromboembolism, rapid valve degeneration, increased risk of endocarditis and less preservation of ventricular function are unfavourable factors to this technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In the tertiary hospital in which the study was performed, MVP is the preferred technique.</p>
      <p>Patients in the study were followed up for two months after MVP, and in that period, there were no deaths in the sample studied. This is in accordance with the literature, in which the precocious or hospital mortality rate ranged from 0.9 to 3.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature lacks in studies that identify probable clinical predictors of negative outcomes in patients undergoing MVP surgery. In the present study, PH presented statistical significance for both immediate (&#8804;7 days) and late (up to 60 days) postoperative outcomes in the univariate analysis, but did not maintain significance in the multivariate analysis. In their study of 122 mitral repairs, Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> after univariate and multivariate analysis, found preoperative pulmonary hypertension as the only independent risk factor for death (HR: 3.75 95%CI: 1.21-11.57; p = 0.022), but this study was carried out with adults with a mean age of 48.9 &#177; 11.5 years. The results in this study may differ from those found in the literature due to the sample size, as well as the age: the younger the sample, the higher the mortality rate and the higher the early rate of valve failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, postoperative TI was also a predictor of univariate analysis in this study, both in the immediate postoperative period and in the late postoperative period, but it lost significance in the multivariate analysis. No associations were found in the literature reviewed, but, like PH, TI is a criterion that should be valued. Although they were not independent predictors of outcomes, both variables were associated with unfavourable outcomes, both in the immediate and late postoperative period, with statistical significance, and should be used as initial points for surgical indication and follow-up in these patients.</p>
      <p>Yakub et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> described residual mitral regurgitation &#8805;2 crosses as a predictor of valve failure and reoperation. In our study, the presence of moderate or significant residual MI in the postoperative period was associated with outcome both in the immediate and late postoperative period, in the univariate analysis, with statistical significance. Of the three children who underwent valve replacement, one presented moderate to severe mitral regurgitation even after attempted repair by MVP technique and the other two developed moderate to severe aortic regurgitation and underwent aortic valve replacement before completing sixty postoperative days. This data is in agreement with the literature in other studies as well, such as in those by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Severino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> always being a marker for reoperation. It is known that the late MVP results also depend on good coaptation of the cusps, which can be obtained through association of surgical techniques and reassessed at the end of the repair, whenever possible with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which is not available in the hospital in which the study was carried out.</p>
      <p>The mean duration of ECC found was 62.7 &#177; 18.8 minutes and the duration of anoxia was 50.0 &#177; 15.7 minutes, showing an association with the outcomes in the immediate postoperative period. In fact, in the literature, duration of CPB has been described as an independent predictor for cardiac surgeries, usually due to inflammatory factors in the bloodstream. Thus, it is well established that a CPB time longer than 90 minutes is associated with a more complicated postoperative period. The study by Talwar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> showed duration of CPB of 47.6 &#177; 11.9 and duration of anoxia of 37.2 &#177; 12.8, and when assessed for association with early death or reoperation, no significance was found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This divergence with the literature may be due to the longer duration of both CPB and anoxia found in our sample.</p>
      <p>The ECC time found in this study may have been influenced by variables that were not studied, such as anatomical differences, anterior leaflet involvement, thickening of the ribs, calcifications and papillary muscle involvement. Non-standardization of intraoperative and echocardiographic records, as well as the retrospective nature of the study, prevented the analysis of these data.</p>
      <p>The duration of VAD use in the immediate postoperative period was found as a predictor for outcome in this study. Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> also described the use of VAD, finding OR of 1.47 (95% CI 0.32-6.83), but they did not present statistical association in their sample. Other variables may have influenced this divergence in results, such as longer duration of CPB and anoxia in the study by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of drugs for clinical optimization of CHF, due to the volume overload generated by mitral annular dilatation, also did not present significance and no description of the study of this variable was found in the reviewed literature, except in the study by Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in which there is only a description of the use of anticongestive medications in 40% of patients in the preoperative period, not presenting a statistical analysis of this data.</p>
      <p>The variables age, weight, height, duration of illness until surgery, NYHA preoperative classification, presence of atrial fibrillation and use of drugs were not significant in this study. In the studies by Talwar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Kalfa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> these data were evaluated descriptively without statistical analysis and using only residual MI, reoperation, valve replacement and mortality as the outcome, without considering other variables such as bleeding, CHF and sepsis as possible outcomes.</p>
      <p>The literature presents other outcome predictors that were not identified or not studied in our sample, such as ventricular dysfunction, studied by Talwar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> with HR 4,9 (95%CI 2.65-9.2), p &lt; 0.005. On the other hand, Yakub et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> described the NYHA preoperative classification, emergency surgeries and double valvular lesions as predictors of early death.</p>
      <p>In our country, rheumatic disease is the main cause of acquired heart diseases in childhood and adolescence, unlike in developed countries, where Kawasaki disease is the most frequent cause of acquired heart disease in the paediatric age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In this context, degenerative lesions are the main indications of mitral valve repair, which justifies the small number of studies found, taking into account only valvular corrections by MVP technique for valve sequela due to chronic RHD in the pediatric age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although Brazil is considered a high risk country for RF, with 40% of heart surgeries being performed for valve repairs due to chronic RHD sequelae, according to data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> only a few Brazilian studies were found involving the theme addressed in the present study, and only one of them comprising the paediatric age group, all focusing on surgical results. Murad et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> studied 86 patients with a mean age of 35.8 years and concluded that MVP can be performed with low mortality and should be the procedure of choice in patients with MI. Similarly, Pomerantzeff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studied 330 patients with a mean age of 26.9 &#177; 15.4 years for 20 years and concluded that the MVP technique is feasible in rheumatic patients with low early and late mortality. Severino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in a study with 104 adult patients (mean age 32.73 &#177; 14.74 years) evaluating MVP results in rheumatic patients, found that late reoperation was associated with postoperative residual MI (p &lt; 0.001), presence of PH (p &lt; 0.01), age (p &lt; 0.04) and postoperative functional classification (p &lt; 0.001). Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated the outcome of valve reconstruction in rheumatic lesions in 40 patients younger than 18 years after 4 years of evolution and did not find statistically significant risk factors that could interfere with the evolution of patients in relation to valve replacement before 4 years. The studied variables included: functional classification in the pre- and postoperative period, amount of drugs used by patients at the time of surgery, duration of CPB and anoxia and need for VAD in the immediate postoperative period.</p>
      <p>To date, no study has been published in the North and Northeast Regions involving patients with chronic RHD, although the socioeconomic characteristics of these regions are strong factors for a higher prevalence of chronic RHD in the country. In the Brazilian articles published by Severino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> there is no report of the origin of the patients operated by the MVP technique, nor were they intended to look for possible predictors for other unfavourable outcomes besides reoperation and mortality.</p>
      <p>Because the surgical indications for mitral repair in the paediatric population do not have well-defined criteria in the literature, they require previous discussions and interaction between paediatric cardiologists, cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in order to delineate and minimize factors that may contribute to a postoperative period in the short, medium and long term with good results.</p>
      <p>This is a pioneer study, due to the characteristics already described, in an exclusively paediatric population, in a high-risk region for chronic RHD, which should elicit new discussions regarding the topic addressed. Because this pathology has the special characteristic of being one of the rare rheumatic diseases whose etiologic agent is known and, therefore, has a specific treatment and can be avoided with the adoption of low-cost preventive measures with high effectiveness. Being the primary prophylaxis performed with low-cost and easily accessible antibiotics, valve sequelae and, consequently, cardiac surgeries could be avoided, reducing cost to society and improving the quality of life for the affected population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The time of VAD use was an independent predictor for outcomes studied postoperatively. Residual MI was associated with reoperation, while TI and PH were associated with unfavourable outcomes in the immediate and late postoperative period. The data in this study allow new investigations to improve the prognosis of children and adolescents with chronic RHC submitted to the MVP repair technique.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of our study are related to its retrospective nature, sample size, and due to it being carried out in a single centre.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Renata Cristina Castro Cruz, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica Research Ethics Committee approved this study together with CAAE from 64019316.0.0000.5544.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Desfecho Desfavor&#225;vel em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes Submetidos &#224; Valvoplastia Mitral Cir&#250;rgica Secund&#225;ria a Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5760-4978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Cristina Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7899-1228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4979-4425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5657-1433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3109-4727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2235-7401</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Tecnologia e ci&#234;ncias, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3 </label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renata Cristina Castro Cruz &#8226;</bold> Rua Waldemar Falc&#227;o, 1695, apt. 1501 - Norte. CEP 40295-010, Horto Florestal, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>rennatacruz@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>rennatacruz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cruz RCC, Cordeiro BS, Santos FS, Fernandes CR, Gama JMA, Ladeia AMT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cruz RCC, Cordeiro BS, Santos FS, Fernandes CR, Gama JMA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cruz RCC, Ladeia AMT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A plastia da valva mitral, em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, &#233; superior &#224; troca valvar e vem sendo utilizada com bons resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar vari&#225;veis preditoras de desfecho desfavor&#225;vel em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia mitral cir&#250;rgica secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia reum&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo em 54 pacientes menores de 16 anos, operados em um hospital pedi&#225;trico terci&#225;rio entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e janeiro de 2017. As vari&#225;veis preditoras de risco para desfecho desfavor&#225;vel foram: idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras esquerdas, classe funcional no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempo de an&#243;xia, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e tempo de uso de droga vasoativa. Os desfechos avaliados foram: morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, reopera&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual, estenose mitral residual, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento e troca valvar. Para todas as an&#225;lises foi estabelecido valor de p &lt; 0,05 como significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos pacientes avaliados, 29 (53,7%) eram do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 10,5 &#177; 3,2 anos. A classe funcional de 13 pacientes (25%) foi 4. N&#227;o houve morte na amostra estudada. O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi de 62,7 &#177; 17,8 minutos e de an&#243;xia 50 &#177; 15,7 minutos. O tempo de uso de droga vasoativa no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato teve mediana de 1 dia (intervalo interquartil 1-2 dias). O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizado para avaliar as vari&#225;veis preditoras para o desfecho desfavor&#225;vel. O tempo de uso de droga vasoativa foi o &#250;nico preditor independente para os desfechos estudados (p = 0,007). A insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual foi associada &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,044), enquanto a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (p = 0,012) e a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (p = 0,012) se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tempo de uso de droga vasoativa &#233; um preditor independente para desfechos desfavor&#225;veis no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tardio, enquanto insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual se associou &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o e tanto a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide quanto a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foram associadas a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Reopera&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Tric&#250;spide/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (CRC) consiste em uma complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o supurativa da febre reum&#225;tica (FR), com acometimento uni ou multivalvar, que pode vir a desencadear insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estima-se que, a cada ano, existam 470.000 novos casos de FR e 233.000 mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; FR ou &#224; CRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral constitui o principal acometimento da CRC em crian&#231;as;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> quando a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica valvar moderada ou grave associa-se a um quadro de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o desenvolvimento de quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva sugere a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es geraram, no Brasil, 6.648 interna&#231;&#245;es e um custo de R$ 73.067.919,52 apenas no ano de 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Problemas inerentes &#224; troca de valva mitral incluem necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo, risco de sangramento, tromboembolismo, endocardite e aus&#234;ncia de potencial de crescimento da pr&#243;tese, o que torna a t&#233;cnica de plastia mitral (PM) superior &#224; troca valvar em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, pacientes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia obtiveram maior taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o em curto prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar vari&#225;veis preditoras de desfecho desfavor&#225;vel em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia mitral secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia reum&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, do tipo coorte. Os dados foram coletados por meio da revis&#227;o de registros m&#233;dicos em prontu&#225;rio (f&#237;sico e eletr&#244;nico). A coleta foi realizada por quatro pesquisadores ap&#243;s treinamento padronizado. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica aprovou este estudo com CAAE de 64019316.0.0000.5544.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 54 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica que foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela t&#233;cnica de PM, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2011 at&#233; janeiro de 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram identificados clinicamente utilizando a classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foram registradas todas as medica&#231;&#245;es que os pacientes estavam em uso cont&#237;nuo h&#225;, pelo menos, um m&#234;s. As les&#245;es valvares foram avaliadas por meio do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, classificando as les&#245;es em &#8220;ausente/discreta&#8221; ou &#8220;moderada/importante&#8221;. Pacientes que apresentaram outra causa de dano valvar no momento da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da PM (endocardite infecciosa, les&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, p&#243;s-traum&#225;ticas, degenerativas ou les&#245;es distr&#243;ficas, cardiomiopatias ou doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria ou isqu&#234;mica) ou que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de valva a&#243;rtica ou a outros procedimentos no mesmo tempo cir&#250;rgico da PM ou PM pr&#233;via e n&#227;o documentada, ou ainda pacientes que n&#227;o obtiveram 60 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio at&#233; janeiro de 2017, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</title>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica de cirurgia reconstrutora da valva foi a PM, descrita por Carpentier,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que inclui a anuloplastia e a comissurotomia. Os pacientes estudados foram operados preferencialmente pela mesma equipe m&#233;dica. Os dados intraoperat&#243;rios coletados foram: t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada, dura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), tempo de an&#243;xia e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os desfechos do intraoperat&#243;rio estudados foram: arritmia, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) e sangramento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento</title>
          <p>O acompanhamento foi feito em um per&#237;odo de at&#233; 60 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, no &#226;mbito ambulatorial, em um &#250;nico centro. As vari&#225;veis preditoras de risco para desfecho desfavor&#225;vel estudadas foram: idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, tipo de les&#227;o valvar, grau de IM , dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras esquerdas, classe funcional no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio pela NYHA, t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada, dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC, tempo de an&#243;xia, tempo de uso de droga vasoativa (DVA), presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) (PSAP &gt; 35 mmHg) e presen&#231;a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT).</p>
          <p>Foram estudados desfechos precoces (at&#233; 7 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) e tardios (&gt;7 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a valvar. Foram investigadas: morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico, endocardite, les&#227;o mitral, sepse, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), sangramento, reopera&#231;&#227;o e troca valvar. A presen&#231;a de qualquer desses desfechos de forma isolada ou combinada caracterizaria desfecho desfavor&#225;vel como vari&#225;vel dependente &#250;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para elabora&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados e an&#225;lise descritiva foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> Statistical Package for Social the Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA), vers&#227;o 14.0 for Windows. Os resultados foram apresentados por meio de tabelas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal, em mediana e intervalo interquartil. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi verificada por meio da estat&#237;stica descritiva, da an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica e do teste Kolmogorov- Smirnov.</p>
          <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student independente foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (idade, peso, &#237;ndice de massa corporal - IMC, tempo de an&#243;xia, tempo de CEC, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o). O teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado na compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, como a vari&#225;vel tempo de uso de DVA.</p>
          <p>O teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de medicamentos utilizados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e na alta hospitalar, e na compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupo das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas sexo, proced&#234;ncia, acompanhamento ambulatorial, reabordagens, classe funcional, equipe cir&#250;rgica, eventos na cirurgia, tempo de extuba&#231;&#227;o e vari&#225;veis do ecocardiograma. Quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o apresentava um n em cada categoria menor que cinco indiv&#237;duos foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de forma pareada (pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio), foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado para a vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica &#8220;fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, e o teste McNemar foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas do ecocardiograma. Para todas as an&#225;lises univariadas foi estabelecido valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizado para avaliar as vari&#225;veis preditoras para o desfecho desfavor&#225;vel em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia mitral cir&#250;rgica secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia reum&#225;tica. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise univariada, as vari&#225;veis independentes foram inseridas no modelo log&#237;stico caso apresentassem p &lt; 0,05, permanecendo no modelo caso continuassem significantes (p &lt; 0,05). Foi adotado o procedimento manual para inser&#231;&#227;o e retirada das vari&#225;veis. Os resultados foram apresentados por meio de <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) e os seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o 2011 at&#233; janeiro de 2017, foram operados 90 pacientes pela t&#233;cnica de PM no hospital terci&#225;rio em que foi realizado o presente estudo. Destes, 36 foram exclu&#237;dos, sendo 7 por serem portadores de les&#227;o mitral cong&#234;nita (displasia mitral), 8 por terem sido submetidos &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica associada &#224; PM e 21 por perda de seguimento ou por prontu&#225;rio com dados incompletos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra estudada</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> mostra aspectos cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos 54 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, sendo 29 (53,7%) do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade 10,5 &#177; 3,2 anos. Destes pacientes, eram procedentes do interior do Estado da Bahia 34 (64,2%), 5 (9,4%), da Regi&#227;o Metropolitana e 14 (26,4%), de Salvador. A m&#233;dia de IMC foi de 15,7 &#177; 3,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia, 27 (51,9%) tinham acompanhamento ambulatorial regular. O tempo de doen&#231;a at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia teve mediana de 8 meses (intervalo interquartil 5-36). A classe funcional de 44 (81,48%) pacientes foi entre NYHA 2 e 4, sendo 13 (25%) NYHA 4. Nenhum apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou precisou ser submetido &#224; cirurgia em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia. N&#227;o ocorreram mortes na amostra estudada.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de 54 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica submetidas &#224; plastia mitral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 14,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7 &#177; 3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana (IQ25&#8211;IQ75)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo da doen&#231;a at&#233; a cirurgia (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,00 (5,00&#8211;36,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (53,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (46,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Proced&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interior</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (64,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Salvador</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (26,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Regi&#227;o Metropolitana</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (9,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Acompanhamento ambulatorial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (51,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (48,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA 1</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (18,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA 2</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (40,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA 4</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (24,1)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>
                  <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Apenas 3 (5,6%) pacientes precisaram ser submetidos &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o, todos passando por apenas uma &#250;nica reabordagem. As causas foram insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada a grave, levando &#224; troca valvar em um paciente no 23&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o outro no 45&#186;. O terceiro paciente manteve IM grave mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o, evoluindo com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica grave associada, tendo reabordado para troca valvar a&#243;rtica e mitral no 45&#186; dia ap&#243;s o reparo</p>
          <p>As medica&#231;&#245;es de uso no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foram agrupadas em 4 combina&#231;&#245;es: combina&#231;&#227;o 1 - captopril e furosemida; combina&#231;&#227;o 2 - captopril, furosemida e espironolactona; combina&#231;&#227;o 3 - captopril, furosemida, espironolactona e digoxina; combina&#231;&#227;o 4 - captopril, furosemida, espironolactona e carvedilol. Destas combina&#231;&#245;es, aproximadamente metade dos pacientes (55,8%) utilizou a combina&#231;&#227;o 1. Todos os pacientes faziam uso regular de penicilina benzatina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados intraoperat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram operados por uma equipe cir&#250;rgica padr&#227;o na maioria dos casos, com apenas 2 (3,8%) sendo realizadas por outra equipe. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica mais utilizada foi a anuloplastia (96,2%), seguida por comissurotomia 02 (3,8%), sendo considerada apenas a cirurgia principal. Ocorreram eventos durante a cirurgia em 24 (44,4%) dos casos, sendo eles: sangramento intenso (2), PCR (6), uso de DVA (8) ou outros (8). O tempo m&#233;dio de CEC foi 62,7 &#177; 17,8 min e de an&#243;xia, de 50 &#177; 15,7 min. A extuba&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em at&#233; 6 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em 48 (92,3%) pacientes. O tempo de uso de DVA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato teve mediana de 1 dia (intervalo interquartil 1-2 dias).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos ecocardiogramas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> descreve os dados encontrados no ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (at&#233; 7 dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio), comparando seus resultados. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria teve redu&#231;&#227;o quando comparada &#224; pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, 54,8 &#177; 13,9% e 70,2 &#177; 8,5%, respectivamente, com valor de p &lt; 0,05. Quanto &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;meras esquerdas, 98% dos pacientes apresentavam no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e 87%, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o apresentou p = 0,063, demonstrando tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de 54 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica submetidos &#224; plastia mitral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">62,7 &#177; 17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de an&#243;xia (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de uso DVA (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (1,0 &#8211; 2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras esquerdas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">06 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,063<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (98,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (84,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (93,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (94,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (5,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (73,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (78,9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">08 (21,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (84,2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (98,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">06 (15,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (73,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (81,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,508<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">07 (18,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (81,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (77,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">07 (18,4)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>
                  <italic>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; DVA: droga vasoativa;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste t de Student pareado;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste McNemar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Entre as altera&#231;&#245;es valvares descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>, a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada ou importante esteve presente em 13 (26,5%) pacientes no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. J&#225; no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apenas 8 (21,1%) apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 1,000).</p>
          <p>A IM moderada ou importante esteve presente em 48 (98%) pacientes no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na forma moderada ou importante. Destes, nenhum paciente teve piora da IM e 6 (15,8%) pacientes mantiveram IM moderada ou importante no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>A HP esteve presente em 38 (77,6%) pacientes no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e em apenas 7 (18,4%) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Nenhum paciente evoluiu com HP, ou piora desta, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em contrapartida, 31 (81,6%) participantes que tinham HP no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresentaram no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise e descri&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de desfechos na amostra foi dividida em desfechos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (at&#233; 7 dias) e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio (at&#233; 60 dias), demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. Dezessete pacientes apresentaram desfecho no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, sendo o mais frequente a les&#227;o mitral (estenose e/ou insufici&#234;ncia residual), estando presente em 8 (14,8%) pacientes. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, 16 tiveram desfechos, sendo novamente a les&#227;o mitral a mais comum, em 11 (20,4%) pacientes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos imediatos e tardio (e desfechos combinados) de 54 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica submetidos &#224; plastia mitral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfecho imediato (n = 54)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (68,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sepse</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (7,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (7,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento e outros</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC e les&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros e ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> e outros</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> e sangramento</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfecho tardio (n = 54)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (70,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reopera&#231;&#227;o/troca valvar (at&#233; 30 dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (5,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (20,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>les&#227;o mitral: estenose mitral e/ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>
                  <italic>n: n&#250;mero de participantes; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e na alta, com os desfechos, n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, independentemente da combina&#231;&#227;o utilizada.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de desfecho no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio foram o tempo de CEC e tempo de an&#243;xia, ambas com p &lt; 0,05. Idade, peso, estatura, sexo, proced&#234;ncia, acompanhamento ambulatorial, tempo de doen&#231;a at&#233; a cirurgia, classe funcional, equipe cir&#250;rgica, eventos na cirurgia e tempo de extuba&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente comprovadas.</p>
          <p>Quando estudadas as vari&#225;veis do ecocardiograma no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tardio, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>, identifica-se como estatisticamente significante a rela&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de desfechos com IM, IT e HP. No ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o foram encontradas rela&#231;&#245;es com desfechos de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 54 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica submetidos &#224; plastia mitral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="22%"/>
                <col width="2%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (at&#233; 7 dias)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio (at&#233; 60 dias)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Sim<break/>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o<break/>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">Sim<break/>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o<break/>m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de uso de DVA (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,0&#8211;3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (1,0&#8211;2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,0&#8211;3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (1,0&#8211;2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">54,9 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">55,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,936<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras esquerdas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,846<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">02 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,920<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (84,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,057<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,094<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">00 (00,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">00 (00,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,385<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">09 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (80,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,685<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (19,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (95,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,010<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">08 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,044<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada/importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">01 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (7,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o tem/discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (91,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">07 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,012<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada /importante</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (7,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (91,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">07 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,012<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">02 (7,7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>
                  <italic>n: n&#250;mero de participantes; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IQ: intervalo interquartil; DVA: drogas vasoativas;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste de t de Student independente;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#182;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste de Mann-Whitney;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou exato de Fisher.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis preditoras</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis preditoras s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>. No modelo final foi encontrado como preditor independente para o desfecho imediato a vari&#225;vel tempo de uso de DVA, apresentando OR 2,5 (IC95% 1,3-4,9), enquanto para o desfecho tardio n&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum preditor independente. O tempo de CEC se aproximou &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis preditoras para desfecho imediato e tardio em 54 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica submetidos &#224; plastia mitral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo de entrada</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo de final</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfecho imediato</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 (0,8&#8211;15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de uso de DVA (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 (1,2&#8211;4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (1,3&#8211;4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfecho tardio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dias de DVA</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (0,9&#8211;3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de reabordagens</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (0,1&#8211;31,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9&#8211;1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,538</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (1,0&#8211;1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de an&#243;xia (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9&#8211;1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extuba&#231;&#227;o (hora)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (0,4&#8211;67,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR:Odds Ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A PM &#233; uma t&#233;cnica universalmente aceita como superior &#224; troca valvar (biopr&#243;teses ou pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas), principalmente em crian&#231;as nas quais crescimento, problemas com a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, tromboembolismo, r&#225;pida degenera&#231;&#227;o da valva, maior risco de endocardite e menor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o fatores desfavor&#225;veis a essa t&#233;cnica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No hospital terci&#225;rio no qual o estudo foi realizado, a PM &#233; a t&#233;cnica preferencialmente utilizada.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do estudo foram acompanhados por dois meses ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da PM e, nesse per&#237;odo, n&#227;o houve &#243;bito na amostra estudada. Tal dado est&#225; em conformidade com a literatura, na qual a taxa de mortalidade precoce ou hospitalar variou de 0,9 a 3,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura carece em estudos que identifiquem prov&#225;veis preditores cl&#237;nicos de desfechos negativos em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia pela t&#233;cnica de PM. No presente estudo, a HP apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica tanto para desfechos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (&#8804;7 dias) quanto no tardio (at&#233; 60 dias), na an&#225;lise univariada, por&#233;m n&#227;o manteve signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise multivariada. Em seu estudo com 122 reparos mitrais, Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> ap&#243;s an&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas, encontraram nos seus resultados a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria como o &#250;nico fator de risco independente para morte (HR: 3,75 95%; IC: 1,21-11,57; p = 0,022), por&#233;m este estudo foi realizado em adultos com idade m&#233;dia de 48,9 &#177; 11,5 anos. A diferen&#231;a do nosso resultado com o encontrado na literatura pode ser decorrente do n&#250;mero da amostra, bem como da idade: quanto mais jovens, maior a taxa de mortalidade e maior a taxa precoce de falha valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disto, neste estudo, a IT no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m se apresentou como preditora na an&#225;lise univariada, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, por&#233;m perdeu a signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise multivariada. N&#227;o foram encontradas poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es na literatura revisada, por&#233;m, assim como a HP, a IT &#233; um crit&#233;rio que deve ser valorizado. Embora n&#227;o tenham sido preditoras independentes de desfechos, ambas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, tanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato quanto no tardio, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, e devem ser utilizadas como pontos iniciais para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e seguimento mais pr&#243;ximos nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Yakub et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> descreveram insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual &#8805;2 cruzes como preditora de falha valvar e reopera&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de IM residual moderada ou importante no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi associada a desfecho tanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato como no tardio, na an&#225;lise univariada, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Das tr&#234;s crian&#231;as que foram submetidas &#224; reabordagem para troca valvar, uma apresentou insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a grave mesmo ap&#243;s a tentativa de reparo pela t&#233;cnica de PM e as outras duas desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada a grave e foram submetidas &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica antes de completarem sessenta dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tal dado est&#225; de acordo com a literatura tamb&#233;m em outros estudos como o de Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Severino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> sendo sempre um marcador de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Sabe-se que o resultado tardio da PM depende tamb&#233;m de boa coapta&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides que pode ser obtida por meio de associa&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e reavaliada ao final do reparo, sempre que poss&#237;vel, com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> o que n&#227;o dispomos no hospital em que o estudo foi realizado.</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de CEC encontrado foi 62,7 &#177; 18,8 minutos e o tempo de an&#243;xia, de 50,0 &#177; 15,7 minutos, apresentando associa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. De fato, na literatura, o tempo de CEC tem sido descrito como preditor independente para cirurgias card&#237;acas, em geral devido aos fatores inflamat&#243;rios na corrente sangu&#237;nea. Sendo assim, est&#225; bem estabelecido que um tempo de CEC maior que 90 minutos se associa a um p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mais complicado. O estudo de Talwar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> apresentou tempo de CEC de 47,6 &#177; 11,9 e tempo de an&#243;xia de 37,2 &#177; 12,8, e quando avaliada associa&#231;&#227;o com morte precoce ou reopera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi encontrada signific&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Essa diverg&#234;ncia com a literatura pode ser decorrente de maior tempo tanto para CEC quanto para an&#243;xia encontrado na nossa amostra.</p>
        <p>O tempo de CEC encontrado neste estudo pode ter sido influenciado por vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o foram estudadas, como diferen&#231;as anat&#244;micas, comprometimento de folheto anterior, espessamento das cordoalhas, calcifica&#231;&#245;es e comprometimento dos m&#250;sculos papilares. A n&#227;o padroniza&#231;&#227;o de registros intraoperat&#243;rios e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, assim como a natureza retrospectiva do estudo, impediram a an&#225;lise desses dados.</p>
        <p>O tempo de uso de DVA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato foi encontrado como preditor para desfecho neste estudo. Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> tamb&#233;m descreveram o uso de DVA, encontrando OR de 1,47 (IC95% 0,32-6,83), por&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica em sua amostra. Outras vari&#225;veis podem ter influenciado essa diverg&#234;ncia de resultados, como o tempo de CEC e a an&#243;xia maior no estudo de Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de f&#225;rmacos para otimiza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da ICC, decorrente da sobrecarga de volume gerado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia e n&#227;o foi encontrada descri&#231;&#227;o do estudo dessa vari&#225;vel na literatura revisada, exceto no estudo de Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> no qual h&#225; apenas uma descri&#231;&#227;o do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anticongestivas em 40% dos pacientes em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o fazendo an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica desse dado.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis idade, peso, estatura, tempo de doen&#231;a at&#233; a cirurgia, classe pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria NYHA, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e uso de f&#225;rmacos n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia neste estudo. Nos estudos de Talwar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Kalfa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> esses dados foram avaliados descritivamente sem an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e utilizando como desfecho apenas IM residual, reopera&#231;&#227;o, troca valvar e mortalidade, sem considerar outras vari&#225;veis, tais como sangramento, ICC e sepse como poss&#237;veis desfechos.</p>
        <p>Na literatura foram encontradas outras vari&#225;veis preditoras de desfecho que n&#227;o foram identificadas ou n&#227;o estudadas na nossa amostra, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, estudada por Talwar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> com HR 4.9 (IC95% 2,65-9,2), p &lt; 0,005. J&#225; Yakub et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> descreveram a classe pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria NYHA, as cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia e as les&#245;es valvares dupla como preditoras de morte precoce.</p>
        <p>Em nosso meio, a enfermidade reum&#225;tica &#233; a principal causa de cardiopatia adquirida na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, diferentemente do que ocorre em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, em que a doen&#231;a de Kawasaki constitui a causa mais frequente de cardiopatia adquirida na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nesse contexto, s&#227;o as les&#245;es degenerativas as principais indica&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica valvar mitral, o que justifica o pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos encontrados levando em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas corre&#231;&#245;es valvares pela t&#233;cnica de PM por sequela valvar devido &#224; CRC na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mesmo sendo o Brasil considerado um pa&#237;s de alto risco para FR, com 40% das cirurgias card&#237;acas sendo realizadas para reparos valvares devido &#224;s sequelas da CRC, segundo os dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> foram encontrados apenas poucos estudos brasileiros envolvendo o tema abordado neste presente estudo e apenas um deles compreendendo a faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, todos com foco em resultados cir&#250;rgicos. Murad et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> estudaram 86 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 35,8 anos e conclu&#237;ram que a PM pode ser realizada com baixa mortalidade, devendo ser o procedimento de escolha em pacientes com IM. Da mesma forma, Pomerantzeff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudaram, durante 20 anos, 330 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia 26,9 &#177; 15,4 anos e conclu&#237;ram que a t&#233;cnica de PM &#233; fact&#237;vel em pacientes reum&#225;ticos com baixa mortalidade precoce e tardia. Severino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em seu estudo com 104 pacientes adultos (m&#233;dia de idade 32,73 &#177; 14,74 anos) avaliando os resultados tardios da PM em pacientes reum&#225;ticos, encontraram que a reopera&#231;&#227;o tardia esteve associada &#224; IM residual no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de HP (p &lt; 0,01), idade (p &lt; 0,04) e classe funcional no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001). Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliaram o resultado da reconstru&#231;&#227;o valvar em les&#245;es reum&#225;ticas em 40 pacientes menores de 18 anos, ap&#243;s 4 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o encontraram fatores de riscos estatisticamente significantes que pudessem interferir na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troca valvar antes de 4 anos. As vari&#225;veis estudadas inclu&#237;ram: classe funcional no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quantidade de f&#225;rmacos utilizados por pacientes no momento da cirurgia, tempo de CEC e an&#243;xia e necessidade de DVA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo havia sido publicado nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste envolvendo pacientes portadores de CRC, apesar de as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas dessas regi&#245;es serem fortes fatores para maior preval&#234;ncia de CRC no pa&#237;s. Nos artigos brasileiros publicados por Severino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e por Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o h&#225; relato da proced&#234;ncia dos pacientes operados pela t&#233;cnica de PM, assim como n&#227;o tiveram como objetivo procurar poss&#237;veis preditores para outros desfechos desfavor&#225;veis al&#233;m de reopera&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas para reparos mitrais na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, por n&#227;o terem crit&#233;rios bem definidos na literatura, precisam de discuss&#245;es pr&#233;vias e intera&#231;&#227;o entre cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos, cardiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos, a fim de delinear e minimizar, fatores que possam contribuir para um p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo com bom resultado.</p>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo pioneiro, pelas caracter&#237;sticas j&#225; descritas, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente pedi&#225;trica, em regi&#227;o de alto risco para CRC, o que deve suscitar novas discuss&#245;es no que diz respeito ao tema abordado. Por ser uma patologia com a caracter&#237;stica especial de ser uma das raras enfermidades reum&#225;ticas cujo agente etiol&#243;gico &#233; conhecido e, portanto, dispor de tratamento espec&#237;fico, podendo ser evitada com a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas de baixo custo e alta efetividade. Sendo a profilaxia prim&#225;ria realizada com antibi&#243;ticos de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil acesso, as sequelas valvares e, consequentemente, as cirurgias card&#237;acas poderiam ser evitadas, diminuindo custo para a sociedade e melhorando a qualidade de vida para a popula&#231;&#227;o afetada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tempo de uso de DVA foi um preditor independente para desfechos estudados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A IM residual mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com reabordagem cir&#250;rgica, enquanto a IT e a HP foram associadas a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis nos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios imediato e tardio. Os dados deste trabalho permitem novas investiga&#231;&#245;es para melhora do progn&#243;stico de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CRC submetidas &#224; t&#233;cnica reparadora de PM.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; natureza retrospectiva, ao tamanho amostral, e por ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Renata Cristina Castro Cruz pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica aprovou este estudo com CAAE de 64019316.0.0000.5544.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
