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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XtKCcCYBwSCG3K7dKxTDm5k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000737</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Use of Two-Dimensional Strain Measured by Speckle Tracking in the Identification of Incipient Ventricular Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy, Untreated HIV Patients and Healthy Controls</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3761-4343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Martins Lopes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscavitch</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Datum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Setubal</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues &#8226;</bold> Rua Tenente Ronaldo Santoro, 208, Apt. 101.Postal Code: 23080-270, Campo Grande, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>contato@cursodeecocardiografia.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Azevedo KML. Acquisition of data: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Azevedo KML. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. Statistical analysis: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>737</fpage>
      <lpage>745</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Most cardiovascular abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with myocardial damage directly caused by the virus. Some cases, however, may be associated with adverse effects from antiretroviral therapy (ART). New ventricular function assessment techniques are capable of detecting early changes in the cardiac function of HIV-infected patients using or not using ART. The usefulness of these techniques has been little employed in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the potential influence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the occurrence of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction evaluated by myocardial strain rate analysis using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2-D Echo) in treated HIV patients compared to untreated patients and healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty-eight HIV-infected patients with no cardiovascular symptoms, normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (&gt; 0.55 on 2-D Echo) were divided into three groups: 11 patients not using antiretroviral therapy (NT), 24 using protease inhibitor (PI) and 33 using non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). We also studied 30 normal non-HIV infected individuals (Ctrl). Demographic, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected. Preliminary transthoracic echocardiography included study of myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking. We studied strain and strain rate in the seventeen left ventricular (LV) myocardial segments in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial axes. Statistical analysis of the data was done with IBM SPSS - version 20 for Windows. Upon analysis of the data, namely the normality of independent variables in the different groups and the homogeneity of the variances between the groups, Kruskal-Wallis&#8217; non-parametric test was done, followed by Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison tests to test the significance of the differences between the values measured in the study groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted for decision-making on statistical tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age of HIV patients was 40 &#177; 8.65 years and the mean age of controls was 50 &#177; 11.6 years (p &lt; 0.001). Median LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) of NT patients (-17.70%), PI patients (-18.27%) and NNRTIs (-18.47%) were significantly lower than that of the Ctrl group (-20.77%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in mean SLG between treated patients (PI, NNRTI) and untreated (NT) patients. No significant differences were observed in mean circumferential and radial strain, nor on circumferential and radial strain rates between the NT, PI, NNRTI and Ctrl groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The data suggest that HIV patients present, on myocardial strain measured by speckle tracking, signs of early LV systolic dysfunction that seem to be unrelated to the presence of ART. The prognostic significance of this condition in these patients deserves further studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Disfunction,Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiretroviral Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Highly Active</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Around the world, deaths related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) declined from about 1.9 million in 2005 to about 1 million in 2016, largely due to expansion of treatment - for the first time, more than half of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were under treatment for the disease. Since 2010, the annual number of new infections in all age groups decreased by 16%. However, progress is variable and, despite a global downward trend in this epidemic disease, several regions have been experiencing a sharp increase in the number of new infections and difficulties in expanding treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The antiretroviral therapy (ART) was an important development for HIV-infected patients, contributing to prolonged survival and improved quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Cardiovascular diseases have become a common finding because of the longer survival of these patients. Another important aspect of cardiovascular complications is that they appear to be associated with the effects of ART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although a decline in the incidence of severe heart conditions due to opportunistic agents, malnutrition or prolonged immunosuppression has been observed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the incidence of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular events has increased in HIV-infected patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HIV-infected patients may have specific myocardial abnormalities and conventional two-dimensional tests may fail to detect subtle abnormalities in regional myocardial function. Speckle tracking is an innovative echocardiographic technique that has the capacity to evaluate myocardial strain in order to identify subtle abnormalities in ventricular function. Myocardial strain is a very important mechanical variable in HIV-infected patients, as it shows subclinical left ventricular dysfunction. Unfortunately, the technique of studying cardiac strain is still underused. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is well correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Reduced SLG can be found in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> stable angina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> three-vessel coronary artery disease and patients using chemotherapy agents with cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of subclinical ventricular function abnormalities in HIV-infected patients using or not using ART.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Observational cross-sectional study involving 68 HIV-infected patients recruited from the Infectiology Service of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Inclusion criteria were: age &#8805;18 years, HIV infection confirmed by serological tests, no cardiovascular symptoms. Patients were excluded if they were under any therapy with cardiac or neurological medications, if they had any cardiac symptom or history of hypertension, LV ejection fraction &lt;0.55 and pulmonary artery systolic pressure &gt;36 mmHg, stable angina, atrial fibrillation or moderate to severe valvular heart disease. Echocardiography was performed as part of an established research protocol rather than for symptoms or comorbidities. Patients were divided into four groups: 1) HIV-positive patients not using ART (NT); 2) HIV-positive patients on protease inhibitor therapy for at least 12 months (PI); 3) HIV-positive patients on therapy with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) for at least 12 months and 4) healthy controls. Samples from the NT (n = 11), PI (n = 24) and NNRTI (n = 33) groups were defined by convenience, considering the patients at the time of data collection. For the control group, a sample of size similar to the largest of the study groups (n = 30) was defined.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic tests were conducted on an Echo Color Doppler device of the Italian company Esaote Biom&#233;dica, model Mylab 30 Gold, with a multi-frequency electronic sectoral transducer (2 to 4 MHz) with continuous electrocardiographic scanning. Traditional measures of left ventricular (LV) systolic function, ejection fraction and systolic shortening, diastolic function indicators, such as mitral flow E/A ratio, myocardial E wave velocity in the septal mitral annulus (septal E&#8217;), E/E&#8217; ratio and estimated left atrial pressure were taken. Right ventricular diastolic diameter and two echocardiographic variables that evaluate right ventricular systolic function were determined: tissue Doppler of lateral tricuspid annulus and longitudinal tricuspid annular motion (LTAM). LV ejection fraction was determined by using the Simpson&#8217;s technique, on apical four-chamber and two-chamber views, on diastole and systole, thus obtaining end diastolic and end systolic volumes. Left atrial volume was obtained from end-systolic four-chamber and two-chamber views, and the arithmetic mean was then indexed by the body surface area to obtain left atrial volume index. LV mass was obtained from diastolic and systolic LV diameters, as well as from the interventricular septal and inferolateral wall diastolic thickness, following the technical guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Maximum tricuspid regurgitation (TR) rate, an indicator of pulmonary artery pressure, was obtained from apical four-chamber view. LV diastolic and systolic myocardial velocities were obtained by placing the tissue Doppler sample volume in the septal mitral annulus. Digital myocardial strain curves were taken by using the Xstrain software package from scanned cross-sectional and apical view images. Myocardial strain rate was also evaluated. GLS was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the longitudinal strain values in the seventeen segments, from the four-chamber apical view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), three-chamber apical view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and two-chamber apical view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Global circumferential strain (GCS) was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the circumferential strain values in the seventeen segments, from the cross-sectional views at the level of the mitral valve, papillary muscles and tip. Radial global strain (SRG) was obtained from the arithmetic mean of the radial strain values in the seventeen segments, from cross-sectional views of the mitral valve, papillary muscles and tip. Strain percentage analysis was repeated twice, using the best echocardiographic images. The same echocardiographer conducted transthoracic evaluation, then took the scanned images to calculate the percentages of longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain on an offline workstation. The strain rate in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial planes was also obtained. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apical four-chamber &#8211; percentage of longitudinal strain in the basal, middle and apical segments of the inferior and anterolateral septal walls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apical three-chamber &#8211; percentage of longitudinal strain in the basal, middle and apical segments of the inferolateral and anterior septal walls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apical two-chamber &#8211; percentage of longitudinal strain in the basal, middle and apical segments of the inferior and anterior walls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis of the data was done with IBM SPSS - version 20 for Windows. After analysis of normality of independent variables in the different groups (using the Shapiro-Wilk test) and homogeneity of the variances between the groups (using Levene&#8217;s test), it was decided to use Kruskal-Wallis&#8217; non-parametric test followed by Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison tests to test the significance of the differences between the values measured in the study groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted for decision-making on statistical tests. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation and continuous variables with non-normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (#HUAP 159/11) and all patients signed an Informed Consent Form.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study included 98 individuals: 68 (69.4%) HIV-infected and 30 (30.6%) healthy controls with negative serology, of which 60 (61.2%) were males and 38 (38.8%) were females. Separately analyzing the groups of HIV-infected patients, 55.8% were males and 44,2% were females. The demographic, laboratory and clinical characteristics of the study population are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables according to the group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">NT (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">PI (n = 24)</th>
              <th align="center">NNRTI (n = 33)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Kruskal-Wallis test (p)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">39.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">33.0 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">39.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">48.5 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">9 (81.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (62.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (42.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (73.3%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.033 (chi-square)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (37.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (57.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (26.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">75.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">72.0 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">78.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">73.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">78.0 &#177; 14.0</td>
              <td align="center">73.5 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">77.0 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">121.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">129.3 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">129.1 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">123.8 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">120.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">130.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">130.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">125.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">71.4 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">70.3 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">67.8 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 20.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Blood glucose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">84.8 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">79.7 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">83.0 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.455</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">82.0 &#177; 23.0</td>
              <td align="center">79.0 &#177; 9.0</td>
              <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">164.6 &#177; 26.8</td>
              <td align="center">189.0 &#177; 56.3</td>
              <td align="center">183.9 &#177; 30.0</td>
              <td align="center">196.3 &#177; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">163.0 &#177; 40.0</td>
              <td align="center">198.0 &#177; 54.0</td>
              <td align="center">181.0 &#177; 42.0</td>
              <td align="center">199.0 &#177; 26.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">102.6 &#177; 27.6</td>
              <td align="center">108.7 &#177; 48.5</td>
              <td align="center">110.0 &#177; 27.9</td>
              <td align="center">118.9 &#177; 18.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.229</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">104.0 &#177; 49.0</td>
              <td align="center">109.0 &#177; 66.0</td>
              <td align="center">102.0 &#177; 36.0</td>
              <td align="center">122.0 &#177; 27.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">47.5 &#177; 16.7</td>
              <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 17.5</td>
              <td align="center">55.0 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 30.0</td>
              <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 22.0</td>
              <td align="center">52.0 &#177; 18.0</td>
              <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">101.1 &#177; 39.1</td>
              <td align="center">174.8 &#177; 78.2</td>
              <td align="center">119.7 &#177; 115.2</td>
              <td align="center">127.0 &#177; 15.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">86.0 &#177; 79.0</td>
              <td align="center">165.0 &#177; 106.0</td>
              <td align="center">87.0 &#177; 71.0</td>
              <td align="center">123.5 &#177; 27.0</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">CD4+ lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">502.5 &#177; 206.3</td>
              <td align="center">534.4 &#177; 323.1</td>
              <td align="center">693.2 &#177; 317.7</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">426.0 &#177; 310.0</td>
              <td align="center">404.0 &#177; 436.0</td>
              <td align="center">644.0 &#177; 297.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>M: mean; SD: standard deviation; Md: median; IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NT: HIV-positive patients not using antiretroviral therapy. PI: HIV-positive patients on protease inhibitor therapy. NNRTI: HIV-positive patients on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. Control: healthy HIV-negative individuals.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The age range was 27 to 81 years (43.26 &#177; 10.58 years). There were 34 individuals in the age group of 27 to 37 years, 37 individuals in the age group of 38 to 48 years, 19 individuals in the age group of 49 to 59 years, 6 individuals in the age group of 60 to 70 years and 2 individuals in the age group of 71 to 81 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic, clinical and laboratory variables of the different groups. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the echocardiographic variables of the different groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">NT (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">PI (n = 24)</th>
              <th align="center">NNRTI (n = 33)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Kruskal-Wallis test (p)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">28.27 &#177; 1.85</td>
              <td align="center">30.58 &#177; 3.02</td>
              <td align="center">28.73 &#177; 2.97</td>
              <td align="center">29.53 &#177; 2.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">29.00 &#177; 3.00</td>
              <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 3.50</td>
              <td align="center">29.00 &#177; 4.00</td>
              <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LA diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">31.18 &#177; 3.82</td>
              <td align="center">33.21 &#177; 3.22</td>
              <td align="center">31.64 &#177; 4.59</td>
              <td align="center">34.33 &#177; 2.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 6.00</td>
              <td align="center">32.00 &#177; 4.50</td>
              <td align="center">31.00 &#177; 3.00</td>
              <td align="center">34.00 &#177; 4.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LVDd-i (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">29.75 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">29.75 &#177; 1.81</td>
              <td align="center">28.67 &#177; 2.36</td>
              <td align="center">28.20 &#177; 1.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">29.70 &#177; 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">29.87 &#177; 2.75</td>
              <td align="center">29.73 &#177; 4.22</td>
              <td align="center">28.65 &#177; 2.84</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">30.36 &#177; 2.38</td>
              <td align="center">31.17 &#177; 4.04</td>
              <td align="center">32.18 &#177; 3.26</td>
              <td align="center">32.17 &#177; 2.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.248</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 5.00</td>
              <td align="center">31.00 &#177; 7.00</td>
              <td align="center">32.00 &#177; 4.00</td>
              <td align="center">31.50 &#177; 4.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">IVS (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">7.18 &#177; 0.98</td>
              <td align="center">7.88 &#177; 1.08</td>
              <td align="center">7.91 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">9.03 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">9.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">PP (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">7.42 &#177; 1.18</td>
              <td align="center">7.67 &#177; 0.92</td>
              <td align="center">8.33 &#177; 0.80</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 0.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">9.00 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LVEF &#8211; Simpson (%)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">66.64 &#177; 3.83</td>
              <td align="center">62.46 &#177; 3.60</td>
              <td align="center">63.55 &#177; 4.10</td>
              <td align="center">64.17 &#177; 3.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">67.00 &#177; 5.00</td>
              <td align="center">62.00 &#177; 5.00</td>
              <td align="center">63.00 &#177; 6.00</td>
              <td align="center">64.00 &#177; 6.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">82.23 &#177; 16.76</td>
              <td align="center">104.49 &#177; 24.01</td>
              <td align="center">90.01 &#177; 19.54</td>
              <td align="center">108.12 &#177; 14.25</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">82.28 &#177; 13.59</td>
              <td align="center">106.35 &#177; 37.69</td>
              <td align="center">89.34 &#177; 26.89</td>
              <td align="center">110.61 &#177; 18.10</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">E/A ratio </td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">1.52 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">1.34 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.50 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">E&#8217; septal annulus (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">9.55 &#177; 1.87</td>
              <td align="center">9.03 &#177; 1.91</td>
              <td align="center">10.54 &#177; 2.21</td>
              <td align="center">8.38 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">9.00 &#177; 1.90</td>
              <td align="center">8.35 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">10.00 &#177; 3.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.15 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">S&#8217; septal annulus (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">8.25 &#177; 1.09</td>
              <td align="center">8.10 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">8.49 &#177; 1.41</td>
              <td align="center">9.03 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">8.10 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.80 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">E/E&#8217; ratio </td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">8.41 &#177; 1.33</td>
              <td align="center">8.72 &#177; 2.03</td>
              <td align="center">7.08 &#177; 1.65</td>
              <td align="center">9.29 &#177; 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">8.40 &#177; 2.59</td>
              <td align="center">9.08 &#177; 3.04</td>
              <td align="center">7.27 &#177; 2.45</td>
              <td align="center">9.38 &#177; 0.88</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LA volume index (ml/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">30.38 &#177; 6.16</td>
              <td align="center">29.93 &#177; 4.76</td>
              <td align="center">29.48 &#177; 5.60</td>
              <td align="center">29.56 &#177; 1.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.839</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">29.11 &#177; 1.09</td>
              <td align="center">30.40 &#177; 3.48</td>
              <td align="center">29.17 &#177; 7.32</td>
              <td align="center">29.88 &#177; 2.76</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">S lateral tricuspid annulus (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">11.29 &#177; 1.54</td>
              <td align="center">10.87 &#177; 1.42</td>
              <td align="center">12.23 &#177; 1.90</td>
              <td align="center">11.49 &#177; 0.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
              <td align="center">11.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">10.80 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">12.00 &#177; 2.00</td>
              <td align="center">11.70 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>M: mean; SD: standard deviation; Md: median; IQR: interquartile range; ST: HIV+ patient not using antiretroviral therapy. PI: HIV-positive patients on protease inhibitor therapy; NNRTI: HIV-positive patients on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; &#916;D%: left ventricle; LA: left atrium</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the echocardiographic variable &#8220;LV mass indexed by BSA,&#8221; we identified higher values in groups HIV+ PI and HIV- CONTROL compared to groups HIV+ NO MEDICATION and HIV+ NNRTI. There were no differences between the groups HIV+ PI and HIV- CONTROL, nor among the groups HIV+ NO MEDICATION and HIV+ NNRTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Regarding the variable &#8220;PP&#8221; (septal diastolic thickness), we identified higher values in the HIV-CONTROL GROUP. There were no differences between the groups HIV+ PI, HIV+ NO MEDICATION and HIV+ NNRTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Regarding the variable &#8220;SIV&#8221; (posterior wall diastolic thickness), we identified higher values in the HIV-CONTROL GROUP. There were no differences between the groups HIV+ PI, HIV+ NO MEDICATION and HIV+ NNRTI, although the group HIV+ NO MEDICATION presented PP values lower than the others (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Global longitudinal strain</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the GLS in the different groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Behavior of global longitudinal strain according to the group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">NT (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">PI (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">NNRTI (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Kruskal-Wallis test (p)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Global longitudinal strain</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">-18.11 &#177; 1.28</td>
                <td align="center">-17.96 &#177; 4.89</td>
                <td align="center">-18.15 &#177; 3.07</td>
                <td align="center">-20.66 &#177; 0.79</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IQR</td>
                <td align="center">-17.70 &#177; 2.07</td>
                <td align="center">-18.27 &#177; 6.14</td>
                <td align="center">-18.47 &#177; 4.27</td>
                <td align="center">-20.77 &#177; 1.00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>M: mean; SD: standard deviation; Md: median; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Mean SLG was lower in the HIV groups compared to controls (p &lt; 0.05). There were no differences between groups of HIV-infected patients.</p>
        <p>No statistically significant differences were identified between longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain rates between the groups of HIV-infected patients and controls.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The purpose of our study was to identify subclinical left ventricular dysfunction using speckle tracking. HIV+ patients were asymptomatic from the cardiovascular point of view and had normal LV systolic function by conventional echocardiographic analysis based on LV ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that patients with HIV infection, even those not on ART, present longitudinal myocardial strain abnormalities assessed by speckle tracking. These findings confirm previous observations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and extend them by assessing the impact of new therapeutic protocols.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection were altered by the introduction of ART, which significantly modified the course of HIV infection, decreasing mortality and improving the quality of life of infected patients. On the other hand, data from multiple studies raised the concern that ART would be associated with an increase in peripheral and coronary artery disease. The clinical manifestations associated with ART are frequent and must be followed up by the multidisciplinary teams assisting these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study suggests that subclinical left ventricular dysfunction should be investigated whenever possible. Speckle tracking is an advanced echocardiographic technique that has much greater sensitivity than transthoracic echocardiography to detect functional abnormalities, mainly cardiac strain variables that assess left ventricular mechanical efficiency, identifying abnormalities earlier than other imaging techniques.</p>
      <p>Sims et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> using transthoracic echocardiography, evaluated 28 HIV-infected young adults (aged seven to twenty-nine), compared to 28 controls, and no abnormalities of systolic and diastolic parameters were found. However, on the study of cardiac strain, a decrease in the percentage of longitudinal strain was observed in the patients in comparison with the control group. HIV-infected patients, regardless of ART, had a lower longitudinal strain rate than the control group.</p>
      <p>Multiple studies have found high triglyceride levels in HIV-infected patients using protease inhibitors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> as these drugs stimulate the synthesis of hepatic triglycerides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In our study, the group of patients using protease inhibitors presented the highest serum triglyceride levels. Studies in the literature show the importance of monitoring the lipid profile of HIV-infected patients using ART, especially when using protease inhibitors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, it was observed that groups of HIV-infected patients, regardless of the type of ART, presented lower global longitudinal strain percentage than healthy controls. Barbaro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> evidenced in their study the need to monitor this group of patients, seeking to identify individuals with higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Previous studies evaluated left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in the population of HIV-infected individuals using one-dimensional and two-dimensional echocardiography and spectral Doppler. Hsue et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and Reinsch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studied left ventricular diastolic and systolic functions using tissue Doppler, which uses filters for high velocities (blood) obtaining systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities in the septal and lateral mitral annulus. Lang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> focused their research on the complete study of LV diastolic function, following a scaled evaluation flowchart according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Others identified anatomical and functional abnormalities in infected patients on ART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The most recent studies use myocardial strain and myocardial strain rate percentage using speckle tracking to detect subclinical ventricular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients on ART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We know that the longitudinal cardiac fiber strain can be used to study the behavior of myocardial fibers arranged in the subendocardial area, as we know that 77% of these fibers are disposed longitudinally, and this makes speckle tracking play an important role in the study of ischemic disease, since ischemia begins in the subendocardial region.</p>
      <p>This study revealed lower longitudinal strain percentages in HIV-infected individuals compared to healthy controls. There were no differences between the percentages of longitudinal strain in groups of HIV-infected patients using or not using ART.</p>
      <p>Accurate and reproducible estimate of myocardial damage in patients with HIV infection and using ART has been considered to be increasingly important. The CHAART-2 study, which identified the long-term cardiovascular effects in HIV-infected children on ART, showed that cardiac structure and function were superior in HIV-infected children exposed to ART in the perinatal period compared with children in the pre-ART<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> era, which demonstrates the importance of early treatment in preventing cardiac damage. Besides, it reinforces the need for monitoring cardiac function in HIV-infected patients using ART to identify early myocardial injury, thereby decreasing long-term cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>Several published papers have demonstrated the relationship between AIDS and cardiovascular diseases, with pericardial effusion and pericarditis being the best known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Okoshi and Montenegro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> studied the incidence and etiology of heart lesions in patients with AIDS through a retrospective study of 72 necropsies. In none of the patients, death was considered a consequence of cardiac lesion, but macro and microscopic abnormalities were found in 90% of the cases.</p>
      <p>Several studies report that the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities may be underestimated. Interstitial lymphocytic myocarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> is found in 50 to 70% of asymptomatic infected individuals.</p>
      <p>Myocardial abnormalities appear to be associated with more severe cases of immunosuppression and low TCD4 counts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of the study are the limited sample size and the relatively broad age range of HIV-infected participants. Neither the effect of disease duration nor ART duration were analyzed. The absence of coronary artery disease documentation on computed tomography angiography did not allow to evaluate the influence of ART on the development of CAD. Currently, there are few patients not on antiretroviral therapy, therefore the group of HIV-infected patients not on ART was smaller than the other groups. We know that speckle tracking is a technique that depends on image quality and on the observer&#8217;s experience in evaluating the main curves of myocardial strain. We have observed a large number of studies using speckle tracking in an attempt to identify patients with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction, but we should increasingly stimulate further research with a greater number of investigated patients to better understand the significance of the findings in the prognosis of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The technique of studying myocardial strain by speckle tracking was able to detect early signs of deterioration of myocardial systolic function in HIV-infected patients, regardless of whether or not they were on antiretroviral drugs. Further studies are needed to evaluate HIV-infected patients and to assess the prognostic significance of these abnormalities in these patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES and Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues, from Universidade Federal Fluminense (Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number HUAP 159/11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Uso do <italic>Strain</italic> Bidimensional Obtido pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> na Identifica&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Incipiente em Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV em Uso de Terapia Antirretroviral, Pacientes HIV n&#227;o Tratados e Controles Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3761-4343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Martins Lopes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscavitch</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Datum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Setubal</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues &#8226;</bold> Rua Tenente Ronaldo Santoro, 208, Apt. 101. CEP: 23080-270, Campo Grande, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>contato@cursodeecocardiografia.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Azevedo KML. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Azevedo KML. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rodrigues RC, Mesquita CT, Setubal S, Moscavitch SD, Azevedo KML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A maior parte das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares dos pacientes infectados pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) tem sido associada ao dano mioc&#225;rdico causado diretamente pelo v&#237;rus. Alguns casos, por&#233;m, podem estar associados a efeitos adversos da terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Novas t&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o capazes de detectar modifica&#231;&#245;es precoces na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do paciente infectado pelo HIV em uso ou n&#227;o de TARV. A utilidade dessas t&#233;cnicas tem sido pouco empregada nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) na ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica avaliada pela an&#225;lise da taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) por meio do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> ao ecocardiograma bidimensional (E2D) em pacientes portadores do HIV tratados, comparados com pacientes n&#227;o tratados e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sessenta e oito pacientes infectados pelo HIV assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) normal (&gt;0,55 pelo E2D) foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 11 pacientes sem tratamento antirretroviral (ST), 24 em uso de inibidor de protease (IP) e 33 em uso de inibidor de transcriptase reversa n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deo (ITRNN). Foram estudados tamb&#233;m 30 indiv&#237;duos normais n&#227;o infectados pelo HIV (Ctrl). Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, bioqu&#237;micos e antropom&#233;tricos. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada incluindo no estudo inicial o estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica bidimensional (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>). Estudamos o <italic>strain</italic> e a sua taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain rate</italic>) nos dezessete segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) nos eixos longitudinal, circunferencial e radial. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi feita com o programa IBM SPSS - vers&#227;o 20 para Windows. Depois de analisados os dados, nomeadamente a normalidade das vari&#225;veis independentes nos diferentes grupos e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias entre os grupos, decidiu-se utilizar o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis seguido dos testes de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo procedimento de Dunn, para testar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre os valores medidos nos grupos em estudo. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para a tomada de decis&#227;o nos testes estat&#237;sticos realizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia das idades dos pacientes com HIV foi de 40 &#177; 8,65 anos e a idade m&#233;dia dos controles foi de 50 &#177; 11,6 anos (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores medianos do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VE (SLG) dos pacientes ST (-17.70%), dos pacientes IP (-18.27%) e ITRNN (-18.47%) foram significativamente menores do que o grupo Ctrl (-20,77%; p = 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante nos valores m&#233;dios do SLGentre os pacientes tratados (IP, ITRNN) e n&#227;o tratados (ST). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes nos valores m&#233;dios do <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial e radial, nem nas taxas de deforma&#231;&#227;o circunferencial e radial entre os grupos ST, IP, ITRNN e Ctrl.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os dados sugerem que pacientes com HIV apresentam, &#224; an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ao <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica incipiente do VE que parece n&#227;o ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de TARV. O significado progn&#243;stico dessa altera&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes merece estudos futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Imunodefici&#234;ncia Adquirida</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em todo o mundo, as mortes relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (SIDA) diminu&#237;ram de cerca de 1,9 milh&#227;o em 2005 para cerca de 1 milh&#227;o em 2016, em grande parte devido &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o do tratamento - pela primeira vez, mais de metade das pessoas com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) estava em tratamento para a doen&#231;a. Desde 2010, o n&#250;mero anual de novas infec&#231;&#245;es em todas as faixas et&#225;rias diminuiu 16%. No entanto, o progresso &#233; vari&#225;vel e, apesar de uma tend&#234;ncia descendente global na epidemia, v&#225;rias regi&#245;es est&#227;o experimentando forte aumento do n&#250;mero de novas infec&#231;&#245;es e dificuldades para ampliar o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) representou um importante avan&#231;o para os pacientes infectados pelo HIV, contribuindo para a sobreviv&#234;ncia prolongada e melhor qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tornaram-se um achado comum, devido &#224; maior longevidade desses pacientes. Outro aspecto importante nas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares &#233; que elas parecem estar associadas a efeitos da TARV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora tenha sido observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de afec&#231;&#245;es graves do cora&#231;&#227;o devido a agentes oportunistas, desnutri&#231;&#227;o ou imunossupress&#227;o prolongada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e de eventos vasculares perif&#233;ricos tem aumentado nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pacientes infectados pelo HIV podem apresentar anormalidades mioc&#225;rdicas espec&#237;ficas e o estudo bidimensional convencional apresenta limita&#231;&#227;o para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es sutis da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional. O <italic>speckle tracking</italic> &#233; uma t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica inovadora que tem a capacidade de avaliar a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, buscando identificar altera&#231;&#245;es sutis da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma vari&#225;vel mec&#226;nica de grande import&#226;ncia nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV, pois evidencia a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica. Infelizmente, a t&#233;cnica de estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ainda &#233; subutilizada. O strain longitudinal global (SLG) apresenta uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Uma redu&#231;&#227;o no SLG pode ser encontrada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> angina est&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> doen&#231;a arterial coronariana trivascular e pacientes em uso de agentes quimioter&#225;picos com cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV em uso ou n&#227;o de TARV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal observacional envolvendo 68 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, recrutados no Servi&#231;o de Infectologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade &#8805;18 anos, com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV confirmada por testes sorol&#243;gicos, sem quaisquer sintomas cardiovasculares. Os pacientes eram exclu&#237;dos se estivessem sob qualquer terapia com medicamentos card&#237;acos ou neurol&#243;gicos, se tivessem algum sintoma card&#237;aco ou hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 0,55 e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt; 36 mmHg, angina est&#225;vel, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular moderada a grave. A ecocardiografia foi realizada como parte de um protocolo de pesquisa estabelecido e n&#227;o por sintomas ou comorbidades. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos: 1) pacientes HIV positivo sem uso de TARV (ST); 2) pacientes HIV positivo sob terapia com inibidor de protease pelo menos por 12 meses (IP); 3) pacientes HIV positivo sob terapia com inibidores de transcriptase reversa n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deos pelo menos por 12 meses (ITRNN) e 4) grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. As amostras dos grupos ST (n = 11), IP (n = 24) e ITRNN (n = 33) foram definidas por conveni&#234;ncia, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o os pacientes existentes no momento da coleta de dados. Para o grupo controle, foi definida uma amostra de dimens&#227;o semelhante &#224; do maior dos grupos de estudo (n = 30).</p>
        <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados pelo equipamento Eco Color Doppler da empresa italiana Esaote Biom&#233;dica, modelo Mylab 30 Gold, com sonda setorial eletr&#244;nica multifrequencial (2 a 4 MHz), com aquisi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Foram obtidas as medidas tradicionais da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e encurtamento sist&#243;lico, assim como indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, como a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A do fluxo mitral, a velocidade da onda E mioc&#225;rdica no anel mitral septal (E&#8217; septal), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217; e press&#227;o estimada do &#225;trio esquerdo. Foi tamb&#233;m aferido o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito, assim como duas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito: o Doppler tecidual obtido no anel tric&#250;spide lateral e o deslocamento longitudinal do anel tric&#250;spide (DLAT). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi obtida atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de Simpson, utilizando os cortes apical 4 c&#226;maras e apical 2 c&#226;maras, em di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole, obtendo, assim, os volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final. A partir dos cortes apical 4 c&#226;maras e apical 2 c&#226;maras, ao final da s&#237;stole, foi obtido o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, sendo depois indexado o valor da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para a obten&#231;&#227;o do volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo. A massa de VE foi obtida a partir dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, assim como a partir da espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular e da parede inferolateral, segundo orienta&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A velocidade m&#225;xima de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT), um indicador da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, foi obtida atrav&#233;s do corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. As velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VE foram obtidas posicionando-se o volume de amostra do Doppler tecidual no anel mitral septal. As curvas digitais de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do software Xstrain a partir de imagens digitalizadas obtidas por cortes transversais e apicais. Tamb&#233;m foi avaliada a taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O SLG foi obtido pela m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal nos dezessete segmentos, a partir dos cortes apical de quatro c&#226;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>), apical de tr&#234;s c&#226;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>) e apical de duas c&#226;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). O strain circunferencial global (SCG) foi obtido pela m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial nos dezessete segmentos, a partir dos cortes transversais no n&#237;vel da valva mitral, dos m&#250;sculos papilares e da ponta. O strain radial global (SRG) foi obtido pela m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> radial nos dezessete segmentos, a partir dos cortes transversais da valva mitral, dos m&#250;sculos papilares e da ponta. A an&#225;lise do percentual de deforma&#231;&#227;o foi repetida duas vezes, utilizando as melhores imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. O mesmo ecocardiografista realizou a avalia&#231;&#227;o transtor&#225;cica e, na sequ&#234;ncia, realizou a captura das imagens digitalizadas para o c&#225;lculo dos percentuais de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, radial e circunferencial em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho off-line. Foi obtida tamb&#233;m a taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o, conhecida como <italic>strain rate</italic>, nos planos longitudinal, circunferencial e radial. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apical quatro c&#226;maras &#8211; percentuais de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical das paredes septal inferior e anterolateral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apical tr&#234;s c&#226;maras &#8211; percentuais de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical das paredes inferolateral e septal anterior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apical duas c&#226;maras &#8211; percentuais de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical das paredes inferior e anterior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0737-90169-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi feita com o programa IBM SPSS - vers&#227;o 20 para Windows. Depois de analisados os dados, nomeadamente a normalidade das vari&#225;veis independentes nos diferentes grupos (com o Teste de Shapiro-Wilk) e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias entre os grupos (com o Teste de Levene), decidiu-se utilizar o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis seguido dos testes de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo procedimento de Dunn, para testar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre os valores medidos nos grupos em estudo. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para a tomada de decis&#227;o nos testes estat&#237;sticos realizados. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (#HUAP 159/11) e todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Fizeram parte do estudo 98 indiv&#237;duos: 68 (69,4%) infectados pelo HIV e 30 (30,6%) controles saud&#225;veis com sorologia negativa, sendo 60 (61,2%) do sexo masculino e 38 (38,8%) do sexo feminino. Analisando em separado os grupos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, 55,8% eram do sexo masculino e 44,2% do sexo feminino. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de acordo com o grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ST(N = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">IP (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">ITRNN (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">33,0 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (42,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (73,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,033 (qui-quadrado)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">75,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">72,0 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">73,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">78,0 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,5 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">121,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">129,3 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">129,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">123,8 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">120,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">130,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">130,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">125,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,3 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,8 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 20,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">84,8 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">79,7 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">83,0 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,455</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">82,0 &#177; 23,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">164,6 &#177; 26,8</td>
                <td align="center">189,0 &#177; 56,3</td>
                <td align="center">183,9 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">196,3 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">163,0 &#177; 40,0</td>
                <td align="center">198,0 &#177; 54,0</td>
                <td align="center">181,0 &#177; 42,0</td>
                <td align="center">199,0 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">102,6 &#177; 27,6</td>
                <td align="center">108,7 &#177; 48,5</td>
                <td align="center">110,0 &#177; 27,9</td>
                <td align="center">118,9 &#177; 18,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">104,0 &#177; 49,0</td>
                <td align="center">109,0 &#177; 66,0</td>
                <td align="center">102,0 &#177; 36,0</td>
                <td align="center">122,0 &#177; 27,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">47,5 &#177; 16,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 22,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,0 &#177; 18,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">101,1 &#177; 39,1</td>
                <td align="center">174,8 &#177; 78,2</td>
                <td align="center">119,7 &#177; 115,2</td>
                <td align="center">127,0 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">86,0 &#177; 79,0</td>
                <td align="center">165,0 &#177; 106,0</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 &#177; 71,0</td>
                <td align="center">123,5 &#177; 27,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Linf&#243;citos CD4+ /mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">502,5 &#177; 206,3</td>
                <td align="center">534,4 &#177; 323,1</td>
                <td align="center">693,2 &#177; 317,7</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">426,0 &#177; 310,0</td>
                <td align="center">404,0 &#177; 436,0</td>
                <td align="center">644,0 &#177; 297,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>M: m&#233;dia; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; Md: mediana; IQQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ST: pacientes HIV positivo sem uso de terapia antirretroviral. IP: pacientes HIV positivo em terapia com inibidor de protease. ITRNN: pacientes HIV positivo em terapia com inibidor da transcriptase reversa n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deo. Controle: indiv&#237;duos HIV negativo saud&#225;veis.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A faixa et&#225;ria variou entre 27 e 81 anos (43,26 &#177; 10,58 anos). Havia 34 indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 27 a 37 anos, 37 indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 38 a 48 anos, 19 indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 49 a 59 anos, 6 indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 60 a 70 anos e 2 indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 71 a 81 anos.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>, apresentamos as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos diferentes grupos. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref>, apresentam-se as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos diferentes grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ST (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">IP (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">ITRNN (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">28,27 &#177; 1,85</td>
                <td align="center">30,58 &#177; 3,02</td>
                <td align="center">28,73 &#177; 2,97</td>
                <td align="center">29,53 &#177; 2,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">29,00 &#177; 3,00</td>
                <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 3,50</td>
                <td align="center">29,00 &#177; 4,00</td>
                <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">31,18 &#177; 3,82</td>
                <td align="center">33,21 &#177; 3,22</td>
                <td align="center">31,64 &#177; 4,59</td>
                <td align="center">34,33 &#177; 2,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 6,00</td>
                <td align="center">32,00 &#177; 4,50</td>
                <td align="center">31,00 &#177; 3,00</td>
                <td align="center">34,00 &#177; 4,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVE indexado (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">29,75 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">29,75 &#177; 1,81</td>
                <td align="center">28,67 &#177; 2,36</td>
                <td align="center">28,20 &#177; 1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">29,70 &#177; 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">29,87 &#177; 2,75</td>
                <td align="center">29,73 &#177; 4,22</td>
                <td align="center">28,65 &#177; 2,84</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">30,36 &#177; 2,38</td>
                <td align="center">31,17 &#177; 4,04</td>
                <td align="center">32,18 &#177; 3,26</td>
                <td align="center">32,17 &#177; 2,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 5,00</td>
                <td align="center">31,00 &#177; 7,00</td>
                <td align="center">32,00 &#177; 4,00</td>
                <td align="center">31,50 &#177; 4,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SIV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">7,18 &#177; 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">7,88 &#177; 1,08</td>
                <td align="center">7,91 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">9,03 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,42 &#177; 1,18</td>
                <td align="center">7,67 &#177; 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">8,33 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">FEVE &#8211; Simpson (%)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">66,64 &#177; 3,83</td>
                <td align="center">62,46 &#177; 3,60</td>
                <td align="center">63,55 &#177; 4,10</td>
                <td align="center">64,17 &#177; 3,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">67,00 &#177; 5,00</td>
                <td align="center">62,00 &#177; 5,00</td>
                <td align="center">63,00 &#177; 6,00</td>
                <td align="center">64,00 &#177; 6,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Massa VE indexada (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">82,23 &#177; 16,76</td>
                <td align="center">104,49 &#177; 24,01</td>
                <td align="center">90,01 &#177; 19,54</td>
                <td align="center">108,12 &#177; 14,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">82,28 &#177; 13,59</td>
                <td align="center">106,35 &#177; 37,69</td>
                <td align="center">89,34 &#177; 26,89</td>
                <td align="center">110,61 &#177; 18,10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A </td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">E&#8217; anel septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">9,55 &#177; 1,87</td>
                <td align="center">9,03 &#177; 1,91</td>
                <td align="center">10,54 &#177; 2,21</td>
                <td align="center">8,38 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 &#177; 1,90</td>
                <td align="center">8,35 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">10,00 &#177; 3,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,15 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S&#8217; anel septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">8,25 &#177; 1,09</td>
                <td align="center">8,10 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">8,49 &#177; 1,41</td>
                <td align="center">9,03 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">8,10 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,80 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">8,41 &#177; 1,33</td>
                <td align="center">8,72 &#177; 2,03</td>
                <td align="center">7,08 &#177; 1,65</td>
                <td align="center">9,29 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">8,40 &#177; 2,59</td>
                <td align="center">9,08 &#177; 3,04</td>
                <td align="center">7,27 &#177; 2,45</td>
                <td align="center">9,38 &#177; 0,88</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Volume do AE indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">30,38 &#177; 6,16</td>
                <td align="center">29,93 &#177; 4,76</td>
                <td align="center">29,48 &#177; 5,60</td>
                <td align="center">29,56 &#177; 1,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,839</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">29,11 &#177; 1,09</td>
                <td align="center">30,40 &#177; 3,48</td>
                <td align="center">29,17 &#177; 7,32</td>
                <td align="center">29,88 &#177; 2,76</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S lateral anel tric&#250;spide (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">11,29 &#177; 1,54</td>
                <td align="center">10,87 &#177; 1,42</td>
                <td align="center">12,23 &#177; 1,90</td>
                <td align="center">11,49 &#177; 0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                <td align="center">11,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">10,80 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 &#177; 2,00</td>
                <td align="center">11,70 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>M: m&#233;dia; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; Md: mediana; IQQ: intervalo interquartil; ST: paciente HIV+ sem uso de terapia antirretroviral. IP: pacientes HIV positivo em terapia com inibidor de protease; ITRNN: pacientes HIV positivo em terapia com inibidor da transcriptase reversa n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deo. DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#8220;massa do VE indexada pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC)&#8221;, identificamos nos grupos HIV+ COM IP e HIV- CONTROLE valores superiores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos HIV+ SEM REM&#201;DIO e HIV+ COM ITRNN. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos HIV+ COM IP e HIV- CONTROLE, nem entre os grupos HIV+ SEM REM&#201;DIO e HIV+ COM ITRNN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel &#8220;PP&#8221; (espessura diast&#243;lica septal), identificamos valores superiores no GRUPO HIV-CONTROLE. N&#227;o foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos HIV+ COM IP, HIV+ SEM REM&#201;DIO e HIV+ COM ITRNN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel &#8220;SIV&#8221; (espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior), identificamos valores superiores no GRUPO HIV-CONTROLE. N&#227;o foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos HIV+ COM IP, HIV+ SEM REM&#201;DIO e HIV+ COM ITRNN, apesar do grupo HIV+ SEM REM&#201;DIO apresentar valores de PP inferiores aos outros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global</title>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>, apresentamos os valores de SLG nos diferentes grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comportamento do strain longitudinal global de acordo com o grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">ST (n = 11)</th>
                  <th align="center">IP (n = 24)</th>
                  <th align="center">ITRNN (n = 33)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Strain longitudinal global</td>
                  <td align="center">M &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,11 &#177; 1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,96 &#177; 4,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,15 &#177; 3,07</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,66 &#177; 0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Md &#177; IIQ</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,70 &#177; 2,07</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,27 &#177; 6,14</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,47 &#177; 4,27</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,77 &#177; 1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>M: m&#233;dia; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; Md: mediana; IQQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de SLG foram menores nos grupos HIV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as taxas de deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain rate</italic>) longitudinal, circunferencial e radial entre os grupos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV e controles.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho consistiu na tentativa de identificar atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica. Os pacientes HIV+ eram assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular e apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE normal pela an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional baseada na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que pacientes portadores de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, mesmo sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de TARV, apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em sentido longitudinal conforme avaliado pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. Esses achados confirmam observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e estendem as mesmas ao avaliar o impacto de novos protocolos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV foram alteradas pela introdu&#231;&#227;o da TARV, que modificou significativamente o curso da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, diminuindo a mortalidade e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes infectados. Por outro lado, dados de v&#225;rios estudos levantaram a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que a TARV estaria associada a um aumento das doen&#231;as arterial perif&#233;rica e coronariana. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; TARV s&#227;o frequentes e devem ser acompanhadas pelas equipes multidisciplinares de atendimento a esses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O atual estudo sugere que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica deve ser investigada sempre que poss&#237;vel. O <italic>speckle tracking</italic> &#233; uma t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica avan&#231;ada que apresenta uma sensibilidade muito maior do que a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em detectar anormalidades funcionais, principalmente vari&#225;veis de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que avaliam a efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, identificando anormalidades mais precocemente do que outras t&#233;cnicas de imagem.</p>
        <p>Sims et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> utilizando o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, avaliaram 28 pacientes jovens (idade entre sete e vinte e nove anos) infectados pelo HIV, comparados com 28 controles, n&#227;o tendo sido evidenciadas anormalidades dos par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos. Por&#233;m, ao se estudar a deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foi observada queda do percentual de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal entre os pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Os pacientes infectados pelo HIV, independentemente da TARV, apresentaram menor taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos identificaram eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV em uso de inibidores de protease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> uma vez que esses medicamentos estimulam a s&#237;ntese de triglicer&#237;deos hep&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em nosso estudo, o grupo de pacientes em uso de inibidor de protease foi o que apresentou as maiores taxas s&#233;ricas de triglicer&#237;deos. Trabalhos na literatura mostram a import&#226;ncia de se acompanhar o perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes infectados pelo HIV em uso de TARV, principalmente quando se est&#225; em uso de inibidor de protease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No atual estudo, observou-se que os grupos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, independentemente do tipo de TARV, apresentaram percentual de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global inferior aos valores obtidos em controles saud&#225;veis. Barbaro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> evidenciaram em seu estudo a necessidade de acompanhar esse grupo de pacientes, buscando identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Trabalhos anteriores tiveram como objetivo avaliar, na popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, utilizando a ecocardiografia unidimensional e bidimensional e o Doppler espectral. Hsue et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e Reinsch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudaram as fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo usando o Doppler tecidual, modalidade esta que usa filtros para velocidades altas (sangue) obtendo no anel mitral septal e lateral as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Lang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> focaram suas pesquisas no completo estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, seguindo um organograma de avalia&#231;&#227;o escalonado, conforme as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Outros buscaram identificar altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais em pacientes infectados em uso de TARV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os trabalhos mais recentes utilizam o estudo do percentual de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) e da taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain rate</italic>) atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV em uso de TARV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabemos que a deforma&#231;&#227;o da fibra card&#237;aca em sentido longitudinal pode ser usada para estudar o comportamento das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas que est&#227;o dispostas na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica, pois sabemos que 77% dessas fibras est&#227;o dispostas em sentido longitudinal, e isso confere um importante papel do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> no estudo da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, uma vez que a isquemia se inicia na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Foram evidenciadas, neste estudo, percentuais mais baixos de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal nos indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles saud&#225;veis. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os percentuais de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal obtidos dos grupos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV em uso ou n&#227;o de TARV.</p>
        <p>A estimativa acurada e reprodut&#237;vel do dano mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e em uso de TARV tem sido considerada cada vez mais importante. O estudo CHAART-2, que teve como objetivo identificar os efeitos cardiovasculares em longo prazo de crian&#231;as infectadas pelo HIV em uso de TARV, evidenciou que a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas eram superiores em crian&#231;as infectadas pelo HIV expostas a TARV no per&#237;odo perinatal, em compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as na era pr&#233;-TARV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> o que demonstra a import&#226;ncia do tratamento precoce na preven&#231;&#227;o do dano card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, refor&#231;a a necessidade da monitora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes infectados pelo HIV em uso de TARV para identificar a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce, diminuindo as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no longo prazo.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos publicados demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o SIDA com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo o derrame peric&#225;rdico e a pericardite as mais conhecidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Okoshi e Montenegro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> estudaram a incid&#234;ncia e a etiologia das les&#245;es card&#237;acas em pacientes com SIDA atrav&#233;s de um estudo retrospectivo de 72 necr&#243;psias. Em nenhum paciente o &#243;bito foi considerado como consequ&#234;ncia de les&#227;o card&#237;aca, por&#233;m, altera&#231;&#245;es macro e microsc&#243;picas foram encontradas em 90% dos casos.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos relatam que a preval&#234;ncia de anormalidades card&#237;acas pode estar subestimada. Entre 50 e 70% dos infectados assintom&#225;ticos apresentam miocardite linfoc&#237;tica intersticial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas parecem estar associadas a casos mais graves de imunossupress&#227;o e contagens baixas de TCD4.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o o tamanho limitado da amostra e a faixa et&#225;ria relativamente ampla dos participantes infectados pelo HIV. N&#227;o foi realizada a an&#225;lise do efeito do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, nem do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da TARV. A aus&#234;ncia de documenta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria pelo uso de angiotomografia computadorizada n&#227;o permitiu avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da TARV no desenvolvimento de DAC. Nos dias atuais, s&#227;o poucos os pacientes que n&#227;o fazem uso de terapia antirretroviral e por isso o grupo de pacientes infectados pelo HIV sem uso de TARV foi menor do que os demais grupos. Sabemos que o <italic>speckle tracking</italic> &#233; uma t&#233;cnica que depende de qualidade de imagem e tamb&#233;m da experi&#234;ncia do observador em avaliar as principais curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Temos observado um grande n&#250;mero de trabalhos que usam o <italic>speckle tracking</italic> na tentativa de identificar pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica, mas devemos estimular ainda mais pesquisas com um n&#250;mero maior de investigados para entendermos melhor a signific&#226;ncia dos achados no progn&#243;stico desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica do estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic> foi capaz de detectar sinais precoces de deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes infectados pelo HIV, independentemente do uso ou n&#227;o de drogas antirretrovirais. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios sobre pacientes infectados pelo HIV, para avaliar o significado progn&#243;stico dessas altera&#231;&#245;es nesses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CAPES e Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo HUAP 159/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
