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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZZSSTvgfNYkshTgmp46dm7j</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000734</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190218</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Neurolinguistics of the Heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3057-514X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban Wisnivesky</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#205;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#205;nicas -Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Esteban Wisnivesky Rivarola,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas -Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Arritmia - Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eteban@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>734</fpage>
      <lpage>736</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure;Gini Coefficient</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological, Action Spectrum</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Parasympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurolinguistic Programming</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The association between mental stress and cardiac function has always been of major interest. In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, Claude Bernard, the father of evidence-based medicine, first acknowledged the vagus nerve as a structural and functional link connecting the heart and the brain. Nowadays, stress is considered one of the most significant health problems in modern society, related to the physiopathology of psychiatric, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and the search for its biomarkers remains a challenging task for researchers and clinicians.</p>
    <p>But what is stress? How can we define it, before we tackle it?</p>
    <p>From a phylogenetic point of view, the perception of threat and safety is the core element implicated in mental events related to stress. This threat appraisal works as a trigger of complex neurological processes leading to adaptive adjustments of heart rate, cardiac contractility and vascular resistance that follows sympathetic tone enhancement and parasympathetic withdrawal, and ultimately result in the survival of the individual and of the species. In summary, the heart and the brain are in constant communication in order to keep us from danger.</p>
    <p>Although several physiological mechanisms are known to take part in this elaborate neurological circuitry, the autonomic nervous system is, undisputedly, the protagonist. The study "Introduction of Application of Gini Coefficient to Heart Rate Variability Spectrum for Mental Stress Evaluation",<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> identified an increase in the low frequency spectral power and in total spectral inequalities (using the Gini coefficient) during a cognitive mental challenge (arithmetic exercise). Interestingly, the 0.1Hz band expression, frequently associated with the arterial baroreflex activation, was significantly increased. Authors therefore proposed these indexes as biomarkers of stress and implicated baroreflex hyperactivity in its psychophysiology.</p>
    <p>To the extent that we assume autonomic tonus changes as a reliable sign of mental stress, the heart rate variability (HRV) may indeed provide some interesting information. However, a careful appreciation of the involved neural structures may yield an insight into a sophisticated system and indicate that a reductionist interpretation of the autonomic response pattern may turn out to be misleading.</p>
    <p>Observe the peripheric autonomic nervous pathways carefully. Its extrinsic components, mainly comprised by the vagus nerve and the numerous afferent and efferent nerves of the sophisticated sympathetic thoracic chain, are responsible to carry, through the central nervous system and back to the heart, sympathetic and parasympathetic information from baro and chemoreceptors, generating balanced responses that maintain internal homeostasis. Take into consideration that most of these structures are bimodal, with both vagal and sympathetic inputs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Close to the epicardial surface, this innervation resolves into the intrinsic system, consisting of a dense net of thousands of neural cells and hundreds of epicardial ganglia, plentifully located in the atrial surface.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Cardiac ganglia work as integrative centers, where efferent data can be modulated, so the whole system can flexibly respond to a wide range of stimuli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This modulation, this capacity to provide adaptive control over the periphery, is the hallmark of the autonomic nervous system.</p>
    <p>Intrinsic and extrinsic systems are connected to the central nervous system. Here is where things start getting tricky. By using PET Scan and MRI, a series of neuroimaging studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> describe a <italic>central autonomic network,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> containing cortical and subcortical areas, through which the brain controls visceromotor functions and goal-directed behavior. The network includes prefrontal cortices, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the nucleus ambiguous, among others. All these components are reciprocally interconnected, and the interplay of these inputs provides flexible adjustments. The system essentially operates as a continuous integration of concepts such as &#8220;self&#8221; and &#8220;danger&#8221; with external perceptions and memory into Gestalt representations, generating likely responses.</p>
    <p>After appraising a potential threat, a primitive quick mental stress reaction arises from the amygdala. The reaction to uncertainty or danger is a relatively simple sympathoexcitatory state known as &#8220;fight or flight&#8221;, that in its pristine form results in a rather predictable HR increment. However, this initial perception often gives way to more elaborate mental interpretations as certain cortical areas action unfolds. The frontal cortex (FC), and medial preFC in particular, has a significant role by activating GABAergic pathways exerting inhibitory control over an activated amygdala.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The more abstract the stressful event, the more important and modulated the inhibition of subcortical cardioacceleratory circuits are, meaning that all these neural structures can be differentially recruited depending on the nature of the challenge, creating context-specific response patterns.</p>
    <p>Complex tasks requiring cognitive functions, such as arithmetic, online processing and manipulation of information are highly dependent on this reciprocal downregulation between the cortex and the amygdala.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The resultant HRV takes so many variables into account that defining specific spectral bands as reliable biomarkers, assuming a mechanistic causality, seems unlikely, especially so when it comes to abstract stressful contexts, such as expectations of future outcomes, emotional conditions and representation of economic values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>To illustrate this limitation, in a very simplified way, imagine you are about to take a math test. At first, the challenge may disturb you, being felt as &#8220;danger&#8221;, and so the amygdala nucleus promptly triggers a vagal withdraw (affecting both high and low frequency spectral powers) and a sympathoexcitatory reflex (modifying low frequency spectra). A few minutes later you realize you can handle it and start feeling confident. It is just going to take a little focus. A more accurate Gestalt representation has now been reached. By activating a GABA pathway, three main different areas of your preFC engage: 1-posterior and dorsal region of the rostral preFC (linked to cognitive functions), 2-dorso medial preFC (reliably related to social cognition) and finally 3- medial-orbitoFC and anterior ventral preFC (associated with autonomic aspects of emotional contexts and to &#8220;reward and punishment&#8221;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Exerting a balanced inhibitory control over the amygdala through an integrated Central Autonomic Network, these anatomic structures guide goal-directed behavior and adaptability and ultimately dictates the amount of acetylcholine and norepinephrine to be released from the post-ganglionic fibers close to the sinus node, reshaping HRV spectra once again. Keep in mind that genetic background and cognitive performance may influence all these processes significantly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>What is the value of HRV on assessing stress, then? As of 1965, Hon and Lee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> had already identified inter-beat interval patterns preceding severe fetal distress even before a perceivable change in fetal heart rate. Undoubtedly, HRV has been proven to be an essential index of adaptability of the organism, and therefore, extensively studied under a wide range of stressful stimuli. Conflicting results, however, suggest distinct reactions to different forms of stress. While some authors demonstrated a global increase in HRV after exposure to noise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> public speech tasks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and sustained attention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> others found a global HRV reduction during memory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and cognitive tasks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Emotional conditions have been proven to correlate with high-frequency band reduction by some authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and yet to be neutral by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>We are far from relying on surrogate endpoints to understand the different parts of the link between heart and brain. Even by using much more sophisticated techniques, such as regional cerebral blood flow neuroimaging, we are still scratching the surface of this intricate physiology. HRV could be an interesting tool for detecting general features of the stress response, although unreliable for distinguishing its complex mechanisms.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Introduction of Application of Gini Coefficient to Heart Rate Variability Spectrum for Mental Stress Evaluation</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Neurolingu&#237;stica do Cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3057-514X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban Wisnivesky</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#205;nicas -Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Esteban Wisnivesky Rivarola,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas -Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Arritmia - Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eteban@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Coeficiente de Gini</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectro de A&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Parasimp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Programa&#231;&#227;o Neurolingu&#237;stica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse mental e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sempre foi de grande interesse. No s&#233;culo 19, Claude Bernard, pai da Medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias, reconheceu o nervo vago pela primeira vez como um elo estrutural e funcional que conecta o cora&#231;&#227;o e o c&#233;rebro. Atualmente, o estresse &#233; considerado um dos problemas de sa&#250;de mais significativos da sociedade moderna, relacionado &#224; fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas, metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares, e a busca por seus biomarcadores continua sendo uma tarefa desafiadora para pesquisadores e cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Mas o que &#233; estresse? Como podemos defini-lo antes de enfrent&#225;-lo?</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista filogen&#233;tico, a percep&#231;&#227;o de amea&#231;a e seguran&#231;a &#233; o elemento central implicado em eventos mentais relacionados ao estresse. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o da amea&#231;a funciona como um gatilho de processos neurol&#243;gicos complexos, levando a ajustes adaptativos, como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, contratilidade card&#237;aca e aumentos na resist&#234;ncia vascular, que se seguem ao aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e &#224; retirada parassimp&#225;tica e, finalmente, resultam na sobreviv&#234;ncia do indiv&#237;duo e da esp&#233;cie. Em resumo, o cora&#231;&#227;o e o c&#233;rebro est&#227;o em constante comunica&#231;&#227;o para nos manter longe do perigo.</p>
      <p>Embora se saiba que v&#225;rios mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos participam desse sofisticado circuito neurol&#243;gico, o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233;, indiscutivelmente, o protagonista. O estudo &#8220;Introdu&#231;&#227;o da Aplica&#231;&#227;o do Coeficiente de Gini ao Espectro de Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Estresse Mental&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> identificou um aumento na pot&#234;ncia espectral de baixa frequ&#234;ncia e nas desigualdades espectrais totais (utilizando o coeficiente de Gini) durante um desafio mental cognitivo (exerc&#237;cio aritm&#233;tico). Curiosamente, a express&#227;o da banda de 0,1Hz, frequentemente associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo arterial, aumentou significativamente. Os autores propuseram, portanto, que esses &#237;ndices fossem utilizados como biomarcadores de estresse e implicaram a hiperatividade barorreflexa em sua psicofisiologia.</p>
      <p>Na medida em que assumimos altera&#231;&#245;es do t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico como um sinal confi&#225;vel de estresse mental, a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) pode realmente fornecer algumas informa&#231;&#245;es interessantes. Entretanto, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa das estruturas neurais envolvidas pode fornecer uma clara vis&#227;o de um sistema sofisticado e indicar que uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o reducionista do padr&#227;o de resposta auton&#244;mica pode se revelar enganosa.</p>
      <p>Observe atentamente as vias nervosas auton&#244;micas perif&#233;ricas. Seus componentes extr&#237;nsecos, compostos principalmente pelo nervo vago e pelos numerosos nervos aferentes e aferentes da sofisticada cadeia simp&#225;tica tor&#225;cica, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por transportar, atrav&#233;s do sistema nervoso central e de volta ao cora&#231;&#227;o, as informa&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas dos baro- e quimiorreceptores, gerando respostas equilibradas que mant&#234;m a homeostase interna. Leve em considera&#231;&#227;o que a maioria deles &#233; bimodal, com entradas vagais e simp&#225;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Perto da superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica, essa inerva&#231;&#227;o se resolve no sistema intr&#237;nseco, constitu&#237;do por uma rede densa de milhares de c&#233;lulas neurais e centenas de g&#226;nglios epic&#225;rdicos, abundantemente localizados na superf&#237;cie atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os g&#226;nglios card&#237;acos funcionam como centros integradores, onde os dados eferentes podem ser modulados, de forma que o sistema todo possa responder com flexibilidade a uma ampla gama de est&#237;mulos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Essa modula&#231;&#227;o, essa capacidade de fornecer controle adaptativo sobre a periferia, &#233; a marca do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
      <p>Sistemas intr&#237;nsecos e extr&#237;nsecos est&#227;o conectados &#224;s estruturas do sistema nervoso central. Aqui &#233; onde as coisas come&#231;am a ficar complicadas. Utilizando PET-CT e RM, uma s&#233;rie de estudos de neuroimagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> descreve uma rede auton&#244;mica central,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> contendo &#225;reas corticais e subcorticais, atrav&#233;s das quais o c&#233;rebro controla as fun&#231;&#245;es visceromotoras e o comportamento direcionado a objetivos.</p>
      <p>A rede inclui os c&#243;rtices pr&#233;-frontais, o n&#250;cleo central da am&#237;gdala, o n&#250;cleo paraventricular do hipot&#225;lamo, o n&#250;cleo parabraquial, o n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio e o n&#250;cleo amb&#237;guo, entre outros. Todos esses componentes est&#227;o reciprocamente interconectados, e a intera&#231;&#227;o dessas entradas fornece ajustes flex&#237;veis. O sistema opera essencialmente como uma integra&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de conceitos como &#8220;eu&#8221; e &#8220;perigo&#8221; com percep&#231;&#245;es externas e mem&#243;rias nas representa&#231;&#245;es da Gestalt, gerando respostas prov&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Depois de avaliar uma amea&#231;a em potencial, uma rea&#231;&#227;o de estresse mental r&#225;pida e primitiva surge da am&#237;gdala. A rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; incerteza ou ao perigo &#233; um estado simp&#225;tico-excitat&#243;rio relativamente simples, conhecido como &#8220;lutar ou fugir&#8221;, que em sua forma primitiva resulta em um incremento previs&#237;vel da FC. Contudo, essa percep&#231;&#227;o inicial geralmente d&#225; lugar a interpreta&#231;&#245;es mentais mais elaboradas, &#224; medida que certas a&#231;&#245;es das &#225;reas corticais se revelam.</p>
      <p>O c&#243;rtex frontal (CF) e, em particular, o c&#243;rtex pr&#233;-frontal (CPF) medial, t&#234;m um papel significativo ao ativar as vias GABA&#233;rgicas que exercem controle inibit&#243;rio sobre uma am&#237;gdala ativada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Quanto mais abstrato o evento estressante, mais importante e modulada &#233; a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos circuitos cardioacelerat&#243;rios subcorticais, o que significa que todas essas estruturas neurais podem ser recrutadas diferencialmente, dependendo da natureza do desafio, criando padr&#245;es de resposta espec&#237;ficos ao contexto.</p>
      <p>Tarefas complexas que requerem fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas, como a aritm&#233;tica, processamento e manipula&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es online, s&#227;o altamente dependentes dessa downregula&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca entre o c&#243;rtex e a am&#237;gdala.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A VFC resultante leva em considera&#231;&#227;o tantas vari&#225;veis que parece improv&#225;vel definir bandas espectrais espec&#237;ficas como biomarcadores confi&#225;veis, assumindo uma causalidade mecanicista, especialmente quando se trata de contextos estressantes abstratos, como expectativas de resultados futuros, condi&#231;&#245;es emocionais e representa&#231;&#227;o de valores econ&#244;micos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para ilustrar essa limita&#231;&#227;o, de uma maneira muito simplificada, imagine que voc&#234; est&#225; prestes a fazer uma prova de matem&#225;tica. No in&#237;cio, o desafio pode perturb&#225;-lo, o que &#233; inicialmente considerado um &#8220;perigo&#8221;, e assim o n&#250;cleo da am&#237;gdala imediatamente desencadeia uma retirada vagal (afetando as pot&#234;ncias espectrais de alta e baixa frequ&#234;ncia) e um reflexo simp&#225;tico-excitat&#243;rio (modificando os espectros de baixa frequ&#234;ncia). Alguns minutos depois, voc&#234; percebe que pode lidar com isso e come&#231;a a se sentir confiante. Voc&#234; s&#243; ir&#225; necessitar de um pouco de concentra&#231;&#227;o. Uma representa&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da Gestalt foi alcan&#231;ada. Ao ativar uma via GABA, tr&#234;s principais &#225;reas diferentes do seu CPF s&#227;o envolvidos: 1-regi&#227;o posterior e dorsal do CPF rostral (vinculado a fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas); 2- CPF dorsomedial (confiavelmente relacionado &#224; cogni&#231;&#227;o social) e finalmente 3- CPF medial-orbital e CPF ventral-anterior (associados a aspectos auton&#244;micos de contextos emocionais e &#224; &#8220;recompensa e puni&#231;&#227;o&#8221;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ao exercer um controle inibit&#243;rio equilibrado sobre a am&#237;gdala atrav&#233;s de uma Rede Auton&#244;mica Central integrada, essas estruturas anat&#244;micas orientam o comportamento e a adaptabilidade direcionados a objetivos e, finalmente, ditam a quantidade de acetilcolina e norepinefrina a serem liberadas das fibras p&#243;s-ganglionares pr&#243;ximas ao n&#243; sinusal, remodelando os espectros da VFC mais uma vez. Lembre-se de que o hist&#243;rico gen&#233;tico e o desempenho cognitivo podem influenciar significativamente todos esses processos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Qual &#233; o valor da VFC na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estresse, ent&#227;o? Desde 1965, Hon e Lee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> j&#225; haviam identificado padr&#245;es de intervalo entre batimentos anteriores ao sofrimento fetal grave, mesmo antes de uma mudan&#231;a percept&#237;vel na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal. Sem d&#250;vida, foi comprovado que a VFC &#233; um &#237;ndice essencial de adaptabilidade do organismo e, portanto, tem sido estudado extensivamente sob uma ampla gama de est&#237;mulos estressantes. Resultados conflitantes, no entanto, sugerem rea&#231;&#245;es distintas a diferentes formas de estresse. Enquanto alguns autores demonstraram um aumento global da VFC ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ru&#237;do,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> tarefas envolvendo discurso p&#250;blico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e aten&#231;&#227;o sustentada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> outros encontraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o global da VFC durante tarefas envolvendo mem&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e cogni&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Alguns autores provaram que as condi&#231;&#245;es emocionais se correlacionam com a redu&#231;&#227;o da banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, e outros, que elas s&#227;o neutras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ainda estamos longe de confiar em <italic>endpoints</italic> substitutos para entender as diferentes partes da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o c&#233;rebro. Mesmo utilizando t&#233;cnicas muito mais sofisticadas, como a neuroimagem do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral regional, ainda estamos arranhando a superf&#237;cie dessa intricada fisiologia. A VFC pode ser uma ferramenta interessante para detectar caracter&#237;sticas gerais da resposta ao estresse, embora n&#227;o seja confi&#225;vel para distinguir entre seus mecanismos complexos.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Introdu&#231;&#227;o da Aplica&#231;&#227;o do Coeficiente de Gini ao Espectro de Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Estresse Mental</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
