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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F7dR7yWsM7wW6PtSW4r355p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000725</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005017103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190185</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Introduction of Application of Gini Coefficient to Heart Rate Variability Spectrum for Mental Stress Evaluation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9461-203X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Enrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8109-9177</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghiya</surname>
            <given-names>Shreya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0298-9425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carrazana-Escalona</surname>
            <given-names>Ramon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0384-7883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cortina-Reyna</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8852-4591</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andreu-Heredia</surname>
            <given-names>Ad&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4409-5753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Acosta-Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-950X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz</surname>
            <given-names>Nicol&#225;s Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas y Morfolog&#237;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Concepci&#243;n</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas y Morfolog&#237;a - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n, Concepci&#243;n - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">San Francisco State University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Kinesiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>San Francisco</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de Santiago de Cuba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina 1</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biom&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Santiago de Cuba</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biom&#233;dicas - Facultad de Medicina 1 - Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba - Cuba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de La Habana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitario Calixto Garc&#237;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>La Habana</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Calixto Garc&#237;a - Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de La Habana, La Habana - Cuba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ciencias Cl&#237;nicas y Precl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Concepci&#243;n</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Simulaci&#243;n - Departamento de Ciencias Cl&#237;nicas y Precl&#237;nicas - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n, Concepci&#243;n - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Enrique S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a &#8226;</bold> Alonso de Ribera, 2850. Postal Code 4090541. Concepci&#243;n - Chile Email: <email>misanchez@ucsc.cl</email>, <email>miguel.sanchez881119@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Andreu-Heredia A, Acosta-Batista C, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA; Acquisition of data: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Andreu-Heredia A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Acosta-Batista C; Statistical analysis: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Andreu-Heredia A, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA; Writing of the manuscript: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Acosta-Batista C, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>725</fpage>
      <lpage>733</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The Gini coefficient is a statistical tool generally used by economists to quantify income inequality. However, it can be applied to any kind of data with unequal distribution, including heart rate variability (HRV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the application of the Gini coefficient to measure inequality in power spectral density of RR intervals, and to use this application as a psychophysiological indicator of mental stress.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirteen healthy subjects (19 &#177; 1.5 years) participated in this study, and their RR intervals were obtained by electrocardiogram during rest (five minutes) and during mental stress (arithmetic challenge; five minutes). These RR intervals were used to obtain the estimates of power spectral densities (PSD). The limits for the PSD bands were defined from 0.15 to 0.40 Hz for high frequency band (HF), from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz for low frequency band (LF), from 0.04 to 0.085 Hz for first low frequency sub-band (LF1) and from 0.085 to 0.15 Hz for second low frequency sub-band (LF2). The spectral Gini coefficient (SpG) was proposed to measure the inequality in the power distribution of the RR intervals in each of above-mentioned HRV bands. SpG from each band was compared with its respective traditional index of HRV during the conditions of rest and mental stress. All the differences were considered statistically significant for p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was a significant decrease in HF power (p = 0.046), as well as significant increases in heart rate (p = 0.004), LF power (p = 0.033), LF2 power (p = 0.019) and LF/HF (p = 0.002) during mental stress. There was also a significant increase in SpG(LF) (p = 0.009) and SpG(LF2) (p = 0.033) during mental stress. Coefficient of variation showed SpG has more homogeneity compared to the traditional index of HRV during mental stress.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This pilot study suggested that spectral inequality of Heart Rate Variability analyzed using the Gini coefficient seems to be an independent and homogeneous psychophysiological indicator of mental stress. Also, HR, LF/HF, SpG(LF) of HRV are possibly important, reliable and valid indicators of mental stress.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Gini Coefficient</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart, Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Action, Spectrum</kwd>
        <kwd>Parasympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Simpathetic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The Gini coefficient is a statistical tool typically used in economics to measure income inequality. However, it can be applied to any data with an unequal distribution, including Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is the spectrum of time interval between successive heartbeats (RR interval) over a specific period. This study proposes a novel application of the Gini coefficient to measure the inequality of the power spectral density of RR intervals.</p>
      <p>Physical or mental imbalance caused by noxious stimuli can induce stress to normal homeostasis. If the stress on the system becomes chronic, the sympathetic nervous system stays activated, which can cause physical, psychological, and behavioral abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sympathetic nervous system sensitivity to mental stress increases over time and it can increase the risk of future cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HRV measurement has been adopted as a non-invasive and relatively easy method for objective assessment of the severity of stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is a physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats (RR interval) and is commonly used as a measure of autonomic nervous system activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Power spectral density (PSD) describes the transformation of periodic oscillations of the heart-rate signals into different frequencies. This transformation gives numerical values about their relative intensity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Spectral methods produce a decomposition of total variation of a data series into its frequency components, which can be expressed in the form of a spectral density function that depicts spectral power as a function of frequency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A standard for HRV measurement and interpretation of frequency domain variables was published in 1996, and most subsequent studies are based on it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These traditional HRV indices in frequency domain variables include very low frequency [0.0033-0.04 Hz], HF [0.15-0.4 Hz] and LF [0.04-0.15 Hz]. HF has been linked to the parasympathetic influence on the heart, while LF is modulated by baroreflex activity and has been linked to both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The power of traditional HRV indices in different bands changes by increasing or decreasing sympathetic or vagal modulation. However, it is unknown how equally this power in each frequency band is distributed during rest. It is also unknown how this power distribution gets affected with changes in sympathetic or parasympathetic modulation. To our best knowledge, the inequality in power distribution of HRV spectrum has not been measured before.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the present study aims 1) to apply the Gini coefficient to power spectral density of HRV to measure the inequality of power distribution of frequency bands; 2) to compare the inequality in power spectrums of HRV signals during rest <italic>versus</italic> under mental stress; 3) to evaluate the Gini coefficient as a psychophysiological indicator of mental stress in comparison to traditional HRV indices.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A total of 13 healthy subjects (7 females, 6 males), age 19 &#177; 1.5 years, BMI 22.3 &#177; 1.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, participated in this crossover study. An <italic>a-priori</italic> power analysis found that this number of participants would yield 80% power at an alpha level of 0.05. All the subjects were non-smokers and had no history of heart disease, systemic hypertension or any other disease. Participants did not take any medications, drugs or alcohol for 12 hours preceding the experiment and were advised not to drink any caffeinated beverages on the morning of the study. Prior to participation, subjects signed an informed consent. Study procedures were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Santiago de Cuba.</p>
        <p>Experiments were performed in a quiet environment, between 9 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.. ECGs were taken in a sitting position, during rest and during arithmetic mental stress. After attachment of the electrodes, every subject relaxed for 10 min. ECG recordings were obtained during rest with spontaneous breathing for 5 min. Immediately afterwards, subjects performed a mental arithmetic task for 5 min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The mental arithmetic task is one of the most efficient stimuli for inducing mental stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Briefly, subjects subtracted 7, starting from 1000. They were instructed to subtract as accurately as possible. For a single subtraction, time allowed was 5s and was signaled by a sound. Subjects said the result aloud and after each answer, subjects received verbal confirmation (&#8220;right&#8221; or &#8220;wrong&#8221;). They continued successive subtraction, even when the result was wrong. Aside from verbalization of the answers, subjects did not talk during the mental arithmetic challenge.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Signal acquisition and processing</title>
        <p>A PowerLab Acquisition System 8<sup>&#174;</sup> (ADInstruments) was used to collect the ECG recordings, with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. A standard Lead II was used for ECG measurement. The Sabarimalai-Manikandan&#8217;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> algorithm was used to detect the QRS complexes in the ECG signal, from which RR intervals were obtained. Pre-processing of RR series data was required before HRV analysis in order to reduce analytic errors. The standard deviation filter with percentage filter, with value of 20% from the previous interval, were used to detect ectopic intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Cubic Spline Replacement was employed to replace ectopic intervals using cubic spline interpolation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Finally, in other analysis of ECG signals, an ECG-derived Respiration Rate (EDR) was computed from raw ECG throughout the procedure via a built-in algorithm of Kubios HRV Premium<sup>&#174;</sup> 3.0.2 software. The algorithm examined the alterations in the amplitude of the R-peak caused by chest movements during each respiratory cycle. Under stationary conditions (i.e., short-term registrations), the EDR is considered a reliable index of respiratory rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A previous study found a reasonable agreement between EDR and a reference respiratory rate derived from nasal/oral airflow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart rate variability analysis</title>
        <p>Using the algorithm described by Berger,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> the RR interval sequence was transformed into temporal RR sequence. Pre-processed temporal 5-min RR series were subjected to spectral analysis using the Welch periodogram method to obtain the estimates of power spectral densities (PSD). A total of 2048 samples (5-min RR series) were subjected to computation through the Welch modified periodogram with a Hann window, using segments of 512 samples and overlapping periods of 256 samples. The limits for the spectral HRV bands were delimited from 0.15 to 0.40 Hz for the HF, from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz for the LF, from 0.04 to 0.085 Hz for the LF1 and from 0.085 to 0.15 Hz for the LF2. Absolute PSD were calculated as the integral of each one-sided quadratic spectrogram in the frequency ranges previously defined.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Proposed Spectral Gini HRV Indices</title>
        <p>The Gini coefficient is typically used by economists to measure income inequality. If the income level of the ith [i = 1, 2. . . <italic>N</italic>] house is <italic>xi</italic>, the Gini coefficient is calculated using the following equation:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
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                            <mml:msub>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
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        <p>If the incomes of all houses are equal, that is, <italic>x1 = x2 = &#8901;&#8901;&#8901; = xN</italic>, the Gini coefficient becomes 0. Additionally, when only one house has income, that is, <italic>x1 &gt; x2 = &#8901;&#8901;&#8901; = xN = 0</italic>, the income inequality is maximal and the Gini coefficient is equal to 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Kyung-Jin You et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in 2016, have proposed the Gini coefficient to quantify the inequality in the power spectrum in the range of interest (<italic>fL-fH</italic> Hz) in electroencephalography for quantifying the depth of consciousness during anesthesia. Applying this to HRV, if each frequency of the power spectrum of the RR intervals is considered as an individual house and the power of the corresponding frequency is considered as the house income, it would be possible to quantify the spectral inequality in terms of the Gini coefficient. Therefore, the Spectral Gini coefficient (SpG) is expressed as:</p>
        <p>
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                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
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                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
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                          </mml:mrow>
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                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
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                          <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:msub>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                            </mml:msub>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
        <p>The SpG can measure the inequality in the spectral powers of the RR intervals in each spectral HRV bands employed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All values were expressed as Mean (X), Standard Deviation (SD) and Coefficient of Variation (CV %), Median [*] and Interquartile Range [&#165;]. All differences were considered statistically significant for p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        <p>The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (non-parametric test) for two related samples was used to compare rest <italic>versus</italic> mental stress. Effect Size with Gates&#8217; delta was calculated and values above 0.80 were adopted with high magnitude.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In order to verify the association between traditional and Spectral Gini indices of HRV during mental stress and rest, Pearson&#8217;s correlation was applied to the data with normal distribution, or Spearman&#8217;s correlation, for the ones that did not accept this distribution. The normality of the data was initially determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a technique to reduce the dimensionality of data consisting of correlated variables while capturing the bulk of variation present in the data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> There are as many principal components (PCs) as there are original variables. Each PC is a linear combination of the original variables with a set of weights called &#8220;loadings&#8221;, which reflect the correlations between PCs and original variables. PC1 is the directional vector representing the best fit for data cloud. PC2 is the directional vector orthogonal to PC1 that provides the best fit for residual variability in the data, and so on. PCs are mutually uncorrelated. Effective dimensionality reduction is achieved when the first few (dominant) PCs capture most of the variation present in the data. Useful insights on the interrelationship between original variables can be obtained when the dominant PCs have substantive interpretations. The efficacy of the traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of HRV were defined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve through Sensitivity, Specificity, Area Under Curve and its respective p value were used with Cutoff Points between rest and mental stress set by Youden Index.</p>
        <p>All the statistical and mathematical calculations, as well as the processing of the signals, were performed using the Matlab 2012b software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes values of traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of HRV at rest and during mental stress. There was a significant decrease in HF (p = 0.046), a significant increase in the heart rate (p = 0.004), LF/HF (p = 0.002), LF (p = 0.033) and LF2 (p = 0.019) during mental stress, compared to rest. A significant increase in SpG(LF) (p = 0.009) and SpG(LF2) (p = 0.033) was observed. Coefficient of Variation analysis showed that Spectral Gini Indices are more homogeneous than traditional Indices of HRV.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability during rest and mental stress</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Rest</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Mental Stress</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Effect Size<break/>Gates' delta</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center">X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">[*]</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">[&#165;]</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CV (%)</th>
              <th align="center">X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">[*]</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">[&#165;]</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">HRV Index</td>
              <td align="center">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">80.32 [75.5]</td>
              <td align="center">10.52 [15.6]</td>
              <td align="center">13.09</td>
              <td align="center">96.41 [91.4]</td>
              <td align="center">11.78 [21.1]</td>
              <td align="center">12.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.52 Large</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">RMSSD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">47.36 [44.10]</td>
              <td align="center">22.95 [26.45]</td>
              <td align="center">48.45</td>
              <td align="center">33.52 [32.20]</td>
              <td align="center">17.98 [27.30]</td>
              <td align="center">53.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 Medium</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">EDR (Hz)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 [0.25]</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 [0.06]</td>
              <td align="center">20.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 [0.22]</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 [0.08]</td>
              <td align="center">23.73</td>
              <td align="center">-0,6 Small</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Traditional<break/>Indices<break/>[Bandwidth]</td>
              <td align="center">LF (ms2/Hz)<break/>|0.04-0.15 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">844.78 [689.27]</td>
              <td align="center">627.95 [789.86]</td>
              <td align="center">74.33</td>
              <td align="center">1373.44 [1123.02]</td>
              <td align="center">1003.01 [1560.15]</td>
              <td align="center">73.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 Medium</td>
              <td align="center">0.033</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HF (ms2/Hz)<break/>|0.15-0.40 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">1281.96 [986.91]</td>
              <td align="center">1429.36 [848.70]</td>
              <td align="center">111.49</td>
              <td align="center">758.91 [517.83]</td>
              <td align="center">691.12 [1001.75]</td>
              <td align="center">91.06</td>
              <td align="center">-0.36 Small</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LF1 (ms2/Hz)<break/>|0.04-0.085 Hz]</td>
              <td align="center">291.79 [283.39]</td>
              <td align="center">200.64 [180.87]</td>
              <td align="center">68.76</td>
              <td align="center">267.57 [235.48]</td>
              <td align="center">174.23 [224.52]</td>
              <td align="center">65.11</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12 Small</td>
              <td align="center">0.650</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LF2 (ms2/Hz)<break/>|0.085-0.15 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">533.69 [435.59]</td>
              <td align="center">421.36 [580.17]</td>
              <td align="center">78.95</td>
              <td align="center">1086.58 [726.52]</td>
              <td align="center">861.88 [1308.89]</td>
              <td align="center">79.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 Large</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LF/HF (ratio)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 [0.69]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.79]</td>
              <td align="center">88.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 [1.93]</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 [1.60]</td>
              <td align="center">40.34</td>
              <td align="center">1.48 Large</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Gin Spectral<break/>Indices<break/>[Bandwidth]</td>
              <td align="center">SpG(LF)<break/>|0.04-0.15 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">0.29 [0.29]</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 [0.08]</td>
              <td align="center">20.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.40 [0.39]</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 [0.16]</td>
              <td align="center">25.62</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 Large</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">SpG(HF)<break/>|0.15-0.40 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 [0.50]</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 [0.15]</td>
              <td align="center">17.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 [0.47]</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 [0.14]</td>
              <td align="center">20.00</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54 Small</td>
              <td align="center">0.133</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">SpG(LF1)<break/>|0.04-0.085 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 [0.21]</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 [0.07]</td>
              <td align="center">25.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 [0.22]</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 [0.12]</td>
              <td align="center">36.86</td>
              <td align="center">-0.19 Small</td>
              <td align="center">0.382</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">SpG(LF2)<break/>|0.085-0.15 Hz|</td>
              <td align="center">0.28 [0.27]</td>
              <td align="center">0.07 [0.12]</td>
              <td align="center">26.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 [0.38]</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 [0.16]</td>
              <td align="center">29.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 Medium</td>
              <td align="center">0.033</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05. Mean (X), SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation; HRV: heart rate variability; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences; EDR: ECG-derived; Respiration Rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SpG: spectral; Gini coefficient.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>[*]</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Median</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>[&#165;]</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Interquartile Range.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The correlation values between traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of HRV during rest and mental stress are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. During rest, there were high correlations between the HR and the SpG(LF1) (r = 0.721; p = 0.01) and between SpG(LF) and SpG(LF2) (r=0.829; p = 0.01), good correlations between LF and SpG(LF2) (r = 0.645; 0.05), and between LF2 and SpG(LF2) (r = 0.628; 0.05). During mental stress, there was a good correlation between SpG(LF) and SpG(LF2) (r = 0.682; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of HRV during mental stress and rest</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">HRV<break/>Indices</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(HF)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF1)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF2)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center">Rest</th>
              <th align="center">Mental<break/>Stress</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Rest</th>
              <th align="center">Mental<break/>Stress</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Rest</th>
              <th align="center">Mental<break/>Stress</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Rest</th>
              <th align="center">Mental<break/>Stress</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR</td>
              <td align="center">0.313</td>
              <td align="center">-0.413</td>
              <td align="center">0.587<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.140</td>
              <td align="center">-0.110</td>
              <td align="center">0.566<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.112</td>
              <td align="center">,151</td>
              <td align="center">-0.025</td>
              <td align="center">0.463</td>
              <td align="center">0.409</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">-0.084</td>
              <td align="center">0.432</td>
              <td align="center">-0.029</td>
              <td align="center">-0.153</td>
              <td align="center">-0.446</td>
              <td align="center">-0.173</td>
              <td align="center">0.192<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
              <td align="center">,122</td>
              <td align="center">-0.216</td>
              <td align="center">0.267</td>
              <td align="center">-0.084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDR</td>
              <td align="center">-0.177</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47</td>
              <td align="center">-0.466<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-,031</td>
              <td align="center">-0.293</td>
              <td align="center">-0.055</td>
              <td align="center">-0.330<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.037</td>
              <td align="center">-0.179</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">-0.404</td>
              <td align="center">-0.320</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF</td>
              <td align="center">0.264<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.296<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-0.335<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">-0.177<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.593<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.180</td>
              <td align="center">0.333<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-0.192<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
              <td align="center">-0.026<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
              <td align="center">0.220<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.039</td>
              <td align="center">0.397<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.253<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.038</td>
              <td align="center">-0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.104<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.207</td>
              <td align="center">-0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.379<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.048</td>
              <td align="center">0.387<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF1</td>
              <td align="center">0.258<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0224</td>
              <td align="center">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-0.319<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.054</td>
              <td align="center">-0.217<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF2</td>
              <td align="center">0.231<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.041</td>
              <td align="center">0.335<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-0.158<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.582<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">,335</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.390<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.153</td>
              <td align="center">0.177<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.829<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.682<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.698<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.01;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Spearman&#8217;s correlation, for the HRV indices that did not accept normal distribution in Shapiro-Wilk test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>
              <italic>HRV: heart rate variability; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences; EDR: ECG-derived; Respiration Rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SpG: spectral; Gini coefficient.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> represent Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability during rest and mental stress.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principal Component Analysis of Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability during rest and mental stress (aHF = absolute HF; aLF1 = absolute LF1; aLF = absolute LF; aLF2 = absolute LF2). HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences; EDR: ECG-derived; Respiration Rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SpG: spectral Gini coefficient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0725-90185-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of Factor Loadings of Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability during rest and mental stress from Principal Component Analysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="44%"/>
            <col width="4%"/>
            <col width="28%"/>
            <col width="28%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Dimension 1</th>
              <th align="center">Dimension 2</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.5240</td>
              <td align="center">1.3612</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.7615</td>
              <td align="center">0.1257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2707</td>
              <td align="center">-1.1683</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.4742</td>
              <td align="center">0.2518</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.2896</td>
              <td align="center">-0.6571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.4674</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.3519</td>
              <td align="center">0.3851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF (ratio)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2641</td>
              <td align="center">1.2657</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.3048</td>
              <td align="center">1.4026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(HF)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.3397</td>
              <td align="center">0.0928</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2806</td>
              <td align="center">0.2438</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.7623</td>
              <td align="center">1.0909</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Explained variance by</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.3125</td>
              <td align="center">0.2578</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="4">Total explained variance: 0.5703</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>
              <italic>ROC curve and other efficacy values for Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability are described in Table 4. The cutoff points of the different indicators can be observed in the differentiation of the psychophysiological states obtained from the Youden Index of the ROC curve. Out of the 12 variables studied here, only HR (cutoff point: 83.350 bpm; p = 0.001), LF/HF (cutoff point: 1.02; p = 0.001) and SpG(LF) (cutoff point: 0.356; p = 0.011) show high values of sensitivity, specificity, Youden Index and area under the curve (p &lt; 0.05). HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences; EDR: ECG-derived; Respiration Rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SpG: spectral Gini coefficient</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The PCA helps to reduce the multiple characteristics or variables of a sample to a few dimensions (in this case, only two dimensions). It can be explained as trying to reduce twelve variables of an object to two values or characteristics and to determine which out of these twelve variables are the most robust for those two characteristics (two dimensions), which allow a better study of the object of interest. The important variables for each dimension are those that are higher than 1 or lower than -1. On dimension 1, the variables LF (1.4742), HF (1.2896), LF1 (1.4674) and LF2 (1.3519) have greater weight. On dimension 2, the variables with a greater load are HR (1.3612), LF/HF (1.2657), SpG LF (1.4026) and SpG LF2 (1.0909).</p>
      <p>With respect to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, the relationship between the variables is given by the cosine of the angle formed by each vector representing that specific variable. The more acute the angle, which is to say that it has a tendency to 0, the higher will be correlation, and if the vectors form a 90 degree angle, the variables will not be correlated. On the other hand, if they form an angle of 180 degrees, correlation is inverse. In dimension 2, the vectors of the variables HR, LF/HF and SpG LF form an angle close to 180 with the EDR and therefore, HR, LF/HF and SpG LF are negatively correlated with EDR. The size of the vector is the strength of that variable in that dimension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study aimed 1) to apply the Gini coefficient to power spectral densities of HRV to measure the inequality in distribution of frequency bands; 2) to compare the inequality in power spectrum of HRV signals during rest versus under mental stress; 3) to evaluate the Gini coefficient as a psychophysiological indicator of mental stress in comparison to traditional HRV indices.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the traditional indices of HRV during mental stress showed expected results of significant increase in LF power and increase in LF/HF ratio, along with significant decrease in HF power. HRV is a reliable tool to measure psychophysiological stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and the present results shows significant changes in HRV indices compared to rest.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the Gini coefficient to power spectrums of HRV signal/RR intervals to measure inequality in distribution of power. Conceptually, a Gini coefficient of zero means that the power is distributed equally for all frequencies within a spectral bandwidth. In contrast, a Gini coefficient of 1 suggests that there is a single frequency with the most power within a specific spectral bandwidth, and all other frequencies in the bandwidth have no power. In other words, increase in the Gini coefficient value suggests that there are few frequencies with the most power within that frequency band compared to before. The results showed that there was a significant increase in SpG(LF) during mental stress compared to rest, meaning that during mental stress, not only there was an increase in total power in LF, but also the total power distribution became more unequal and certain frequencies gained the most power. It is noteworthy that the LF2 sub-band (0.085-0.15 Hz) showed increased inequality, as changes in SpG(LF) and SpG(LF2) were significant but not for SpG(LF1) during mental stress. It should also be noted that the traditional HRV index showed a significant decrease in HF power during mental stress, but the decrease in SpG(HF) was not significant. These data suggest that there was decrease in power in the HF band, but the distribution of power within the HF band remained similar during rest and mental stress.</p>
      <p>The coefficient of variation showed that, in comparison to traditional HRV indices, Gini spectral indices are homogeneous (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), meaning that the numeric values of changes in distribution of power during mental stress are located closer to the center (mean) and do not have high SD values like traditional indices. Pearson Correlation (and Spearman&#8217;s correlation) Tests revealed poor correlation values between traditional and Spectral Gini Indices during mental stress, even though LF and LF2 of traditional HRV index showed good correlation with SpG (LF2) at rest. This indicated that Gini values are independent of traditional HRV indices and contribute to the additional information not reported until now.</p>
      <p>Principal Component Analysis of traditional and Spectral Gini indices helps to reduce the multiple characteristics or variables of a sample (HRV) to a few dimensions (in this case, only two dimensions). It can be explained as trying to reduce twelve variables of an object to two values or characteristics and to determine which out of these twelve variables are the most robust for those two characteristics (two dimensions), which allow a better study of the object of interest. Dimension 2 is what differentiates the state of stress (green arrow on the figure, which tends to go upward) from the state of rest (red arrow on the figure, which tends to go below). Therefore, even though LF and HF have values &gt;1 on Dimension 1, the variables with high load such as HR,LF/HF, SpG LF and SpG LF2 from Dimension 2 are considered physiologically and clinically more important as state indicators.</p>
      <p>ROC curve was produced in order to evaluate the efficacy of Spectral Gini indices as an evaluator of mental stress. The cutoff points of the different indicators in the differentiation of the psychophysiological states, obtained from the Youden Index of the ROC curve, can be observed. However, it stands out how the HR (p = 0.001) the LF/HF (p = 0.001) and the SpG (LF) (p = 0.011) constituted the most optimal (ROC model) and effective indicators in the discrimination between rest and mental stress with the best values of sensitivity, specificity, Youden Index and area under the curve (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>The results shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> are consistent with the results in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, suggesting that HR; LF/HF and SpG LF were highlighted in the discrimination of the states of rest and stress.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efficacy of Traditional and Spectral Gini Indices of Heart Rate Variability in the discrimination of rest and mental stress</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Cutoff point</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity</th>
              <th align="center">Youden Index</th>
              <th align="center">Area Under Curve</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR</td>
              <td align="center">83.350 bpm</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">37.70 ms</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.307</td>
              <td align="center">-0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.325</td>
              <td align="center">0.130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDR</td>
              <td align="center">0.2299 Hz</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.307</td>
              <td align="center">-0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF</td>
              <td align="center">1120.44 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
              <td align="center">0.538</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.651</td>
              <td align="center">0.191</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF</td>
              <td align="center">623.83 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.230</td>
              <td align="center">-0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.343</td>
              <td align="center">0.174</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF1</td>
              <td align="center">239.99 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
              <td align="center">0.462</td>
              <td align="center">0.384</td>
              <td align="center">-0.154</td>
              <td align="center">0.450</td>
              <td align="center">0.663</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF2</td>
              <td align="center">581.42 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.692</td>
              <td align="center">0.462</td>
              <td align="center">0.698</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF (ratio)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
              <td align="center">0.692</td>
              <td align="center">0.923</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
              <td align="center">0.793</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(HF)</td>
              <td align="center">0.505</td>
              <td align="center">0.231</td>
              <td align="center">0.53846</td>
              <td align="center">-0.231</td>
              <td align="center">0.373</td>
              <td align="center">0.270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.203</td>
              <td align="center">0.538</td>
              <td align="center">0.0769</td>
              <td align="center">-0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.420</td>
              <td align="center">0.489</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SpG(LF2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.274</td>
              <td align="center">0.692</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.722</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>
              <italic>HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences; EDR: ECG-derived; Respiration Rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SpG: spectral Gini coefficient.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The significant increase in LF and SpG(LF) power during mental stress allows discussion on the contributing factors for LF power. It is generally accepted that the HF component is a reflex of the parasympathetic activity, and that the LF and LF/HF components are a reflex of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Breathing rate can influence HRV variables noticeably.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Bernardi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have further reported that regardless of the amount of stress involved in the mental task, low breathing rate usually contributes to increase in LF power of HRV. Although there was a decrease in breathing rate during stress compared to rest in the present study, the EDR was 0.21 &#177; 0.04 Hz or 12.6 &#177; 0.24 br/min, which is not within the LF components in the RR power spectrum. In other words, in the present study, respiration rate was not responsible for increased LF power during mental stress.</p>
      <p>There are few studies examining the contributing factors to LF power of HRV in depth. In their recent study, Roach et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> reported that 75% of the contribution to LF power comes from fluctuations called ripples, and these ripples are probably due to arterial baroreceptor functions. Reyes del Paso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> have showed a strong association between baroreflex activity and mental stress. Vaschillo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have investigated the subdivision of LF in two separate components in young binge drinkers and suggested that these two divisions functionally indicate two distinct physiological parameters. LF1 represents vascular tone baroreflex and LF2 represents heart rate baroreflex activity.</p>
      <p>As noted earlier, data analysis from the current study showed increased LF power and decreased HF power during mental stress, along with increased SpG(LF) and SpG(LF2). It is possible that, under stress, a healthy cardiovascular system generates more LF oscillations, especially with power mostly around 0.1Hz frequencies, to regain homeostasis. This possibility is supported by Bates et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> who evaluated real-time changes in RR interval spectrum in response to placebo and alcohol. Bates et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> suggested that under alcohol or other adverse conditions, one of the main adaptations includes maintaining low frequency oscillations even at the expense of high frequency oscillations. This can also explain the lack of changes in SpG(HF) under mental stress. That study also suggested that low frequency oscillations are useful to generate resonance for better adaptation, and 0.1 Hz is one of several resonance frequencies. The current study supports significant increase in LF subdivision during mental stress, and future studies are recommended to investigate the association of 0.1 Hz frequency to arterial baroreflex activity for better understanding of the mechanism of physiological adaptations during mental stress.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study successfully applied Gini coefficient to power spectral densities of HRV to measure the inequality in distribution of frequency bands.</p>
      <p>These results suggest that during stress (arithmetic challenge), compared to rest, not only total power of low frequency band increases, but the total power distribution becomes more unequal.</p>
      <p>Spectral inequalities of heart rate variability analyzed from the Gini coefficient seem to be independent and homogeneous indicators of psychophysiological mental stress compared to traditional indices of HRV as per this pilot study.</p>
      <p>Out of traditional and spectral Gini indices of HRV, HR, LF/HF, SpG (LF) seems to be valid and reliable tools as indicators of stress, and this study provides cutoff values for these variables to discriminate the states of stress and rest.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Among the limitations of this study, the small sample size can be cited. This is a pilot study on Gini coefficient application to HRV spectrum, therefore more studies with larger sample sizes are recommended for better understanding and interpretation of inequalities in power spectral density of RR intervals.</p>
        <p>In addition, a mental arithmetic challenge was used to induce mental stress. Although this method is considered valid and reliable, results can possibly be varied under different circumstances, as mental stress is a complex and dynamic phenomenon.</p>
        <p>Finally, HRV can be influenced by hormones depending on the menstrual phase in female participants. Although the menstrual phase was not monitored, data for both conditions (rest and mental stress) were collected on the same day in order to minimize baseline variability.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Medical University of Santiago de Cuba Ethics Committee under protocol number 22/2017. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Kim HG, Cheon EJ, Bai DS, Lee YH, Koo BH. Stress and heart rate variability: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(3):235-45.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheon</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bai</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koo</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stress and heart rate variability: a meta-analysis and review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Psychiatry Investig</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>245</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Chida Y, Steptoe A. Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidence. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):1026-32.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Chida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steptoe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidence</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1026</fpage>
          <lpage>1032</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o da Aplica&#231;&#227;o do Coeficiente de Gini ao Espectro de Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Estresse Mental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9461-203X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Enrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8109-9177</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghiya</surname>
            <given-names>Shreya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0298-9425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carrazana-Escalona</surname>
            <given-names>Ramon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0384-7883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cortina-Reyna</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8852-4591</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andreu-Heredia</surname>
            <given-names>Ad&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4409-5753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Acosta-Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-950X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz</surname>
            <given-names>Nicol&#225;s Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas y Morfolog&#237;a - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n, Concepci&#243;n - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biom&#233;dicas - Facultad de Medicina 1 - Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba - Cuba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Calixto Garc&#237;a - Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de La Habana, La Habana - Cuba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Simulaci&#243;n - Departamento de Ciencias Cl&#237;nicas y Precl&#237;nicas - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Cat&#243;lica de la Sant&#237;sima Concepci&#243;n, Concepci&#243;n - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correpond&#234;ncia: Miguel Enrique S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a &#8226;</bold> Alonso de Ribera, 2850. CP: 4090541. Concepci&#243;n - Chile Email:<email>misanchez@ucsc.cl</email>, <email>miguel.sanchez881119@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Andreu-Heredia A, Acosta-Batista C, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Andreu-Heredia A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Acosta-Batista C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Andreu-Heredia A, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: S&#225;nchez-Hechavarr&#237;a ME, Ghiya S, Acosta-Batista C, Sa&#225;-Mu&#241;oz NA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O coeficiente de Gini &#233; um instrumento estat&#237;stico geralmente usado por economistas para quantificar a desigualdade de renda. No entanto, ele pode ser aplicado a qualquer tipo de dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual, incluindo a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a aplica&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de Gini para medir a desigualdade na densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia de intervalos RR, e usar esta aplica&#231;&#227;o como um indicador psicofisiol&#243;gico do estresse mental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Treze indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (19 &#177; 1,5 anos) participaram deste estudo, e seus intervalos RR foram obtidos por eletrocardiograma durante repouso (cinco minutos) e durante estresse mental (desafio aritm&#233;tico; cinco minutos). Esses intervalos RR foram utilizados para obter as estimativas de densidades espectrais de pot&#234;ncia (PSD). Os limites para as bandas PSD foram definidos de 0,15 a 0,40 Hz para banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF), de 0,04 a 0,15 Hz para banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF), de 0,04 a 0,085 Hz para a primeira sub-banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF1) e de 0,085 a 0,15 Hz para a segunda sub-banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF2). O coeficiente de Gini espectral (SpG) foi proposto para medir a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia dos intervalos RR em cada uma das bandas de VFC mencionadas acima. O SpG de cada banda foi comparado com seu respectivo &#237;ndice tradicional de VFC durante as condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso e de estresse mental. Todas as diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no poder de FC (p=0,046), bem como aumentos significativos na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p = 0,004), pot&#234;ncia da LF (p = 0,033), pot&#234;ncia da LF2 (p = 0,019) e LF/HF (p = 0,002) durante estresse mental. Houve tamb&#233;m um aumento significativo de SpG(LF) (p = 0,009) e SpG(LF2) (p = 0,033) durante estresse mental. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o mostrou que o SpG tem mais homogeneidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice tradicional de VFC durante o estresse mental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo piloto sugeriu que a desigualdade espectral da VFC analisada pelo coeficiente de Gini parece ser um indicador psicofisiol&#243;gico independente e homog&#234;neo de estresse mental. Al&#233;m disso, FC, LF/HF, SpG(LF) da VFC s&#227;o possivelmente indicadores importantes, confi&#225;veis e v&#225;lidos de estresse mental.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Coeficiente de Gini</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectro de A&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Parassimp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O coeficiente de Gini &#233; uma ferramenta estat&#237;stica tipicamente usada em economia para medir a desigualdade de renda. No entanto, ele pode ser aplicado a qualquer dado com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual, incluindo a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC). A VFC &#233; o espectro de intervalo de tempo entre batimentos card&#237;acos sucessivos (intervalo RR) ao longo de um per&#237;odo espec&#237;fico. Este estudo prop&#245;e uma nova aplica&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de Gini para medir a desigualdade da densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia dos intervalos RR.</p>
        <p>O desequil&#237;brio f&#237;sico ou mental causado por est&#237;mulos nocivos pode induzir estresse &#224; homeostase normal. Se o estresse ao sistema se torna cr&#244;nico, o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico permanece ativado, o que pode causar anormalidades f&#237;sicas, psicol&#243;gicas e comportamentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A sensibilidade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico ao estresse mental aumenta com o tempo e pode aumentar o risco de futuras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida da VFC foi adotada como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo e relativamente f&#225;cil para avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da gravidade do estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Trata-se de um fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico de varia&#231;&#227;o no intervalo de tempo entre os batimentos card&#237;acos (intervalo RR), e &#233; comumente usado como medida da atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia (PSD) descreve a transforma&#231;&#227;o de oscila&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas dos sinais de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em diferentes frequ&#234;ncias. Essa transforma&#231;&#227;o fornece valores num&#233;ricos referentes &#224; sua intensidade relativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os m&#233;todos espectrais produzem uma decomposi&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o total de uma s&#233;rie de dados em seus componentes de frequ&#234;ncia, que podem ser expressos na forma de uma fun&#231;&#227;o de densidade espectral que representa o poder espectral como uma fun&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um padr&#227;o para a medi&#231;&#227;o da VFC e interpreta&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia foi publicado em 1996, e a maioria dos estudos subsequentes s&#227;o baseados nele.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estes &#237;ndices tradicionais de VFC nas vari&#225;veis do dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia incluem frequ&#234;ncias muito baixas [0,0033-0,04 Hz], HF [0,15-0,4 Hz] e LF [0,04-0,15 Hz]. A HF tem sido associada &#224; influ&#234;ncia parassimp&#225;tica no cora&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a LF &#233; modulada pela atividade barorreflexa e tem sido associada tanto &#224; atividade simp&#225;tica quanto &#224; parassimp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O poder dos &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC em diferentes bandas muda, aumentando ou diminuindo a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ou vagal. No entanto, desconhece-se como esta pot&#234;ncia &#233; distribu&#237;da igualmente em cada banda de frequ&#234;ncia durante o descanso. Tamb&#233;m &#233; desconhecido como essa distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia &#233; afetada por mudan&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ou parassimp&#225;tica. At&#233; onde sabemos, a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia do espectro da VFC n&#227;o foi medida antes.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o presente estudo visa: 1) aplicar o coeficiente de Gini &#224; densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia da VFC para medir a desigualdade de distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia de bandas de frequ&#234;ncia; 2) comparar a desigualdade nos espectros de pot&#234;ncia dos sinais da VFC durante o repouso <italic>versus</italic> estresse mental; 3) avaliar o coeficiente de Gini como indicador psicofisiol&#243;gico de estresse mental em compara&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices tradicionais de VFC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Um total de 13 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (7 mulheres, 6 homens), com idade 19 &#177; 1,5 anos, IMC 22,3 &#177; 1,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, participaram deste estudo cruzado. Uma an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia <italic>a priori</italic> descobriu que esse n&#250;mero de participantes produziria 80% de poder em um n&#237;vel alfa de 0,05. Todos os indiv&#237;duos eram n&#227;o-fumantes e n&#227;o apresentavam hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a. Os participantes n&#227;o tomaram medicamentos, drogas ou &#225;lcool por 12 horas antes do experimento e foram aconselhados a n&#227;o ingerir bebidas cafeinadas na manh&#227; do estudo. Antes da participa&#231;&#227;o, os sujeitos assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. Os procedimentos do estudo estavam de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade M&#233;dica de Santiago de Cuba.</p>
          <p>Os testes foram realizados em ambiente tranquilo, entre as 9:00 e as 12:30 horas. Os ECGs foram realizados em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, durante repouso e durante estresse mental aritm&#233;tico. Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos, cada sujeito relaxou por 10 min. Os registros de ECG foram obtidos durante o repouso com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea por 5 min. Imediatamente ap&#243;s, os sujeitos realizaram uma tarefa aritm&#233;tica mental por 5 min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A tarefa aritm&#233;tica mental &#233; um dos est&#237;mulos mais eficientes para induzir estresse mental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Resumidamente, os sujeitos subtra&#237;ram 7, come&#231;ando a partir de 1000. Eles foram instru&#237;dos a subtrair com a maior precis&#227;o poss&#237;vel. Para uma &#250;nica subtra&#231;&#227;o, o tempo permitido foi de 5s e foi sinalizado por um som. Os sujeitos disseram o resultado em voz alta e, ap&#243;s cada resposta, receberam confirma&#231;&#227;o verbal ("certo" ou "errado"). Eles continuaram a subtra&#231;&#227;o sucessivamente, mesmo quando o resultado estava errado. Al&#233;m da verbaliza&#231;&#227;o das respostas, os sujeitos n&#227;o falaram durante o desafio da aritm&#233;tica mental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e processamento de sinal</title>
          <p>Um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados PowerLab 8<sup>&#174;</sup> (ADInstruments) foi utilizado para coletar os registros de ECG, com uma taxa de amostragem de 1000 Hz. Uma deriva&#231;&#227;o II padr&#227;o foi usada para medi&#231;&#227;o de ECG. O algoritmo de Sabarimalai-Manikandan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> foi usado para detectar os Complexos QRS no sinal de ECG a partir dos quais os intervalos RR foram obtidos. O pr&#233;-processamento dos dados da s&#233;rie RR foi necess&#225;rio antes da an&#225;lise da VFC para reduzir os erros anal&#237;ticos. O filtro de desvio padr&#227;o com filtro de porcentagem, com valor de 20% do intervalo anterior, foi usado para detectar intervalos ect&#243;picos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Foi empregada Substitui&#231;&#227;o de Spline C&#250;bico para substituir os intervalos ect&#243;picos usando a interpola&#231;&#227;o de spline c&#250;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Finalmente, em outra an&#225;lise de sinais de ECG, uma taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG (EDR) foi calculada a partir do ECG bruto durante todo o procedimento por meio de um algoritmo integrado do software Kubios HRV Premium<sup>&#174;</sup> 3.0.2. O algoritmo examinou as altera&#231;&#245;es na amplitude do pico R causado por movimentos tor&#225;cicos durante cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio. Em condi&#231;&#245;es estacion&#225;rias (ou seja, registros de curto prazo), a EDR &#233; considerada um &#237;ndice confi&#225;vel de taxas respirat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Um estudo anterior encontrou uma concord&#226;ncia razo&#225;vel entre EDR e uma taxa respirat&#243;ria de refer&#234;ncia derivada do fluxo a&#233;reo nasal/oral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Utilizando o algoritmo descrito por Berger,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> a sequ&#234;ncia do intervalo RR foi transformada em sequ&#234;ncia RR temporal. As s&#233;ries temporais pr&#233;-processadas de 5 min foram submetidas a an&#225;lise espectral usando o m&#233;todo de Periodograma de Welch para obter as estimativas de densidades espectrais de pot&#234;ncia (PSD). Um total de 2048 amostras (s&#233;ries RR de 5 min) foi submetido a c&#225;lculo atrav&#233;s do Periodograma de Welch modificado com uma janela de Hann, utilizando segmentos de 512 amostras e per&#237;odos sobrepostos de 256 amostras. Os limites para as bandas espectrais da VFC foram delimitados de 0,15 a 0,40 Hz para a HF, de 0,04 a 0,15 Hz para a LF, de 0,04 a 0,085 Hz para a LF1 e de 0,085 a 0,15 Hz para a LF2. A PSD absoluta foi calculada como a integral de cada espectrograma quadr&#225;tico unilateral nas faixas de frequ&#234;ncia previamente definidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndices de Gini Espectrais da VFC propostos</title>
          <p>O coeficiente de Gini &#233; normalmente usado por economistas para medir a desigualdade de renda. Se o n&#237;vel de renda da <italic>i</italic>&#170; [<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2... <italic>N</italic>] casa &#233; <italic>xi</italic>, o coeficiente de Gini &#233; calculado utilizando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e3">
              <mml:math id="e03">
                <mml:semantics>
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                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
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                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msubsup>
                            <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
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                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                          </mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msubsup>
                            <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                          </mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>Se as rendas de todas as casas s&#227;o iguais, ou seja, <italic>x1 = x2 = &#8901;&#8901;&#8901; = xN</italic>, o coeficiente de Gini torna-se 0. Al&#233;m disso, quando apenas uma casa tem renda, isto &#233;, <italic>x1 &gt; x2 = &#8901;&#8901;&#8901; = xN</italic> = 0, a desigualdade de renda &#233; m&#225;xima e o coeficiente de Gini &#233; igual a 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Kyung-Jin You et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> em 2016, propuseram o coeficiente de Gini para quantificar a desigualdade no espectro de pot&#234;ncia na faixa de interesse (<italic>fL-fH</italic> Hz) em eletroencefalografia para quantificar a profundidade da consci&#234;ncia durante anestesia. Aplicando isto &#224; VFC, se cada frequ&#234;ncia do espectro de pot&#234;ncia dos intervalos RR for considerada como uma casa individual e o poder da frequ&#234;ncia correspondente for considerado como a renda da casa, seria poss&#237;vel quantificar a desigualdade espectral nos termos do coeficiente de Gini. Portanto, o coeficiente de Gini Espectral (SpG) &#233; expresso como:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e4">
              <mml:math id="e04">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:msub>
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                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>fL</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>fH</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>Hz</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mo>&#931;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msubsup>
                            <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                          </mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:msub>
                                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                                </mml:msub>
                              </mml:mfenced>
                              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:msub>
                                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">j</mml:mi>
                                </mml:msub>
                              </mml:mfenced>
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                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mfenced>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msubsup>
                            <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
                          </mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>X</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">f</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mrow>
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                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>O SpG pode medir a desigualdade nas pot&#234;ncias espectrais dos intervalos RR em cada faixa espectral de VFC empregada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os valores foram expressos como M&#233;dia (X), Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) e Coeficiente de Varia&#231;&#227;o (CV%), Mediana [*] e Intervalo Interquart&#237;lico [&#165;]. Todas as diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>O teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon (teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico) para duas amostras relacionadas foi usado para comparar repouso versus estresse mental. O tamanho do efeito com delta de Gates foi calculado e valores acima de 0,80 foram adotados com alta magnitude.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da VFC durante estresse mental e repouso, foi aplicada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson aos dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, para os que n&#227;o aceitaram essa distribui&#231;&#227;o. A normalidade dos dados foi inicialmente determinada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. An&#225;lise de Componentes Principais (PCA) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica para reduzir a dimensionalidade de dados constitu&#237;dos de vari&#225;veis correlacionadas enquanto captura a maior parte da varia&#231;&#227;o presente nos dados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Existem tantos componentes principais (PCs) quanto vari&#225;veis originais. Cada PC &#233; uma combina&#231;&#227;o linear das vari&#225;veis originais com um conjunto de pesos chamados &#8220;loadings&#8221;, que refletem as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os PCs e as vari&#225;veis originais. PC1 &#233; o vetor direcional que representa o melhor ajuste para a nuvem de dados. PC2 &#233; o vetor direcional ortogonal ao PC1 que fornece o melhor ajuste para a variabilidade residual nos dados e assim por diante. PCs s&#227;o mutuamente n&#227;o correlacionados. A redu&#231;&#227;o efetiva da dimensionalidade &#233; alcan&#231;ada quando os primeiros PCs (dominantes) capturam a maior parte da varia&#231;&#227;o presente nos dados. Informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis sobre a inter-rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis originais podem ser obtidas quando os PCs dominantes t&#234;m interpreta&#231;&#245;es substantivas. A efic&#225;cia dos &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da VFC foi definida pela curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) por Sensibilidade, Especificidade e &#193;rea sob Curva, e seus respectivos valores de p foram utilizados com os pontos de corte entre repouso e estresse mental estabelecidos pelo &#205;ndice de Youden.</p>
          <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos e matem&#225;ticos, bem como o processamento dos sinais, foram realizados utilizando o software Matlab 2012b.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> descreve os valores dos &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da VFC em repouso e durante o estresse mental. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da HF (p = 0,046), aumento significativo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p = 0,004), LF/HF (p = 0,002), LF (p = 0,033) e LF2 (p=0,019) durante o estresse mental, comparado ao repouso. Um aumento significativo na SpG(LF) (p = 0,009) e SpG(LF2) (p = 0,033) foi observado. A an&#225;lise do Coeficiente de Varia&#231;&#227;o mostrou que os &#205;ndices Gini Espectrais s&#227;o mais homog&#234;neos que os &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca durante o repouso e o estresse mental</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Repouso</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Estresse Mental</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Tamanho do<break/>efeito<break/>Delta de Gates</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor<break/>de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">[*]</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">DP <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">[&#165;]</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">CV (%)</th>
                <th align="center">X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">[*]</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">DP <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">[&#165;]</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">CV (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">&#205;ndice da VFC</td>
                <td align="center">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">80,32 [75,5]</td>
                <td align="center">10,52 [15,6]</td>
                <td align="center">13,09</td>
                <td align="center">96,41 [91,4]</td>
                <td align="center">11,78 [21,1]</td>
                <td align="center">12,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 Grande</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">47,36 [44,10]</td>
                <td align="center">22,95 [26,45]</td>
                <td align="center">48,45</td>
                <td align="center">33,52 [32,20]</td>
                <td align="center">17,98 [27,30]</td>
                <td align="center">53,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EDR (Hz)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 [0,25]</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 [0,06]</td>
                <td align="center">20,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 [0,22]</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 [0,08]</td>
                <td align="center">23,73</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6 Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">&#205;ndices<break/>Tradicionais<break/>[Largura de banda]</td>
                <td align="center">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz)<break/>|0,04-0,15 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">844,78 [689,27]</td>
                <td align="center">627,95 [789,86]</td>
                <td align="center">74,33</td>
                <td align="center">1373,44 [1123,02]</td>
                <td align="center">1003,01 [1560,15]</td>
                <td align="center">73,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz)<break/>|0,15-0,40 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">1281,96 [986,91]</td>
                <td align="center">1429,36 [848,70]</td>
                <td align="center">111,49</td>
                <td align="center">758,91 [517,83]</td>
                <td align="center">691,12 [1001,75]</td>
                <td align="center">91,06</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36 Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LF1 (ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz)<break/>|0,04-0,085 Hz]</td>
                <td align="center">291,79 [283,39]</td>
                <td align="center">200,64 [180,87]</td>
                <td align="center">68,76</td>
                <td align="center">267,57 [235,48]</td>
                <td align="center">174,23 [224,52]</td>
                <td align="center">65,11</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12 Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">0,650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LF2 (ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz)<break/>|0,085-0,15 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">533,69 [435,59]</td>
                <td align="center">421,36 [580,17]</td>
                <td align="center">78,95</td>
                <td align="center">1086,58 [726,52]</td>
                <td align="center">861,88 [1308,89]</td>
                <td align="center">79,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 Amplo</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LF/HF (ratio)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 [0,69]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,79]</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 [1,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 [1,60]</td>
                <td align="center">40,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 Amplo</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">&#205;ndices de Gini<break/>Espectrais<break/>[Largura de banda]</td>
                <td align="center">SpG(LF)<break/>|0,04-0,15 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 [0,29]</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 [0,08]</td>
                <td align="center">20,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 [0,39]</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 [0,16]</td>
                <td align="center">25,62</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 Amplo</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SpG(HF)<break/>|0,15-0,40 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 [,0,50]</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 [0,15]</td>
                <td align="center">17,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 [0,47]</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 [0,14]</td>
                <td align="center">20,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54 Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">0,133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SpG(LF1)<break/>|0,04-0,085 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 [0,21]</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 [0,07]</td>
                <td align="center">25,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 [0,22]</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 [0,12]</td>
                <td align="center">36,86</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19 Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">0,382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SpG(LF2)<break/>|0,085-0,15 Hz|</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 [0,27]</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 [0,12]</td>
                <td align="center">26,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 [0,38]</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 [0,16]</td>
                <td align="center">29,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05. M&#233;dia (X), DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CV: coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EDR: taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SpG: coeficiente de Gini espectral; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>[*]</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Mediana</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>[&#165;]</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Intervalo Interquart&#237;lico</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da VFC em repouso e em estresse mental s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Durante o repouso, houve alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FC e a SpG(LF1) (r = 0,721; p = 0,01) e entre a SpG(LF) e SpG(LF2) (r = 0,829; p = 0,01), boas correla&#231;&#245;es entre LF e SpG(LF2) (r = 0,645; 0,05) e entre LF2 e SpG(LF2) (r = 0,628; 0,05). Durante o estresse mental, houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre SpG(LF) e SpG(LF2) (r = 0,682; 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre os &#205;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais da VFC durante estresse mental e repouso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">&#205;ndices<break/>da VFC</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(HF)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF1)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SpG(LF2)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Estresse<break/>Mental</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Estresse<break/>Mental</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Estresse<break/>Mental</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Estresse<break/>Mental</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">0,313</td>
                <td align="center">-0,413</td>
                <td align="center">0,587<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,140</td>
                <td align="center">-0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,566<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,112</td>
                <td align="center">,151</td>
                <td align="center">-0,025</td>
                <td align="center">0,463</td>
                <td align="center">0,409</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">-0,084</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td align="center">-0,029</td>
                <td align="center">-0,153</td>
                <td align="center">-0,446</td>
                <td align="center">-0,173</td>
                <td align="center">0,192<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">,122</td>
                <td align="center">-0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
                <td align="center">-0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EDR</td>
                <td align="center">-0,177</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47</td>
                <td align="center">-0,466<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-,031</td>
                <td align="center">-0,293</td>
                <td align="center">-0,055</td>
                <td align="center">-0,330<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,037</td>
                <td align="center">-0,179</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">-0,404</td>
                <td align="center">-0,320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF</td>
                <td align="center">0,264<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,296<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-0,335<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">-0,177<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,593<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref><sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,333<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-0,192<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
                <td align="center">-0,026<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">0,220<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,397<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,253<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,038</td>
                <td align="center">-0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,104<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,207</td>
                <td align="center">-0,008<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,379<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,387<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF1</td>
                <td align="center">0,258<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0224</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-0,319<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,054</td>
                <td align="center">-0,217<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF2</td>
                <td align="center">0,231<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,335<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-0,158<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,582<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,390<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
                <td align="center">0,177<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,829<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,682<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,698<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,01;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, para os &#237;ndices da VFC que n&#227;o aceitaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal no teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>
                <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EDR: taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SpG: coeficiente de Gini espectral; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> representam a An&#225;lise dos Componentes Principais (PCA) dos &#205;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais da VFC durante o repouso e o estresse mental.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise dos Componentes Principais dos &#205;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca durante o repouso e o estresse mental (aHF = HF absoluta; aLF1 = LF1 absoluta; aLF = LF absoluta; aLF2 = LF2 absoluta). FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EDR: taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SpG: coeficiente de Gini espectral; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0725-90185-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de cargas fatoriais dos &#205;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca durante o repouso e estresse mental, a partir da An&#225;lise de Componentes Principais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="44%"/>
              <col width="4%"/>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="28%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Dimens&#227;o 1</th>
                <th align="center">Dimens&#227;o 2</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,5240</td>
                <td align="center">1,3612</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,7615</td>
                <td align="center">0,1257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EDR</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2707</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,4742</td>
                <td align="center">0,2518</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,2896</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,4674</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,3519</td>
                <td align="center">0,3851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF (propor&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2641</td>
                <td align="center">1,2657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,3048</td>
                <td align="center">1,4026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(HF)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,3397</td>
                <td align="center">0,0928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2806</td>
                <td align="center">0,2438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,7623</td>
                <td align="center">1,0909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Vari&#226;ncia explicada por</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,3125</td>
                <td align="center">0,2578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">Varia&#231;&#227;o explicada total: 0,5703</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>
                <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EDR: taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SpG: coeficiente de Gini espectral. A curva ROC e outros valores de efic&#225;cia para os &#205;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais de VFC est&#227;o descritos na Tabela 4. Os pontos de corte dos diferentes indicadores podem ser observados na diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos estados psicofisiol&#243;gicos obtidos pelo &#205;ndice de Youden da curva ROC. Das 12 vari&#225;veis estudadas, apenas FC (ponto de corte: 83,350 bpm; p = 0,001), LF/HF (ponto de corte: 1,02; p = 0,001) e SpG (LF) (ponto de corte: 0,356; p = 0,011) apresentam altos valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, &#205;ndice de Youden e &#225;rea sob a curva (p &lt; 0,05); RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O PCA ajuda a reduzir as m&#250;ltiplas caracter&#237;sticas ou vari&#225;veis de uma amostra para apenas algumas dimens&#245;es (neste caso, apenas duas dimens&#245;es). Isso pode ser explicado como uma tentativa de reduzir doze vari&#225;veis de um objeto a dois valores ou caracter&#237;sticas e determinar quais dessas doze vari&#225;veis s&#227;o as mais robustas para essas duas caracter&#237;sticas (duas dimens&#245;es), o que permite um estudo melhor do objeto de interesse. As vari&#225;veis importantes para cada dimens&#227;o s&#227;o aquelas maiores que 1 ou menores que -1. Na dimens&#227;o 1, as vari&#225;veis LF (1,4742), HF (1,2896), LF1 (1,4674) e LF2 (1,3519) possuem maior peso. Na dimens&#227;o 2, as vari&#225;veis com maior carga s&#227;o a FC (1,3612), LF/HF (1,2657), SpG LF (1,4026) e SpG LF2 (1,0909).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis &#233; dada pelo cosseno do &#226;ngulo formado por cada vetor representando essa vari&#225;vel espec&#237;fica. Quanto mais agudo o &#226;ngulo, o que significa que ele tem uma tend&#234;ncia para 0, maior ser&#225; a correla&#231;&#227;o e, se os vetores formarem um &#226;ngulo de 90 graus, as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o ser&#227;o correlacionadas. Por outro lado, se eles formam um &#226;ngulo de 180 graus, a correla&#231;&#227;o &#233; inversa. Na dimens&#227;o 2, os vetores das vari&#225;veis FC, LF/HF e SpG LF formam um &#226;ngulo pr&#243;ximo a 180 com o EDR e, portanto, FC, LF/HF e SpG LF est&#227;o correlacionadas negativamente com o EDR. O tamanho do vetor &#233; a for&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel nessa dimens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo 1) aplicar o coeficiente de Gini &#224;s densidades espectrais de pot&#234;ncia da VFC para medir a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de bandas de frequ&#234;ncia; 2) comparar a desigualdade no espectro de pot&#234;ncia dos sinais de VFC durante o repouso <italic>versus</italic> estresse mental; 3) avaliar o coeficiente de Gini como indicador psicofisiol&#243;gico de estresse mental em compara&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices tradicionais de VFC.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC durante o estresse mental mostraram resultados esperados de aumento significativo na pot&#234;ncia da LF e aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, juntamente com diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na pot&#234;ncia da FC. A VFC &#233; uma ferramenta confi&#225;vel para mensurar o estresse psicofisiol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e os resultados apresentados mostram mudan&#231;as significativas nos &#237;ndices da VFC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a aplicar o coeficiente de Gini a espectros de pot&#234;ncia do sinal da VFC/dos intervalos RR para medir a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia. Conceitualmente, um coeficiente de Gini de zero significa que a pot&#234;ncia &#233; distribu&#237;da igualmente para todas as frequ&#234;ncias dentro de uma largura de banda espectral. Em contraste, um coeficiente de Gini de 1 sugere que h&#225; uma &#250;nica frequ&#234;ncia com a maior pot&#234;ncia dentro de uma largura de banda espectral espec&#237;fica, e todas as outras frequ&#234;ncias na largura de banda n&#227;o t&#234;m energia. Em outras palavras, o aumento no valor do coeficiente de Gini sugere que h&#225; poucas frequ&#234;ncias com mais poder dentro dessa faixa de frequ&#234;ncia do que anteriormente. Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento significativo na SpG(LF) durante o estresse mental em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso, significando que durante o estresse mental, n&#227;o somente houve um aumento na pot&#234;ncia total na LF, mas tamb&#233;m que a distribui&#231;&#227;o total de pot&#234;ncia se tornou mais desigual e certas frequ&#234;ncias ganharam mais pot&#234;ncia. Vale ressaltar que a sub-banda LF2 (0,085-0,15 Hz) apresentou aumento da desigualdade, uma vez que mudan&#231;as na SpG(LF) e na SpG(LF2) foram significativas, mas n&#227;o para a SpG(LF1) durante o estresse mental. Tamb&#233;m deve ser notado que o &#237;ndice tradicional da VFC mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na pot&#234;ncia da HF durante o estresse mental, mas a diminui&#231;&#227;o na SpG(HF) n&#227;o foi significativa. Esses dados sugerem que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o na pot&#234;ncia na banda de HF, mas a distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia na banda de HF permaneceu semelhante durante o repouso e o estresse mental. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o mostrou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC, os &#237;ndices de Gini espectrais s&#227;o homog&#234;neos (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>), significando que os valores num&#233;ricos das mudan&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia durante o estresse mental est&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximos do centro (m&#233;dia) e n&#227;o t&#234;m altos valores de DP como &#237;ndices tradicionais. Os testes de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (e correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman) revelaram valores de correla&#231;&#227;o fracos entre os &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais durante estresse mental, embora LF e LF2 do &#237;ndice tradicional da VFC mostraram boa correla&#231;&#227;o com SpG(LF2) em repouso. Isso indicou que os valores de Gini s&#227;o independentes dos &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC e contribuem para as informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais n&#227;o relatadas at&#233; o momento.</p>
        <p>A An&#225;lise dos Componentes Principais dos &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais ajuda a reduzir as m&#250;ltiplas caracter&#237;sticas ou vari&#225;veis de uma amostra (VFC) para apenas algumas dimens&#245;es (neste caso, apenas duas dimens&#245;es). Isso pode ser explicado como uma tentativa de reduzir doze vari&#225;veis de um objeto a dois valores ou caracter&#237;sticas e determinar quais dessas doze vari&#225;veis s&#227;o as mais robustas para essas duas caracter&#237;sticas (duas dimens&#245;es), o que permite um estudo melhor do objeto de interesse. A dimens&#227;o 2 &#233; o que diferencia o estado de estresse (seta verde na figura, que tende a subir) do estado de repouso (seta vermelha na figura, que tende a descer). Portanto, apesar de LF e HF terem valores &gt;1 na Dimens&#227;o 1, as vari&#225;veis com alta carga como FC, LF/HF, SpG LF e SpG LF2 da Dimens&#227;o 2 s&#227;o consideradas fisiologicamente e clinicamente mais importantes como indicadores de estado.</p>
        <p>A curva ROC foi produzida a fim de avaliar a efic&#225;cia dos &#237;ndices de Gini Espectrais como avaliadores do estresse mental. Os pontos de corte dos diferentes indicadores na diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos estados psicofisiol&#243;gicos, obtidos a partir do &#205;ndice de Youden da curva ROC, podem ser observados. No entanto, &#233; digno de nota que a FC (p = 0,001) a LF/HF (p = 0,001) e a SpG (LF) (p = 0,011) constitu&#237;ram os indicadores mais ideais (modelo ROC) e efetivos na discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre repouso e estresse mental, com os melhores valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, &#237;ndice de Youden e &#225;rea sob a curva (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> s&#227;o consistentes com os resultados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> e da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, sugerindo que a FC; LF/HF e SpG LF tiveram destaque na discrimina&#231;&#227;o dos estados de repouso e estresse.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efic&#225;cia dos &#237;ndices de Gini Tradicionais e Espectrais da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na discrimina&#231;&#227;o de estresse mental e repouso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade</th>
                <th align="center">&#205;ndice de Youden</th>
                <th align="center">&#193;rea sob a curva</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">83,350 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">37,70 ms</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
                <td align="center">-0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EDR</td>
                <td align="center">0,2299 Hz</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
                <td align="center">-0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF</td>
                <td align="center">1120,44 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,651</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">623,83 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
                <td align="center">-0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF1</td>
                <td align="center">239,99 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
                <td align="center">0,462</td>
                <td align="center">0,384</td>
                <td align="center">-0,154</td>
                <td align="center">0,450</td>
                <td align="center">0,663</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF2</td>
                <td align="center">581,42 ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
                <td align="center">0,462</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF (propor&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF)</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
                <td align="center">0,793</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(HF)</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
                <td align="center">0,53846</td>
                <td align="center">-0,231</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
                <td align="center">0,0769</td>
                <td align="center">-0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,420</td>
                <td align="center">0,489</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SpG(LF2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>
                <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EDR: taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o derivada por ECG; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SpG: coeficiente de Gini espectral; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O aumento significativo na pot&#234;ncia de LF e SpG(LF) durante o estresse mental permite a discuss&#227;o sobre os fatores que contribuem para a pot&#234;ncia de LF. &#201; geralmente aceito que o componente HF &#233; um reflexo da atividade parassimp&#225;tica, e que os componentes LF e LF/HF s&#227;o um reflexo da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o pode influenciar visivelmente as vari&#225;veis da VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Bernardi et al.,<sup>14</sup> relataram ainda que, independentemente da quantidade de estresse envolvida na tarefa mental, a baixa frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria geralmente contribui para aumentar o poder da LF da VFC. Embora tenha havido uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria durante o estresse em compara&#231;&#227;o com o repouso no presente estudo, o EDR foi de 0,21 &#177; 0,04 Hz ou 12,6 &#177; 0,24 br/min, o que n&#227;o est&#225; dentro dos componentes da LF no espectro de pot&#234;ncia do RR. Em outras palavras, no presente estudo, a taxa de respira&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da pot&#234;ncia da LF durante o estresse mental.</p>
        <p>Existem poucos estudos que examinam a fundo os fatores que contribuem para a pot&#234;ncia da LF da VFC. Em seu recente estudo, Roach et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> relataram que 75% da contribui&#231;&#227;o para a pot&#234;ncia de LF vem de flutua&#231;&#245;es chamadas ondula&#231;&#245;es, e essas ondula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o provavelmente devidas a fun&#231;&#245;es de barorreceptores arteriais. Reyes del Paso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade barorreflexa e estresse mental. Vaschillo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> investigaram a subdivis&#227;o da LF em dois componentes separados em jovens que apresentaram consumo compulsivo de &#225;lcool e sugeriram que essas duas divis&#245;es indicam funcionalmente dois par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos distintos. O LF1 representa o barorreflexo do t&#244;nus vascular e o LF2 representa a atividade barorreflexa da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Como observado anteriormente, a an&#225;lise de dados do presente estudo mostrou aumento do poder da LF e diminui&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia da HF durante o estresse mental, juntamente com o aumento da SpG(LF) e da SpG(LF2). &#201; poss&#237;vel que, sob estresse, um sistema cardiovascular saud&#225;vel gere mais oscila&#231;&#245;es de LF, principalmente com pot&#234;ncias de frequ&#234;ncias pr&#243;ximas a 0,1 Hz, para recuperar a homeostase. Essa possibilidade &#233; apoiada por Bates et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> que avaliaram mudan&#231;as em tempo real no espectro do intervalo RR em resposta ao placebo e ao &#225;lcool. Bates et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> sugeriram que sob o efeito do &#225;lcool ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es adversas, uma das principais adapta&#231;&#245;es inclui a manuten&#231;&#227;o de oscila&#231;&#245;es de baixa frequ&#234;ncia, mesmo &#224;s custas de oscila&#231;&#245;es de alta frequ&#234;ncia. Isso tamb&#233;m pode explicar a falta de mudan&#231;as na SpG(HF) sob estresse mental. Esse estudo tamb&#233;m sugeriu que as oscila&#231;&#245;es de baixa frequ&#234;ncia s&#227;o &#250;teis para gerar resson&#226;ncia para melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o, e 0,1 Hz &#233; uma das v&#225;rias frequ&#234;ncias de resson&#226;ncia. O presente estudo apoia o aumento significativo na subdivis&#227;o da LF durante o estresse mental, e recomenda-se estudos futuros para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de 0,1 Hz &#224; atividade barorreflexa arterial para melhor compreens&#227;o do mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas durante o estresse mental.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo aplicou com sucesso o coeficiente de Gini &#224;s densidades espectrais de pot&#234;ncia da VFC para medir a desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o das bandas de frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Estes resultados sugerem que durante o estresse (desafio aritm&#233;tico), comparado ao repouso, n&#227;o apenas a pot&#234;ncia total da banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia aumenta, mas a distribui&#231;&#227;o total da pot&#234;ncia se torna mais desigual.</p>
        <p>As desigualdades espectrais da VFC analisadas a partir do coeficiente de Gini parecem ser indicadores independentes e homog&#234;neos do estresse psicofisiol&#243;gico mental comparados aos &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC, conforme este estudo piloto.</p>
        <p>Dos &#237;ndices de Gini tradicionais e espectrais da VFC, FC, LF/HF, SpG(LF) parecem ser instrumentos v&#225;lidos e confi&#225;veis como indicadores de estresse, e este estudo fornece valores de corte para essas vari&#225;veis para discrimina&#231;&#227;o dos estados de estresse e de repouso.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, pode-se citar o pequeno tamanho da amostra. Este &#233; um estudo piloto sobre a aplica&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de Gini ao espectro da VFC, portanto, mais estudos com amostras maiores s&#227;o recomendados para melhor compreens&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o das desigualdades na densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia dos intervalos RR.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, um desafio mental de aritm&#233;tica foi usado para induzir estresse mental. Embora este m&#233;todo seja considerado v&#225;lido e confi&#225;vel, os resultados podem ser variados sob diferentes circunst&#226;ncias, j&#225; que o estresse mental &#233; um fen&#244;meno complexo e din&#226;mico.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, a VFC pode ser influenciada por horm&#244;nios dependendo da fase menstrual em participantes do sexo feminino. Embora a fase menstrual n&#227;o tenha sido monitorada, os dados de ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es (repouso e estresse mental) foram coletados no mesmo dia para minimizar a variabilidade basal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de Santiago de Cuba sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 22/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
