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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FJwjcNTkYgCQjH684FFM33r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000722</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190210</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Occlusion of Left Atrial Appendage: Growing Clinical Experience and Lack of Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristiano F. Pisani,</bold> Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do InCor do HC-FMUSP - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cristianopisani@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>722</fpage>
      <lpage>724</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage/diagnotic, imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke/prevention and control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure as a prophylactic strategy for thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been performed for decades; initially during mitral valve repair surgeries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and, more recently, in nonvalvular AF patients at high risk of embolism who do not tolerate the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs).</p>
    <p>The idea of LAA occlusion as an alternative to chronic warfarin use emerged from observations of anatomopathological studies and during cardiac surgery that disclosed the LAA as the main site of thrombus formation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The evolution of cardiac access interventionist techniques, together with the development of specific prostheses for LAA occlusion, allowed the appendage closure to be performed percutaneously, using a minimally invasive procedure, making it simpler and not restricted to patients who would have undergone heart surgery.</p>
    <p>The first prosthesis developed for this purpose, called PLAATO, was tested early in the last decade by Horst Sievert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and consisted of a nitinol structure, covered by an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) occlusive membrane. The clinical study published in 2002 showed that the concept of percutaneous LAA occlusion was feasible; however, the prosthesis use was discontinued in 2005, due to the considerable number of complications such as cardiac tamponade, residual leaks, prosthesis protrusion towards the atrial cavity and, in some cases, lack of neo-endothelization of the prosthesis with formation of local thrombi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> On the other hand, the experience obtained with the implantation of this prosthesis was important for the development of more effective devices.</p>
    <p>Currently, two prostheses with different profiles are being used in clinical practice: the Watchman prosthesis sold by Boston Scientific and the Amplatzer Amulet device (evolution of the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug) sold by ABBOTT. Of these, only the Watchman prosthesis has been evaluated in two prospective, multicenter, and randomized clinical trials. The PROTECT-AF study (Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure Technology for Embolic Protection in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> evaluated the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous LAA occlusion with the Watchman prosthesis, compared with oral anticoagulation with warfarin in 707 patients (463 in the intervention group) with nonvalvular AF and CHADS2 &#8805; 1. The LAA occlusion (3 events per patient-year) met the noninferiority criterion compared to warfarin (4.9 events per patient-year) in the efficacy criterion; however, the LAA occluder implantation was associated with a higher number of adverse events, especially the occurrence of hemopericardium (4.8%), which was related to the interventionist&#8217;s learning curve in the prosthesis placement.</p>
    <p>Due to safety concerns, the study was repeated (Watchman LAA Closure Device in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Versus Long Term Warfarin Therapy - PREVAIL trial)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> with the same characteristics as the previous one, except for the greater experience of the operators. A total of 407 patients (269 in the intervention group) were included and at 18 months of follow-up, efficacy event rates (stroke, systemic embolization, and cardiovascular or unexplained death) of 0.064 were observed in the intervention group and 0.063 in the warfarin group, thus not meeting the pre-specified non-inferiority criteria previously obtained in the PROTEC-AF study, due to the very low number of events in the control group, a fact not observed in the previous and subsequent studies using warfarin.</p>
    <p>However, the noninferiority criterion was met in the analysis of the second primary efficacy endpoint related to the event rate after 7 days of randomization. Also positive was the lower rate of prosthesis implant complications compared with the PROTECT AF study.</p>
    <p>A complicating factor for the clinical implementation of the LAA occlusion strategy was the emergence of four new direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), supported by potent clinical studies showing no inferiority or even superiority of these new drugs over warfarin in patients with nonvalvular AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Due to the practical use of DOACs, the indication of appendage occlusion devices has been postponed and considered only in patients who are intolerant to oral anticoagulants, or in those who experienced embolic events while using these drugs, although the effectiveness of the device has not been studied in randomized controlled trials.</p>
    <p>Therefore, due to this heterogeneity of indications and the lack of randomized controlled trials, the records have become important. Reddy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> evaluated 3822 consecutive cases of LAA occluder implantation based on Medicare data, showing a cardiac tamponade rate of 1.02%, most of them adequately treated with pericardiocentesis; however, the tamponade resulted in death in three cases. These rates were lower than those observed in clinical studies, although most devices were implanted by less experienced operators. Another European registry (EWOLUTION)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> also demonstrated a low complication rate, showing 34 (3.3%) adverse events among 1021 patients included in the study.</p>
    <p>Two Brazilian registries have been recently published and suggested the safety of appendage occlusion device implantation. Guerios et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> performed a multicenter registry and evaluated the results of 91 patients with nonvalvular AF (62% ineligible for anticoagulation) and high risk of stroke (CHA2DS2VASc 4.5 &#177; 1.5), submitted to the implantation of 96 prostheses, with the ACP (Amplatzer Cardiac Plug) being implanted in 94.6%. The implant success rate was 97.8%, with 7.2% of complications, with five pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis, one non-dedicated device embolization and one gas embolism without sequelae. In this series, during a median follow-up of 346 days (128.6 patient-years), three non-procedure-related deaths were observed, as well as five cases of peri-prosthesis leakage, with thrombus formation next to the prosthesis in two, resolved with the return of anticoagulation and only two patients had stroke at the follow-up.</p>
    <p>In the second registry, Marcio Costa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> evaluated 15 patients with nonvalvular AF and high risk of bleeding, submitted to implantation of the ACP prosthesis. In this small series, the procedure was successfully performed in all cases with no reports of hemopericardium or prosthesis displacement.</p>
    <p>In this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, &#350;ahiner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> disclose retrospective data from a center in Turkey, which included 60 patients submitted to implantation of the Amplatzer Amulet device. The main indication for the procedure was the occurrence of bleeding (usually gastrointestinal) in the presence of oral anticoagulation. The authors demonstrated that the implantation procedure was successful and safe in most patients. One patient had pulmonary artery rupture due to a probable direct injury by the prosthesis struts. In most patients, antiplatelet therapy consisted of ASA (100 mg) and clopidogrel (75 mg) for 6 months after the procedure, being maintained on single therapy after transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated the absence of periprosthetic leaks or thrombi. During a mean follow-up of 21 &#177; 15 months, none of the patients had a stroke but two patients had clinical symptoms of transient ischemic attack.</p>
    <p>Thus, due to the lack of robust evidence, the most recent guideline on atrial fibrillation recommends the implantation of appendage occlusion devices as a IIb indication, level of evidence B-NR, in patients with non-valvular AF at high risk for stroke and with contraindications for long-term oral anticoagulation use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>An ongoing randomized trial (ASAP-TOO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> is seeking to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Watchman prosthesis in this clinical condition, but the study is estimated to be completed in 2023.</p>
    <p>Apparently, we are reaching a stage of clinical knowledge and experience in optimizing the use of warfarin and direct-acting anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular AF at high risk of stroke and systemic embolization, recognizing and establishing the safe limits for their use. This opens up a new phase for the consideration of LAA occlusion devices. Therefore, additional prospective, multicenter, controlled clinical trials are needed to clarify the effectiveness and safety of the implantation of the devices in these new clinical situations, such as patients with absolute contraindication to OACs and antiplatelet use, even for a short period of time; patients that had a stroke while receiving apparently effective oral anticoagulation; LAA occlusion as an alternative to chronic use of NOACs; occlusion device implantation simultaneously with AF ablation; in addition to establishing the need and safe handling of short-term anticoagulant therapy and minimal antiplatelet therapy, which should be maintained after the implantation of different prostheses.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion with AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; Device: Real Life Data with Mid-Term Follow-Up Results</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oclus&#227;o Percut&#226;nea do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo: Experi&#234;ncia Cl&#237;nica Crescente e Car&#234;ncia de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos Multic&#234;ntricos e Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiano F. Pisani,</bold> Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do InCor do HC-FMUSP - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cristianopisani@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolismo/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses e Implantes/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O fechamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) como estrat&#233;gia de profilaxia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) tem sido realizado h&#225; d&#233;cadas; inicialmente durante as cirurgias de corre&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia mitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e, mais recentemente, em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar com alto risco de embolia e que n&#227;o toleram o uso de anticoagulantes orais.</p>
      <p>A ideia da oclus&#227;o do AAE como alternativa ao uso cr&#244;nico da varfarina surgiu de observa&#231;&#245;es de estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos e durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca, os quais revelaram o AAE como o principal local de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o, aliada ao desenvolvimento de pr&#243;teses espec&#237;ficas para oclus&#227;o do AAE, possibilitou que o fechamento do ap&#234;ndice pudesse ser realizado de maneira percut&#226;nea, minimamente invasiva, tornando o procedimento mais simples e n&#227;o restrito aos pacientes que seriam submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>A primeira pr&#243;tese desenvolvida para esse fim, chamada de PLAATO, foi testada no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada passada por Horst Sievert et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e consistia em uma estrutura de nitinol coberta por membrana oclusiva de politetrafluoroetileno expandido (ePTFE). O estudo cl&#237;nico publicado em 2002 demonstrou que o conceito da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE era fact&#237;vel, mas o uso da pr&#243;tese foi descontinuado em 2005 devido ao consider&#225;vel n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es, como tamponamento card&#237;aco, vazamentos residuais, protus&#227;o da pr&#243;tese em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; cavidade atrial e, em alguns casos, a falta de neo-endoteliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos locais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por outro lado, a experi&#234;ncia obtida com o implante dessa pr&#243;tese foi importante para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos mais efetivos.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, duas pr&#243;teses com perfis distintos encontram-se em uso cl&#237;nico: a Watchman, comercializada pela BostonScientific, e a Amplatzer Amulet (evolu&#231;&#227;o da Amplatzer Cardiac Pug), comercializada pela ABBOTT. Destas, apenas a pr&#243;tese Watchman foi avaliada em dois estudo cl&#237;nicos prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados. O estudo PROTECT-AF (Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure Technology for Embolic Protection in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliou a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Watchman em compara&#231;&#227;o com a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com a varfarina em 707 pacientes (463 no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o) com FA n&#227;o valvar e CHADS2 &#8805; 1. A oclus&#227;o do AAE (tr&#234;s eventos por paciente ao ano) alcan&#231;ou uma n&#227;o inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina (4,9 eventos por paciente ao ano) no crit&#233;rio <italic>efic&#225;cia</italic>; por&#233;m, o implante do oclusor do AAE foi associado a um n&#250;mero maior de eventos adversos, principalmente &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de hemoperic&#225;rdio (4,8%), que foi relacionado &#224; curva de aprendizado dos intervencionistas na coloca&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;teses.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a, o estudo foi repetido (Watchman LAA Closure Device in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Versus Long Term Warfarin Therapy - PREVAIL trial)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas do anterior, exceto pela maior experi&#234;ncia dos operadores. Foram inclu&#237;dos 407 pacientes (269 no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o) e, aos 18 meses de seguimento, evidenciaram-se taxas de eventos de efic&#225;cia (acidente vascular cerebral [AVC], emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e morte cardiovascular ou inexplicada) de 0,064 no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e de 0,063 no grupo varfarina. Desse modo, n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram os crit&#233;rios especificados de n&#227;o inferioridade obtidos anteriormente no estudo PROTEC-AF, devido ao n&#250;mero muito baixo de eventos no grupo-controle, fato n&#227;o observado nos estudos anteriores e subsequentes com o uso da varfarina.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, o crit&#233;rio de n&#227;o inferioridade foi conseguido na an&#225;lise do segundo desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia relacionado com a taxa de eventos ap&#243;s 7 dias da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m positiva, foi a menor taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es no implante da pr&#243;tese em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo PROTECT-AF.</p>
      <p>Um fator complicador para a implementa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da estrat&#233;gia de oclus&#227;o do AAE foi o surgimento dos quatro novos anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOAC), respaldados por estudos cl&#237;nicos potentes, demonstrando n&#227;o inferioridade ou mesmo superioridade desses novos medicamentos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina nos pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Devido &#224; praticidade do uso dos DOAC, a indica&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos de oclus&#227;o de ap&#234;ndice passou a ser postergada e considerada apenas nos pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia aos anticoagulantes orais, ou naqueles que apresentaram evento emb&#243;lico na vig&#234;ncia do uso desses medicamentos, embora a efic&#225;cia do dispositivo n&#227;o tivesse sido estudada nos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Assim, devido a essa heterogeneidade de indica&#231;&#245;es e &#224; falta de estudos controlados e randomizados, os registros passaram a ter import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>Reddy et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> com base em dados do Medicare, avaliaram 3.822 casos consecutivos de implante de oclusor de AAE, sendo evidenciada uma taxa de tamponamento card&#237;aco de 1,02%, a maior parte tratada adequadamente com pericardiocentese; entretanto, em tr&#234;s casos esse tamponamento resultou em morte. Essas taxas foram menores que as observadas nos estudos cl&#237;nicos, apesar de grande parte dos dispositivos ter sido implantada por operadores menos experientes. Outro registro europeu (EWOLUTION)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> demonstrou tamb&#233;m baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo evidenciado 34 (3,3%) eventos adversos em 1.021 pacientes inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Dois registros brasileiros foram publicados recentemente e sugerem a seguran&#231;a do implante de dispositivos oclusores de ap&#234;ndice. Guerios et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> realizaram um estudo multic&#234;ntrico e avaliaram os resultados de 91 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar (62% ineleg&#237;veis &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o) e alto risco de AVC (CHA2DS2VASc 4,5 &#177; 1,5) submetidos a implante de 96 pr&#243;teses, a Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) em 94,6%. A taxa de sucesso do implante foi de 97,8%, com 7,2% de complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo cinco derrames peric&#225;rdicos. Assim, foi necess&#225;rio realizar pericardiocentese, uma emboliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo n&#227;o dedicado e um embolismo gasoso sem sequelas. Nessa s&#233;rie, com seguimento mediano de 346 dias (128,6 pacientes ao ano), foram observadas tr&#234;s mortes n&#227;o relacionadas ao procedimento, vazamento peripr&#243;tese em cinco, com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo junto &#224; pr&#243;tese em dois, resolvidos com retorno da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Apenas dois pacientes apresentaram AVC no seguimento.</p>
      <p>No segundo registro, Marcio Costa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram 15 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e alto risco de sangramento submetidos a implante da pr&#243;tese ACP. Nessa pequena casu&#237;stica, o procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em todos os casos, sem relato de hemoperic&#225;rdio ou deslocamento da pr&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Sahiner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> apresentam dados retrospectivos de um centro da Turquia, onde foram inclu&#237;dos 60 pacientes submetidos a implante da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer Amulet. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento (geralmente gastrintestinal) em vig&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Os autores demonstraram que o implante foi bem-sucedido e seguro na maioria dos pacientes, exceto em um no qual foi observada ruptura da art&#233;ria pulmonar por prov&#225;vel les&#227;o direta das hastes da pr&#243;tese. Na maioria dos pacientes a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria consistiu em &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) (100 mg) e clopidogrel (75 mg) por 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, sendo mantidos com terapia &#250;nica ap&#243;s o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico demonstrar aus&#234;ncia de vazamentos ou trombos peripr&#243;tese. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 21 &#177; 15 meses, nenhum paciente apresentou AVC e dois apresentaram sintomas cl&#237;nicos de ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Assim, devido &#224; falta de evid&#234;ncias robustas, a diretriz mais recente de FA recomenda o implante de oclusores de ap&#234;ndice como indica&#231;&#227;o IIb, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B-NR, em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e com alto risco de AVC e contraindica&#231;&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral de longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um estudo randomizado em andamento (ASAP-TOO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> busca demonstrar a efic&#225;cia da pr&#243;tese Watchman nessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; por&#233;m, o t&#233;rmino do estudo est&#225; estimado para 2023.</p>
      <p>Aparentemente, estamos chegando em uma fase do conhecimento e da experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do uso da varfarina e dos anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar com alto risco de AVC e emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, reconhecendo e estabelecendo os limites de seguran&#231;a para seu uso. Esse fato abre uma nova fase para a considera&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos de oclus&#227;o do AAE. Portanto, estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e controlados adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer a efetividade e seguran&#231;a do implante desses dispositivos nessas novas situa&#231;&#245;es da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como em: pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta para uso de ACO e antiplaquet&#225;rio, mesmo por per&#237;odo curto; pessoas que sofreram AVC sob aparente anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral efetiva; casos de oclus&#227;o do AAE como alternativa ao uso cr&#244;nico dos DOAC e implante do oclusor simultaneamente a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Al&#233;m disso, ele estabelece a necessidade e o manuseio seguro da terapia anticoagulante de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria m&#237;nima que deve ser mantida ap&#243;s o implante das diferentes pr&#243;teses.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
