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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7n9TP7CxC8FqcVkKRpyDBXJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000712</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion with AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; Device: Real Life Data with Mid-Term Follow-Up Results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0985-3144</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahiner</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4424-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Ergun Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5520-7103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#246;teli</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9279-8424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aytemir</surname>
            <given-names>Kudret</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiogly</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ankara</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi - Department of Cardiogly, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cem &#199;&#246;teli</bold> Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi - Department of Cardiogly, Ankara 06100 - Turkey E-mail: <email>cemcoteli@hacettepe.edu.tr</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: &#350;ahiner ML; Acquisition of data: &#350;ahiner ML, Kaya EB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kaya EB; Statistical analysis: Kaya EB, &#199;&#246;teli C; Writing of the manuscript: &#350;ahiner ML, &#199;&#246;teli C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Aytemir K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>712</fpage>
      <lpage>721</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion is an alternative therapy for atrial fibrillation patients who have high embolic risk and contraindications to anticoagulant therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and mid-term outcomes of percutaneous LAA occlusion, including device-related thrombosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty consecutive patients who had undergone percutaneous LAA occlusion with AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; device from September 2015 to March 2018 were enrolled. Patients were followed for 21 &#177; 15 months (median - 20 months, interquartile range - 9 to 27 months). The postprocedural assessment was done at the 1<sup>(st)</sup>, 6<sup>(th)</sup>, and 12<sup>(th)</sup> month. Patients were clinically evaluated, and transesophageal echocardiography was performed at each visit. We evaluated the condition of normality of variables using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. P-values &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The most common indication for the procedure was major bleeding with anticoagulants (n: 53, 88.3%). The procedure was completed successfully in 59 (98.3%) patients. Periprocedural mortality was observed in one patient. Postprocedural antiplatelet treatment was planned as dual or single antiplatelet therapy or low-dose anticoagulant therapy in 52 (88.1%), 2 (3.4%), and 5 (8.5%) patients, respectively. We found no clinically significant cerebrovascular events, device-related thrombus, or embolization in any patient during the follow-up. Two (3.4 %) patients presented significant peri-device leak (&gt;3 mm) at the 1<sup>st</sup> month evaluation, which disappeared at the 12<sup>th</sup> month follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We concluded that LAA occlusion using the Amulet&#8482; LAA occluder can be performed with high procedural success and acceptable outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of sustained cardiac arrhythmia, especially in older adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> AF is associated with increased all-cause mortality and morbidity. The most significant AF morbidity is thromboembolic cerebrovascular events (CVEs). CVEs result in decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are effective therapeutic options to prevent thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Randomized controlled studies and real-life studies showed that OAC drugs raise the risk of bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The major bleeding risk with vitamin K antagonists and direct OACs should not be ignored, especially in patients with high bleeding risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The balance between the protection from thromboembolic events and bleeding risk may be overbalanced towards bleeding. In this scenario, left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion should be an alternative therapeutic option for some specific patient groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to current AF guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), LAA occlusion (surgical or percutaneous) may be considered for stroke prevention in patients with AF and contraindications to long-term anticoagulant treatment with Class IIb and Level B recommendation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the lack of large randomized controlled trials on LAA occlusion with the Amulet device, there are some gaps on clinical approaches for perioperative preparation, appropriate treatments for possible complications, and postoperative follow-up, including post-implant antithrombotic therapy. In this retrospective observational study, we aimed to emphasize challenges to LAA occlusion, evaluate possible perioperative complications, and how to deal with them. In addition, we intended to reveal real-life mid-term outcomes in our patient group and share our postprocedural antiplatelet regimen as an alternative option for patients who have very high stroke risk despite the LAA occlusion.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Patients who had a major bleeding event with anticoagulant treatment, recurrent minor bleeding with at least two different anticoagulant treatments, or any life-threatening bleeding risk, such as high risk of falling or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, were evaluated for suitability for LAA occlusion. Individuals who had less than one-year survival, were under critical non-cardiac status, and did not accept any interventional procedure were excluded. This retrospective observational study included 60 patients who had undergone percutaneous LAA occlusion with the Amulet device in the Hacettepe University Hospital Cardiology Clinic between September 2015 and March 2018. All patients signed the informed consent form, and the local ethics committee approved the procedures.</p>
        <p>Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ (intracranial, intraspinal, retroperitoneal etc.) and bleeding causing a fall in hemoglobin level of 20 g/L or more or leading to transfusion of two or more units of whole blood or red cells were considered a major bleeding, in accordance with International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We performed the statistical analysis using the SPSS statistical software (version 20; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive and categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous data with normal distribution were expressed as means &#177; SD. Quantitative variables without normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range. We evaluated the condition of normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test compared the numerical variables, as appropriate. P-values &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; Left Atrial Appendage Occluder</title>
        <p>The AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; Left Atrial Appendage Occluder (ST Jude Medical, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was used in all 60 patients for LAA occlusion. The AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; device is a self-expanding nitinol device with two parts (a lobe and a disc) pre-assembled on a single cable. Depending on the size of the device, a 12 to 14 French delivery catheter is used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of left atrial appendage dimensions</title>
        <p>Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) was performed in 31 patients who had normal kidney function to evaluate the LAA anatomy. The LAA landing zone was measured with the MDCT in these 31 patients. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to guide the device selection and evaluate cardiac function. The device size was selected by using 3D TEE and MDCT when available. All patients had the size of LAA ostium and the device landing zone measured by TEE. TEE results were compared with MDCT ones in patients who had preprocedural MDCT. The relationship between LAA and pulmonary artery was evaluated in patients who had preprocedural MDCT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left atrial appendage occlusion procedure</title>
        <p>As a routine preprocedural approach, standard transthoracic echocardiogram and TEE were performed before LAA occlusion in all patients to evaluate the shape and size of LAA and to reveal the presence of thrombus in LAA. TEE was performed after intravenous fluid infusion to avoid undersizing of LAA due to hypovolemia. The intravenous fluid infusion volume was determined according to the patients&#8217; physical examination, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Left atrial pressure was also measured to determine the optimal intravascular volume status during the procedure. Patients with normal renal function underwent multislice cardiac computed tomography for optimal evaluation of LAA anatomy, size, and the relationship between LAA and related cardiovascular structures.</p>
        <p>All patients undergoing percutaneous LAA occlusion procedure were under general anesthesia and intubated for better TEE guidance. Transseptal puncture was conducted with fluoroscopy and 3D TEE guidance at the inferoposterior site of the interatrial septum when the patient had no anatomic variations that could prevent optimum orientation. After a successful transseptal puncture, the delivery catheter was placed in the left atrium. The Amulet&#8482; LAA occlusion device was then advanced to some extent out of the delivery sheath, the lobe of the device formed a ball shape, and the delivery sheath was placed in the LAA with a counterclockwise rotation. After confirming the optimum settlement in the LAA with TEE, the lobe of the device was opened with further advancement. After the proper placement of the lobe in the LAA, the disc was opened at the LAA ostium with the withdrawal of the delivery sheath. Relationships between the occlusion device and the circumflex artery and mitral valve were checked with 3D TEE, and radiopaque contrast was injected in the delivery sheath to evaluate para-device leak. Before being released, the device was pulled back with acceptable strength to check the stability. After all these steps, the occlusion device was released, and the relationships between the device and LAA, circumflex artery, and mitral valve were evaluated by 3D TEE. Periprocedural anticoagulation was maintained by IV heparin infusion with activated clotting time (ACT) control.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postprocedural antiplatelet therapy</title>
        <p>Postprocedural antiplatelet therapy was planned as dual or single antiplatelet therapy or low-dose anticoagulant therapy. This individualized therapy was designed according to patients&#8217; thromboembolism as well as bleeding risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postprocedural follow-up</title>
        <p>The patients were reevaluated with transthoracic echocardiography at the 1<sup>st</sup>, 6<sup>th</sup>, and 12<sup>th</sup> month. TEE was performed at all three visits. The patients were evaluated clinically and with TEE annually after the first year post-procedure.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p>This study involved 60 patients (mean age was 72.3 &#177; 20.1 years) who had undergone percutaneous LAA occlusion with the AMPLATZER Amulet device in the Hacettepe University Cardiology Clinic between September 2015 and March 2018. The sample consisted of 35 women (58.3%) and 25 men (41.7%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> lists all baseline characteristics.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline Characteristics and LAA Occlusion Indications</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Baseline Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">n = 60</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean Age</td>
                <td align="center">72.3 years &#177; 20.1 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female Gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (58.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (93.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (36.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart Failure, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (38.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular Event, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (28.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic and hemorrhagic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (48.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 3 (GFR: 30% &#8804; 59%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (23.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 4 (GFR: 15% &#8804; 29%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 5 (GFR: &#8804; 14%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atherosclerotic Heart Disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (66.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheric Artery Disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial Fibrillation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paroxysmal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Persistent, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (78.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Preprocedural Anticoagulation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (95.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rivaroxaban, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (50.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Warfarin, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dabigatran, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (16.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apixaban, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Follow Up, mean months &#177; SD, (median months, 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 15 months (20 months, interquartile range of 9 to 27 months)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Indications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Major bleeding, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (88.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gastrointestinal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (60.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoptysis, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic SVE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pericardial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retroperitoneal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic Kidney Disease and Labile INR, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cerebral Angiopathy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bronchiectasis, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Thromboembolic and Bleeding Risk Scores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHADS<sub>2</sub> mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">2.75 &#177; 2.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">4.61 &#177; 2.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HASBLED mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 3.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ORBIT mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The most common reason for LAA occlusion was major bleeding with OAC treatment (n: 53, 88.3%). The most common type of major bleeding was gastrointestinal bleeding (n:26, 57,8%).</p>
        <p>Fifty-seven patients took OACs before LAA occlusion. The most common preprocedural anticoagulant used was rivaroxaban, in 30 (50.0%) patients. Warfarin, dabigatran, and apixaban were used by 4 (6.6%), 10 (16.7%), and 13 (21.7%) patients, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Thromboembolic events and bleeding risk scores</title>
        <p>CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS-BLED, and ORBIT bleeding scores were calculated for all patients, and the average values of these scores were 2.75 &#177; 2.25, 4.61 &#177; 2.61, 4.32 &#177; 3.32, and 4.8 &#177; 2.8, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> lists bleeding and thromboembolic event risk scores separately.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Device dimensions</title>
        <p>The smallest implanted device had 16 mm and the biggest, 31 mm. Devices of 20 mm were implanted in 11 patients and of 25 mm in 16 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedural Outcomes</title>
        <p>The LAA occlusion device was implanted successfully in all 60 patients. No patient showed device embolization. One patient presented postprocedural major complication and mortality. Fifty-nine patients were discharged without any disabling complication. Six patients had periprocedural bleeding. All of them were associated with an access point, and only one of these patients needed a postprocedural blood transfusion. Periprocedural stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and systemic embolization were not observed in any patient during hospital follow-up. The mean postprocedural hospital length of stay was 1.33 days (median of 2 days, interquartile range of 1 to 3 days).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Periprocedural complications</title>
        <p>The percutaneous LAA transcatheter occlusion device was implanted successfully in all 60 patients. However, one patient presented a postprocedural major complication. This patient had been referred to emergency surgery due to pulmonary artery rupture. Despite the surgical repair of the pulmonary artery injury, the patient did not survive.</p>
        <p>Two patients had postprocedural pericardial effusion, both self-limited and not requiring pericardiocentesis. Two patients started postprocedural ibuprofen and colchicine therapy.</p>
        <p>Some clinical and anatomic patient features created problems for the procedural approach, but none of them prevented successful implantation. Five patients had a thrombus formation at the bottom of the LAA. The thrombus was attached to the LAA occlusion device in these patients. One patient had an atrial septal defect (ASD) closure device at the interatrial septum, which had been previously implanted. Generally, an ASD closure device in place is considered challenging for the transseptal puncture, but this patient had the transseptal puncture performed at the inferoposterior side of the interatrial septum, which is the most suitable puncture location for LAA occlusion. The LAA occlusion procedure was performed successfully in this patient without any damage to the ASD closure device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>a) Transesophageal echocardiography image of the transseptal puncture needle tenting the inferoposterior site of the interatrial septum and atrial septal defect closure device, b) Tridimensional transesophageal echocardiography guidewire image after the transseptal puncture, c) Fluoroscopic image of the transseptal puncture on the inferoposterior site of the interatrial septum and atrial septal defect closure device, d) Fluoroscopic image of the device before being released.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients&#8217; postprocedural antiplatelet therapy</title>
        <p>In most patients, postprocedural antiplatelet therapy consisted of acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg qd) and clopidogrel (75 mg qd). Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) continued for 6 months after the procedure in 53 patients. DAPT was modified to the single antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid or clopidogrel) if the absence of thrombus formation over the device was confirmed and peri-device leak was not found. Fifty-three patients under DAPT showed no device-related thrombus (DRT) or peri-device leak at the 6<sup>th</sup> month follow-up TEE. Accordingly, these patients continued with single antiplatelet therapy thereafter. Two patients under DAPT after the procedure had TIA during follow-up, which extended the DAPT for 12 months. Single antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid was considered in only two patients due to the high bleeding risk. They continued to use single antiplatelet during their entire follow-up. Five patients used a low-dose OAC agent after the procedure. Four of them used apixaban 2.5 mg BID, and one took dabigatran 110mg BID until their 6<sup>th</sup> month evaluation. None of them had thrombus over the device or peri-device leak at the 6<sup>th</sup> month TEE. Thus, they continued their antithrombotic treatment with single antiplatelet therapy after their 6<sup>th</sup> month visit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Postprocedural antithrombotic treatment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up outcomes</title>
        <p>The patients were evaluated at the 1<sup>st</sup>, 6<sup>th</sup>, and 12<sup>th</sup> month after discharge, undergoing annual assessments afterward. Two patients died during the follow-up. Median follow-up duration was 20 months (interquartile range of 9 to 27 months). The first patient died due to decompensated heart failure six months after the LAA occlusion. The second patient died from a non-cardiac condition.</p>
        <p>Clinically manifested stroke did not occur during the follow-up period. Two patients presented TIA-like symptoms and underwent cerebrovascular scanning and TEE. The exams showed no significant findings. These patients had a neurology consultation, and TIA was considered. Their DAPT was extended to 12 months. Both patients were discharged without neurological deficit, and brain imaging showed no evidence of new ischemic lesions. Besides these two cases, the most important thromboembolic clinical event was pulmonary embolism in one patient two months after LAA occlusion.</p>
        <p>Four patients had bleeding. One required hospitalization and blood transfusion three months after the procedure. This patient had melena. Gastrointestinal bleeding was confirmed with endoscopy and colonoscopy. DAPT was switched to single clopidogrel therapy, and the patient was discharged five days after hospitalization. The bleeding was not significant in the other three patients, and they did not require hospitalization or blood transfusion. Two of them had epistaxis, and one had epidermal petechiae.</p>
        <p>Routine TEE was performed at the end of the 1<sup>st</sup>, 6<sup>th</sup>, and 12<sup>th</sup> month after the procedure. In 10 patients, the follow up-duration was shorter than 12 months, and they were evaluated only at the 1<sup>st</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> month (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). No patient showed device thrombus or embolization at any visit. Two (3.3%) patients had significant peri-device leak (&gt;3 mm) at the 1<sup>st</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> month visit. These two patients did not present peri-device leak at the 12<sup>th</sup> month TEE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patients&#8217; follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedural and Follow-up Outcomes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Procedural Outcomes</th>
                <th align="center">Patients (n = 60)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Technical Success</td>
                <td align="center">60 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Procedural Success</td>
                <td align="center">59 (98.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Periprocedural Mortality</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Periprocedural Morbidity</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Major Bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Minor Bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic Embolization</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Device Embolization</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pericardial Effusion</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pericardial Tamponade</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Follow-up Outcomes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Patients (n = 59)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortality</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary Thromboembolism</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Life Threating or Major Bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Minor Bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Major Findings in Follow up TEE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peridevice Leak (&gt;3 mm) at 1<sup>st</sup> month</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peridevice Leak (&gt;3 mm) at 6<sup>th</sup> month</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Device Related Thrombus</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Device Embolization</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>TIA: transient ischemic attack; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We used the AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; LAA occluder for percutaneous LAA occlusion in a series of patients and reported mid-term data on its safety and efficacy.</p>
      <p>The PROTECT-AF and PREVAIL studies provided large-scale randomized clinical trial evidence that LAA occlusion with the Watchman device could be non-inferior to anticoagulation for CVEs in patients with non-valvular AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> On the other hand, large-scale randomized data on other LAA occlusion devices are limited.</p>
      <p>The AMPLATZER Amulet device is currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled trial (Amulet IDE Trial; ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02879448) and long-term randomized trial data has not been published yet. Thus, real-life data, multicenter registries, and meta-analysis of these studies still give us important information about the efficacy and safety of LAA occlusion with the Amulet device.</p>
      <p>In our series of 60 patients, the LAA occlusion procedure was successfully completed without major complications in 98.3% of cases. Our procedural success rate was similar to previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Landmesser et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported that the procedural success of LAA occlusion with the Amulet device was 99.0% in their multicenter registry, which included 1,088 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> They reported peri-device leak in 2% of patients during follow-up. In accordance with these data, we identified significant peri-device leak (&gt;3 mm) in two patients (3.3%) with TEE at the 1<sup>st</sup> month after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, they showed no significant peri-device leak at the 6<sup>th</sup> month. We considered that this result might be due to the continued endothelization process on the closure device until six months after the procedure.</p>
      <p>We found no significant disabling CVEs during follow-up. Only two patients had TIA, but with no neurological sequelae, and their cranial imaging did not reveal significant ischemic lesions. On the other hand, previous multicenter registries showed that there is still a risk of thromboembolic events despite LAA occlusion. Regueiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> recently reported that 7 out of 101 patients (6.9%) had a stroke after LAA occlusion in 4.2 years of follow-up, 6 of them related to thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> AMPLATZER cardiac plug constituted most of the devices used in this study (82%), while Amulet was used only in 3 patients. They discharged 70% of the patients under DAPT and those using a single antiplatelet agent. We used the Amulet device in all our patients and discharged 96% of the patients with DAPT, which continued up to 6 months after LAA occlusion. This fact might be one of the reasons for the low incidence of CVEs in the follow-up of our patient group. The relatively short follow-up duration and the smaller sample size in our study could also be reasons for this difference.</p>
      <p>DRT has been reported in 0-17% of patients after LAA occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Recently, some concern has been raised that DRT formation after LAA occlusion may be more frequent than expected. Fauchier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reported that, among 469 patients who underwent LAA occlusion, the incidence of DRT was 7.2% in imaged patients during a mean follow-up of 13 &#177; 13 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Thrombus over the device was an independent predictor of ischemic events. The Watchman device constituted most (58%) of devices used for LAA occlusion in this study, while the Amulet device was used in 97 patients. Interestingly, DAPT at discharge was associated with a lower risk of thrombus, and only 23.2% of the study group was discharged with this treatment. Costa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> published patient outcomes over a 12-month follow-up and found no DRT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> We did not observe DRT in our patients with TEE imaging at the 1<sup>st</sup>, 6<sup>th</sup>, and 12<sup>th</sup> month after LAA occlusion, corroborating their results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> There is some controversy among studies regarding thrombus formation over the device. The individualized antiplatelet treatment may explain this difference in our patient series. We planned the antiplatelet regimen according to the patients&#8217; risk of stroke and thrombus formation over the device. DAPT was administered to most patients (88.3%) at discharge in our group. In addition, we planned an extensive antiplatelet therapy for patients who had peri-device leak at follow-up. Also, five of our patients had thrombus in the LAA before the procedure. These patients underwent low-dose anticoagulant therapy for six months. As peri-device leak and presence of thrombus in the LAA before the procedure were considered risk factors for thrombus formation on the closure device, we decided to individualize the antiplatelet therapy of these patients. Moreover, the relatively small sample size may be another cause for this discrepancy.</p>
      <p>Our series had only one major periprocedural complication. The indication of LAA occlusion for this patient was preprocedural hemorrhagic CVE with an effective dosage of dabigatran. LAA occlusion was planned as thromboembolic prevention for this patient. Nonetheless, we observed a major periprocedural complication during the procedure. In this patient, the lobe hooks erupted from the LAA and damaged the pulmonary artery. These hooks are designed to allow better implantation and fixation of the device. When we reevaluated the preprocedural MDCT, we noted the close neighborhood between LAA and pulmonary artery. This close relationship resulted in pulmonary artery rupture. Although referred to urgent surgery, the patient did not survive. Previous case reports showed that postprocedural pulmonary artery rupture could be an early or delayed complication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Most of these case reports mentioned that this complication is related to the anatomical relationship between LAA landing zone and pulmonary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Halkin A. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> classified this relationship according to the contact point between LAA and pulmonary artery and they emphasized that the type 2 (proximal contact) relationship has a higher pulmonary artery rupture risk than the others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> We reevaluated the relationship between pulmonary artery and LAA in our patient after this study and found that it was a type 2 relationship (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computed tomography image of the neighborhood between pulmonary artery and left atrial appendage.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombus presence in LAA is considered a contraindication for LAA occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In our series, we detected thrombus at the bottom of the LAA in five patients. We considered that the thrombus at distal LAA could be attached to the LAA occlusion device, with a modified technique and minimal manipulation of catheters in the left atrium. Consequently, the procedures were performed successfully with no periprocedural neurological complications. We have reported one of these cases previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tarantini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> recently reported in their multicenter study that LAA occlusion could be safely and effectively performed in 28 patients with distal LAA thrombus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In line with these findings, we also suggest that LAA occlusion could be successfully conducted in patients with distal thrombus in experienced centers. However, the procedure should be canceled if the thrombus is located at the proximal LAA.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous LAA occlusion is a complex procedure that has some periprocedural risks as we mentioned before. Consequently, preprocedural patient evaluation, patients with appropriate indications, and operator experience are very important to avoid possible complications.</p>
      <p>In our study, we demonstrated that LAA occlusion using the Amulet&#8482; LAA occluder could be performed with high procedural success. In our series, all but one of the procedures were completed safely without complications. We did not find any clinical events directly related to AF or the LAA procedure during postprocedural follow-up. On the other hand, further large-scale randomized trials and long-term outcome data are necessary to verify the efficacy and safety of LAA occlusion using the Amulet&#8482; LAA occluder device.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study was not designed as a randomized prospective controlled trial; consequently, it has some limitations. First, we did not have a control group to compare the effectiveness of LAA occlusion in preventing thromboembolic events. Second, our mean follow-up duration was relatively short, and long-term outcomes of LAA occlusion cannot be inferred from our results. However, the LAA occlusion procedure and Amulet device are relatively new, and data about this device are limited. Therefore, studies like ours are still important and valuable to show the performance of LAA occlusion with the Amulet device. Third, we performed LAA occlusion in different clinical scenarios, such as thrombus formation in the LAA. There are some studies about these challenging conditions and the safety of LAA occlusion. Our series had similar results to those found in the literature. Due to the lack of consensus on adjuvant antithrombotic therapeutic strategies, we individualized the antiplatelet therapy after the procedure. However, our study population was relatively small for us to recommend an antithrombotic regimen after the procedure. Large-scale studies are necessary to make such recommendations.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>LAA occlusion is an important and effective therapeutic option for selected AF patients with an increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulant treatment. Nevertheless, the procedure has some significant periprocedural risks, including death. Consequently, LAA occlusion should be performed in carefully selected patients with increased thromboembolic risk, who have at least one-year survival expectation and cannot tolerate OACs or had clinically important bleeding events.</p>
      <p>Since LAA occlusion can be a challenging procedure, it should be performed by experienced operators with optimal skills and in collaboration with a heart team, including surgeons, neurologists, and experts on cardiovascular imaging.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi under the protocol number LUT/66. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>22 Aytemir K, Aminian A, Asil S, Canpolat U, Kaya EB, Sahiner L, et al. First case of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure by amulet device in a patient with left atrial appendage thrombus. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Nov;223:28-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aytemir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aminian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canpolat</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahiner</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First case of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure by amulet device in a patient with left atrial appendage thrombus</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <volume>223</volume>
          <fpage>28</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Tarantini G, D'Amico G, Latib A, Montorfano M, Mazzone P, Fassini G, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with atrial fibrillation and left appendage thrombus: feasibility, safety and clinical efficacy. EuroIntervention. 2018;13(13):1595-602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarantini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>D'Amico G.Latib A.Montorfano M.Mazzone P.Fassini G</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with atrial fibrillation and left appendage thrombus: feasibility, safety and clinical efficacy</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1595</fpage>
          <lpage>1602</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oclus&#227;o Transcateter do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo com a Pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482;: Dados Reais com Resultados de Seguimento de M&#233;dio-Prazo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0985-3144</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahiner</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4424-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Ergun Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5520-7103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#246;teli</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9279-8424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aytemir</surname>
            <given-names>Kudret</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi - Department of Cardiogly, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cem &#199;&#246;teli</bold> Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi - Department of Cardiogly, Ankara 06100 - Turquia E-mail: <email>cemcoteli@hacettepe.edu.tr</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: &#350;ahiner ML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: &#350;ahiner ML, Kaya EB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kaya EB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kaya EB, &#199;&#246;teli C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: &#350;ahiner ML, &#199;&#246;teli C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Aytemir K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) &#233; uma terapia alternativa para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial que tenham alto risco emb&#243;lico e contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; terapia anticoagulante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a viabilidade, seguran&#231;a e resultados de m&#233;dio prazo da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE, incluindo a trombose relacionada &#224; pr&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sessenta pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE com a pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; de setembro de 2015 a mar&#231;o de 2018 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 21 &#177; 15 meses (mediana - 20 meses, intervalo interquart&#237;lico - 9 a 27 meses). A avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento foi feita no 1&#186;, 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s. Os pacientes foram examinados clinicamente e um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado a cada visita. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para o procedimento foi sangramento significativo com anticoagulantes (n: 53, 88,3%). O procedimento foi conclu&#237;do com sucesso em 59 (98,3%) pacientes. Mortalidade peri-procedimento ocorreu em um paciente. A tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio p&#243;s-procedimento foi planejado como terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica ou dupla ou terapia anticoagulante de dose baixa em 52 (88,1%), 2 (3,4%) e 5 (8,5%) pacientes, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram encontrados eventos cerebrovasculares clinicamente significativos, trombo relacionado &#224; pr&#243;tese ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes durante o seguimento. Dois (3,4%) pacientes apresentaram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese significativo (&gt;3 mm) na avalia&#231;&#227;o do 1&#186; m&#234;s, que desapareceu no 12&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Concluiu-se que a oclus&#227;o do AAE com o oclusor de AAE Amulet&#8482; pode ser realizada com grande sucesso e resultados aceit&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; o tipo mais comum de arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada, principalmente entre os idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A FA est&#225; associada a um aumento da morbidade e mortalidade por todas as causas. A morbidade de FA mais significativa &#233; o evento tromboemb&#243;lico cerebrovascular. Eventos cerebrovasculares causam redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e aumento dos custos com a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Anticoagulantes orais (ACOs) s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos controlados e randomizados e estudos reais mostraram que os ACOs aumentam o risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O risco de sangramento significativo com antagonistas da vitamina K e ACOs diretos n&#227;o deve ser ignorado, particularmente em pacientes com alto risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O equil&#237;brio entre a prote&#231;&#227;o contra eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e o risco de sangramento pode pender para o sangramento. Neste cen&#225;rio, a oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica alternativa para alguns grupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com as diretrizes atuais de FA do <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic> (ACC/AHA) e da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC), a oclus&#227;o do AAE (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) pode ser considerada para a preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com FA e contraindica&#231;&#245;es para terapia anticoagulante de longo prazo com recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe IIb e N&#237;vel B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; falta de grandes estudos controlados e randomizados sobre a oclus&#227;o do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Amulet, existem algumas lacunas sobre abordagens cl&#237;nicas para a prepara&#231;&#227;o peri-operat&#243;ria, tratamentos adequados para poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es e seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, incluindo terapia antitromb&#243;tica p&#243;s-implante. Neste estudo retrospectivo observacional, buscou-se salientar os desafios da oclus&#227;o do AAE, avaliar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es peri-operat&#243;rias e como lidar com elas. Al&#233;m disso, objetivou-se revelar os resultados reais de m&#233;dio prazo neste grupo de pacientes e compartilhar a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria p&#243;s-procedimento adotada como uma alternativa para pacientes com alt&#237;ssimo risco de AVC apesar da oclus&#227;o do AAE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que tiveram um sangramento significativo com tratamento anticoagulante, pequenos sangramentos recorrentes com pelo menos dois tratamentos anticoagulantes diferentes ou qualquer risco de sangramento com perigo de morte, tais como alto risco de queda ou p&#250;rpura trombocitop&#234;nica idiop&#225;tica, foram avaliados quanto &#224; adequa&#231;&#227;o para oclus&#227;o do AAE. Os indiv&#237;duos que tinham menos de um ano de sobrevida, apresentavam quadro n&#227;o-card&#237;aco cr&#237;tico e n&#227;o aceitaram qualquer procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos. Este estudo retrospectivo observacional incluiu 60 pacientes submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Amulet na Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia do Hospital da Universidade de Hacettepe entre setembro de 2015 e mar&#231;o de 2018. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, e o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local aprovou os procedimentos.</p>
          <p>Sangramento sintom&#225;tico em uma regi&#227;o ou &#243;rg&#227;o cr&#237;tico (intracraniana, intramedular, retroperitoneal etc.) e sangramento que resulta em queda de 20 g/L ou mais no n&#237;vel de hemoglobina ou leva &#224; transfus&#227;o de duas ou mais unidades de sangue total ou gl&#243;bulos vermelhos foram considerados significativos, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis</italic> (ISTH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Vari&#225;veis descritivas e categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. Dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O Oclusor de Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482;</title>
          <p>O Oclusor de Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; (St Jude Medical, Mine&#225;polis, Minnesota) foi utilizado em todos os 60 pacientes para oclus&#227;o do AAE. A pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; &#233; um dispositivo de nitinol auto-expans&#237;vel com duas partes (um lobo e um disco) pr&#233;-montadas em um &#250;nico cabo. Dependendo do tamanho da pr&#243;tese, usa-se um cateter de entrega de 12 a 14 Fr.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas das dimens&#245;es do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
          <p>Uma tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores (TCMD) foi realizada em 31 pacientes que apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal para avaliar a anatomia do AAE. A zona de implante do AAE foi medida pela TCMD nesses 31 pacientes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) para orientar a escolha da pr&#243;tese e avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O tamanho da pr&#243;tese foi selecionado com base no ETE 3D e na TCMD, quando dispon&#237;vel. Todos os pacientes tiveram o tamanho do &#243;stio do AAE e a zona de implante da pr&#243;tese medidos pelo ETE. Os resultados do ETE foram comparados com os da TCMD em pacientes submetidos &#224; TCMD pr&#233;-procedimento. Avaliou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AAE e a art&#233;ria pulmonar em pacientes que realizaram TCMD pr&#233;-procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento de oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
          <p>Como abordagem pr&#233;-procedimento de rotina, um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e um ETE foram realizados antes da oclus&#227;o do AAE em todos os pacientes para avaliar seu formato e tamanho e identificar a presen&#231;a de trombo no AAE. O ETE foi realizado ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o intravenosa de fluidos para evitar a diminui&#231;&#227;o do AAE devido &#224; hipovolemia. O volume da infus&#227;o intravenosa de fluidos foi determinado de acordo com o exame f&#237;sico dos pacientes, os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (PNB) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A press&#227;o atrial esquerda tamb&#233;m foi aferida para determinar o estado ideal do volume intravascular durante o procedimento. Pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal foram submetidos &#224; tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca multislice para uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia e tamanho do AAE e da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AAE e as estruturas cardiovasculares associadas.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE estavam sob anestesia geral e foram intubados para um melhor direcionamento do ETE. A pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal foi realizada com fluoroscopia e orienta&#231;&#227;o do ETE 3D na regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-posterior do septo interatrial quando o paciente n&#227;o tinha varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas que pudessem impedir um direcionamento ideal. Ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida da pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, o cateter de entrega foi posicionado no &#225;trio esquerdo. A pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o do AAE Amulet&#8482; foi ent&#227;o avan&#231;ada at&#233; um ponto fora da bainha de entrega, o lobo do dispositivo formou uma circunfer&#234;ncia e a bainha de entrega foi colocada no AAE com uma rota&#231;&#227;o no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio. Depois de confirmar o posicionamento ideal no AAE com o ETE, o lobo da pr&#243;tese foi aberto, avan&#231;ando mais. Ap&#243;s o posicionamento correto do lobo no AAE, o disco foi aberto no &#243;stio do AAE com a retirada da bainha de entrega. As rela&#231;&#245;es da pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o com a art&#233;ria circunflexa e a v&#225;lvula mitral foram verificadas com o ETE 3D, e o contraste radiopaco foi injetado na bainha de entrega para avaliar vazamentos para-pr&#243;tese. Antes de ser liberada, a pr&#243;tese foi puxada para tr&#225;s com for&#231;a aceit&#225;vel para checar a estabilidade. Depois de todas essas etapas, a pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o foi liberada, e as rela&#231;&#245;es do dispositivo com o AAE, a art&#233;ria circunflexa e a v&#225;lvula mitral foram avaliadas pelo ETE 3D. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o peri-procedimento foi mantida com infus&#227;o intravenosa de heparina e controle do tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada (TCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria p&#243;s-procedimento</title>
          <p>A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria p&#243;s-procedimento foi planejada como terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica ou dupla ou terapia anticoagulante de dose baixa. Esta terapia individualizada foi elaborada de acordo com o tromboembolismo dos pacientes, bem como o risco de sangramento. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento p&#243;s-procedimento</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram reavaliados por meio de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico no 1&#186;, 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s. O ETE foi realizado em todas as tr&#234;s visitas. Os pacientes foram examinados clinicamente e com um ETE anualmente ap&#243;s o primeiro ano p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          <p>Este estudo envolveu 60 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 72,3 &#177; 20,1 anos) submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE com a pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER Amulet na Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia do Hospital da Universidade de Hacettepe entre setembro de 2015 e mar&#231;o de 2018. A amostra foi composta por 35 mulheres (58,3%) e 25 homens (41,7%). Todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e indica&#231;&#245;es de oclus&#227;o do AAE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 60</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3 anos &#177; 20,1 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (58,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (93,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (38,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Evento Cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (28,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemorr&#225;gico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (48,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Stage 3 (GFR: 30% &#8804; 59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (23,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Stage 4 (GFR: 15% &#8804; 29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Stage 5 (GFR: &#8804; 14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Ateroscler&#243;tica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (66,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a na art&#233;ria perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Paroxismal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Persistente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (78,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (95,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rivaroxabana, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (50,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varfarina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dabigatrana, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (16,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apixabana, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Acompanhamento, meses &#177; DP, (Meses mediana, 1&#186; and 3&#186; quartil)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177; 15 meses (20 meses, intervalo interquartil de 9 a 27 meses)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#245;es de oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento maior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (88,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gastrointestinal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (60,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoptise, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (18,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemorr&#225;gico SVE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peric&#225;rdico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Retroperitoneal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica e INR l&#225;bil, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#250;rpura Trombocitop&#234;nica Idiop&#225;tica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angiopatia Cerebral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bronquiectasia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escores de risco tromboemb&#243;licos e hemorr&#225;gicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHADS<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,75 &#177; 2,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61 &#177; 2,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HASBLED m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 3,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ORBIT m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para a oclus&#227;o do AAE foi sangramento significativo com tratamento com ACOs (n: 53, 88,3%). O tipo mais comum de sangramento significativo foi o gastrointestinal (n:26, 57,8%).</p>
          <p>Cinquenta e sete pacientes tomavam ACOs antes da oclus&#227;o do AAE. O anticoagulante mais usado pr&#233;-procedimento foi a rivaroxabana, em 30 (50,0%) pacientes. Varfarina, dabigatrana e apixaban foram usados por 4 (6,6%), 10 (16,7%) e 13 (21,7%) pacientes, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e escores de risco de sangramento</title>
          <p>Os escores de sangramento CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS-BLED e ORBIT foram calculados para todos os pacientes e seus valores m&#233;dios foram de 2,75 &#177; 2,25, 4,61 &#177; 2,61, 4,32&#177;3,32 e 4,8 &#177; 2,8, respectivamente. Os escores de risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e de sangramento est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dimens&#245;es da pr&#243;tese</title>
          <p>A menor pr&#243;tese implantada tinha 16 mm e a maior, 31 mm. Pr&#243;teses de 20 mm e 25 mm foram implantadas em 11 e 16 pacientes, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do Procedimento</title>
          <p>A pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o do AAE foi implantada com sucesso em todos os 60 pacientes. Nenhum paciente apresentou emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese. Um paciente teve uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento significativa e foi a &#243;bito. Cinquenta e nove pacientes receberam alta hospitalar sem qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o debilitante. Seis pacientes tiveram sangramento peri-procedimento. Todos foram associados a uma via de acesso, e apenas um desses pacientes precisou de transfus&#227;o de sangue p&#243;s-procedimento. AVC peri-procedimento, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) e emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica n&#227;o foram observados em nenhum paciente durante o acompanhamento hospitalar. A m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento foi de 1,33 dias (mediana de 2 dias, intervalo interquartil de 1 a 3 dias).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es peri-procedimento</title>
          <p>A pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea transcateter do AAE foi implantada com sucesso em todos os 60 pacientes. No entanto, um paciente apresentou uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento significativa. Este paciente foi encaminhado para cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia devido &#224; ruptura da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Apesar da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da les&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o paciente n&#227;o sobreviveu.</p>
          <p>Dois pacientes tiveram derrame peric&#225;rdico p&#243;s-procedimento, ambos autolimitados e sem necessidade de pericardiocentese. Dois pacientes iniciaram terapia p&#243;s-procedimento com ibuprofeno e colchicina.</p>
          <p>Algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas dos pacientes geraram problemas na abordagem do procedimento, mas nenhuma delas impediu que a implanta&#231;&#227;o fosse bem-sucedida. Cinco pacientes apresentaram forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo na parte inferior do AAE. Nestes indiv&#237;duos, o trombo foi fixado na pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o do AAE. Um paciente tinha uma pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) no septo interatrial, que havia sido implantada anteriormente. Geralmente, uma pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o de CIA &#233; considerada um desafio para a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, mas este paciente teve a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal realizada no lado &#237;nfero-posterior do septo interatrial, que &#233; o local de pun&#231;&#227;o mais adequado para a oclus&#227;o do AAE. O procedimento de oclus&#227;o do AAE foi realizado com sucesso neste paciente sem causar nenhum dano &#224; pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o de CIA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>a) Imagem feita com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico da agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal levantando a regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-posterior do septo interatrial e da pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, b) Imagem guia tridimensional feita com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, c) Imagem fluorosc&#243;pica da pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal na regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-posterior do septo interatrial e da pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, d) Imagem fluorosc&#243;pica da pr&#243;tese antes de ser liberada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria p&#243;s-procedimento dos pacientes</title>
          <p>Na maioria dos pacientes, a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria p&#243;s-procedimento consistiu em &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (100 mg qd) e clopidogrel (75mg qd). Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes continuaram a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (TAPD) por 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. A TAPD era modificada para terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico ou clopidogrel) quando a aus&#234;ncia de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre o dispositivo era confirmada e nenhum vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese era encontrado. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes em TAPD n&#227;o apresentaram trombos relacionados &#224; pr&#243;tese ou vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese no ETE do 6&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento. Consequentemente, a partir deste momento, estes pacientes continuaram o tratamento com uma terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica. Dois pacientes em TAPD ap&#243;s o procedimento tiveram AIT durante o seguimento, estendendo a TAPD por 12 meses. A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foi considerada em apenas dois pacientes devido ao alto risco de sangramento. Eles mantiveram o uso de um &#250;nico antiplaquet&#225;rio durante todo o seguimento. Cinco pacientes tomaram uma dose baixa de agente ACO ap&#243;s o procedimento. Quatro deles usaram apixaban 2,5 mg BID e um tomou dabigatrana 110 mg BID at&#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o do 6&#186; m&#234;s. Nenhum deles apresentou trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese ou vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese no ETE do 6&#186; m&#234;s. Portanto, eles continuaram o tratamento antitromb&#243;tico com terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica ap&#243;s a visita do 6&#186; m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tratamento antitromb&#243;tico p&#243;s-procedimento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do seguimento</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados no 1&#186;, 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, passando por avalia&#231;&#245;es anuais depois disso. Dois pacientes morreram durante o seguimento. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 20 meses (intervalo interquartil de 9 a 27 meses). O primeiro paciente foi a &#243;bito por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, seis meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o do AAE. O segundo morreu de uma doen&#231;a n&#227;o-card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, n&#227;o houve manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de AVC. Dois pacientes apresentaram sintomas semelhantes aos de AIT e foram submetidos &#224; varredura cerebrovascular e ETE. Os exames n&#227;o mostraram resultados significativos. Estes pacientes passaram por consulta com um neurologista, sendo considerado o diagn&#243;stico de AIT. A TAPD destes pacientes foi estendida para 12 meses. Ambos os pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar sem d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico, e imagens do c&#233;rebro n&#227;o evidenciaram novas les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. Al&#233;m destes dois casos, o evento cl&#237;nico tromboemb&#243;lico mais importante foi a embolia pulmonar em um paciente dois meses ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o do AAE.</p>
          <p>Quatro pacientes apresentaram sangramento. Um precisou de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e transfus&#227;o de sangue tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. Este paciente teve melena. O sangramento gastrointestinal foi confirmado por endoscopia e colonoscopia. A TAPD foi substitu&#237;da por terapia &#250;nica com clopidogrel, e o paciente recebeu alta cinco dias ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. O sangramento n&#227;o foi significativo nos outros tr&#234;s pacientes, e eles n&#227;o necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou transfus&#227;o de sangue. Dois deles tiveram epistaxe e um, pet&#233;quias epid&#233;rmicas.</p>
          <p>O ETE de rotina foi realizado no final do 1&#186;, 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento. Em 10 pacientes, o per&#237;odo de seguimento foi menor que 12 meses e eles foram avaliados apenas no 1&#186; e 6&#186; m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Nenhum paciente apresentou trombo ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese em qualquer visita. Dois (3,3%) pacientes tiveram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese significativo (&gt;3 mm) nas visitas do 1&#186; e 6&#186; m&#234;s. Estes dois pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese no ETE do 12&#186; m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Seguimento dos pacientes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados processuais e de acompanhamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Resultados processuais</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes (n = 60)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sucesso T&#233;cnico</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sucesso processual</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (98,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade periprocedural</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morbidade Periprocedural</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento Maior</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento Menor</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o de Dispositivos</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Efus&#227;o Peric&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tamponamento peric&#225;rdico</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Resultados de Acompanhamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Pacientes (n = 59)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>AVC/AIT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Derrame cerebral</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tromboembolismo Pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amea&#231;a de Vida ou Sangramento Maior</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento Menor</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Principais descobertas no acompanhamento ETE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vazamento de Peridifica&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 3 mm) no 1&#186; m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vazamento no Per&#237;metro (&gt; 3 mm) no 6&#186; m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Trombo relacionado ao dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o de Dispositivos</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AVC: Acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O oclusor de AAE AMPLATZER&#8482; Amulet&#8482; foi utilizado na oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE de uma s&#233;rie de pacientes e os dados de m&#233;dio prazo sobre a sua seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia foram relatados neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Os estudos PROTECT-AF e PREVAIL forneceram evid&#234;ncias baseadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados de larga escala de que a oclus&#227;o do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Watchman poderia ser n&#227;o-inferior &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para eventos cerebrovasculares em pacientes com FA n&#227;o-valvular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por outro lado, dados randomizados de larga escala sobre outros dispositivos de oclus&#227;o do AAE s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        <p>A pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER Amulet est&#225; sendo avaliada no momento em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado e controlado (Amulet IDE Trial; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02879448) e os dados de longo prazo do ensaio randomizado ainda n&#227;o foram publicados. Assim, dados reais, registros multic&#234;ntricos e meta-an&#225;lises desses estudos ainda fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da oclus&#227;o do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Amulet.</p>
        <p>Nesta s&#233;rie de 60 pacientes, o procedimento de oclus&#227;o do AAE foi conclu&#237;do com sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es significativas em 98,3% dos casos. A taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi similar &#224; de estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Landmesser et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> revelaram que o sucesso do procedimento de oclus&#227;o do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Amulet foi de 99,0% em seu registro multic&#234;ntrico, que incluiu 1.088 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os autores relataram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese em 2% dos pacientes durante o seguimento. Corroborando esses dados, o presente estudo identificou vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese significativo (&gt;3 mm) com o ETE em dois pacientes (3,3%) no 1&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Contudo, eles n&#227;o apresentaram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese significativo no 6&#186; m&#234;s. Acredita-se que este resultado pode advir do processo cont&#237;nuo de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontrados eventos cerebrovasculares debilitantes significativos durante o seguimento. Apenas dois pacientes tiveram AIT, mas sem sequelas neurol&#243;gicas, e suas imagens de cr&#226;nio n&#227;o revelaram les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas significativas. Por outro lado, registros multic&#234;ntricos anteriores revelaram que o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos permanece, apesar da oclus&#227;o do AAE. Regueiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> relataram recentemente que 7 de 101 pacientes (6,9%) tiveram um AVC ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o do AAE em 4,2 anos de seguimento, 6 deles relacionados a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A pr&#243;tese AMPLATZER cardiac plug constituiu a maioria dos dispositivos utilizados no estudo (82%), enquanto a Amulet foi usada apenas em 3 pacientes. Eles deram alta a 70% dos pacientes em TAPD e &#224;queles que utilizavam um &#250;nico agente antiplaquet&#225;rio. Todos os pacientes do presente estudo receberam a pr&#243;tese Amulet e 96% daqueles em TAPD tiveram alta, continuando o tratamento por at&#233; 6 meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o do AAE. Este fato pode ser uma das raz&#245;es para a baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares no seguimento deste grupo de pacientes. O acompanhamento relativamente curto e o menor tamanho da amostra do presente estudo tamb&#233;m podem ter contribu&#237;do para essa diferen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>H&#225; relatos de trombos relacionados &#224; pr&#243;tese em 0-17% dos pacientes ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o do AAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Recentemente, manifestou-se uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que a forma&#231;&#227;o destes trombos ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o do AAE pode ser mais frequente do que o previsto. Fauchier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reportaram que, entre os 469 pacientes submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o do AAE, a incid&#234;ncia de trombos relacionados &#224; pr&#243;tese foi de 7,2% em pacientes que realizaram exames de imagem durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 13 &#177; 13 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese foi um preditor independente de eventos isqu&#234;micos. A pr&#243;tese Watchman constituiu a maioria (58%) dos dispositivos usados para a oclus&#227;o do AAE no estudo, enquanto a Amulet foi utilizada em 97 pacientes. Curiosamente, a alta de pacientes em TAPD foi associada a um menor risco de trombo e apenas 23,2% do grupo do estudo recebeu alta com este tratamento. Costa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> publicaram resultados de pacientes ao longo de um seguimento de 12 meses e n&#227;o encontraram trombo relacionado &#224; pr&#243;tese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Corroborando estes resultados, o presente estudo n&#227;o observou este tipo de trombo nos pacientes com imagens de ETE no 1&#186;, 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o do AAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> H&#225; controv&#233;rsias entre os estudos quanto &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre o dispositivo. A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria individualizada pode explicar essa diferen&#231;a nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes. O esquema antiplaquet&#225;rio foi planejado de acordo com o risco de AVC e de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese nos pacientes. A TAPD foi administrada para a maioria dos pacientes (88,3%) que tiveram alta. Al&#233;m disso, foi elaborada uma extensa terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria para os indiv&#237;duos que tiveram vazamento peri-pr&#243;tese durante o seguimento. Cinco pacientes deste estudo tiveram trombo no AAE antes do procedimento. Estes pacientes foram submetidos &#224; terapia anticoagulante de dose baixa durante seis meses. Como vazamentos peri-pr&#243;tese e presen&#231;a de trombo no AAE antes do procedimento foram considerados fatores de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo na pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o, decidiu-se por individualizar a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria destes pacientes. Adicionalmente, o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra pode ser outra causa para essa discrep&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>Esta s&#233;rie teve apenas uma complica&#231;&#227;o peri-procedimento significativa. A indica&#231;&#227;o de oclus&#227;o do AAE para este paciente foi evento cerebrovascular hemorr&#225;gico pr&#233;-procedimento, com uma dose eficaz de dabigatrana. A oclus&#227;o do AAE foi planejada como preven&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica para este paciente. Entretanto, observou-se uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave durante o procedimento. Neste paciente, os ganchos do lobo se soltaram do AAE, danificado a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Estes ganchos s&#227;o projetados para permitir uma melhor implanta&#231;&#227;o e fixa&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese. Quando a TCMD pr&#233;-procedimento foi reavaliada, notou-se a grande proximidade entre o AAE e a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Esta rela&#231;&#227;o estreita resultou na ruptura da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Apesar de encaminhado para cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, o paciente n&#227;o sobreviveu. Relatos de caso anteriores mostraram que a ruptura da art&#233;ria pulmonar p&#243;s-procedimento pode ser uma complica&#231;&#227;o precoce ou tardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Grande parte desses relatos mencionou que esta complica&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica entre a zona de implante do AAE e a art&#233;ria pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Halkin A. et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> classificaram esta rela&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o ponto de contato entre o AAE e a art&#233;ria pulmonar e salientaram que a de tipo 2 (contato proximal) apresenta maior risco de ruptura da art&#233;ria pulmonar do que as demais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e o AAE foi reavaliada neste paciente depois deste estudo e concluiu-se que ela era de tipo 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem feita por tomografia computadorizada da proximidade entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0712-90138-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de trombo no AAE &#233; considerada uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o para a oclus&#227;o do AAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nesta s&#233;rie, foi detectado trombo na parte inferior do AAE em cinco pacientes. Considerou-se que o trombo no AAE distal poderia ser fixado na pr&#243;tese de oclus&#227;o do AAE, com uma t&#233;cnica modificada e uma manipula&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima dos cateteres no &#225;trio esquerdo. Consequentemente, os procedimentos foram realizados com sucesso, sem complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas peri-procedimento. Um destes casos foi relatado anteriormente pelos autores deste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tarantini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> revelaram recentemente em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que a oclus&#227;o do AAE poderia ser realizada de maneira segura e eficaz em 28 pacientes com trombo no AAE distal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> De acordo com estes achados, sugere-se tamb&#233;m que a oclus&#227;o do AAE poderia ser realizada com sucesso em pacientes com trombo distal em centros especializados. No entanto, o procedimento deve ser cancelado se o trombo estiver localizado no AAE proximal.</p>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE &#233; um procedimento complexo que tem alguns riscos peri-procedimento, como mencionado antes. Por conseguinte, a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento do paciente, pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es adequadas e a experi&#234;ncia do operador s&#227;o muito importantes para evitar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, foi demonstrado que a oclus&#227;o do AAE pode ser realizada com grande sucesso usando o oclusor de AAE Amulet&#8482;. Na presente s&#233;rie, todos os procedimentos exceto um foram conclu&#237;dos com seguran&#231;a e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foram encontrados eventos cl&#237;nicos diretamente relacionados &#224; FA ou &#224; oclus&#227;o do AAE durante o seguimento p&#243;s-procedimento. Contudo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos randomizados de larga escala e dados sobre resultados de longo prazo para verificar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da oclus&#227;o do AAE usando a pr&#243;tese oclusora de AAE Amulet&#8482;.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo n&#227;o foi concebido como um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado; consequentemente, ele possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, n&#227;o h&#225; um grupo de controle para comparar a efic&#225;cia da oclus&#227;o do AAE na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Segundo, o tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi relativamente curto, impedindo que efeitos de longo prazo da oclus&#227;o do AAE possam ser inferidos a partir dos presentes resultados. No entanto, o procedimento de oclus&#227;o do AAE e a pr&#243;tese Amulet s&#227;o relativamente novos, e dados sobre este dispositivo s&#227;o limitados. Portanto, estudos como este, ainda s&#227;o importantes e valiosos para demonstrar o desempenho da oclus&#227;o do AAE com a pr&#243;tese Amulet. Terceiro, a oclus&#227;o do AAE foi realizada em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo no AAE. Existem alguns estudos sobre estas condi&#231;&#245;es dif&#237;ceis e a seguran&#231;a da oclus&#227;o do AAE. Esta s&#233;rie apresentou resultados semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura. Devido &#224; falta de consenso sobre estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas antitromb&#243;ticas adjuvantes, individualizou-se a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria ap&#243;s o procedimento. Contudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi relativamente pequena para que se possa recomendar um esquema antitromb&#243;tico ap&#243;s o procedimento. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos de larga escala para que essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es possam ser feitas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o do AAE &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica importante e eficaz para alguns pacientes com FA que tenham um maior risco de sangramento com tratamento anticoagulante. Ainda assim, o procedimento tem alguns riscos peri-procedimento significativos, incluindo a morte. Assim sendo, a oclus&#227;o do AAE deve ser realizada em pacientes com maior risco tromboemb&#243;lico cuidadosamente selecionados, que tenham, no m&#237;nimo, um ano de expectativa de sobrevida e n&#227;o tolerem ACOs ou que tiveram sangramentos clinicamente importantes.</p>
        <p>Como a oclus&#227;o do AAE pode ser um procedimento desafiador, ela deve ser feita por operadores experientes com &#243;timas habilidades e em colabora&#231;&#227;o com a equipe de cardiologia, incluindo cirurgi&#245;es, neurologistas e especialistas em imagem cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo LUT/66. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
