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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w8GYVfWQDLGBGDWkG9J9v8v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000710</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190213</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Co-occurrence of Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors: Unhealthy Eating, Tobacco, Alcohol, Sedentary Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Aspects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9482-8268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eduard</surname>
            <given-names>Maury-Sintjago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Julio</surname>
            <given-names>Parra-Flores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alejandra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodr&#237;guez-Fern&#225;ndez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del B&#237;o-B&#237;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Chill&#225;n</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, FACSA, Universidad del B&#237;o-B&#237;o, Chill&#225;n - Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduard Maury-Sintjago,</bold> Departamento de Nutrici&#243;n y Salud P&#250;blica, FACSA, Universidad del B&#237;o-B&#237;o - Av. Andr&#233;s Bello N720, Chill&#225;n-Chile. E-mail: <email>emaury@ubiobio.cl</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>710</fpage>
      <lpage>711</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cluster Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Taking</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcoholism/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fast Foods</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is the principal cause of morbi-mortality worldwide. The risk factors in the development of CMD are diverse; understanding them significantly contributes to the design of clinical and/or community strategies for their prevention and/or treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> An unhealthy diet, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and higher alcohol consumption significantly increase the risk of CMD, cancer, loss of healthy life years, and premature mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a systematic review by Meader et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 37 studies were proposed in order to evaluate risk behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet by a meta-analysis. A greater association was found when groups of risk factors co-existed (&#8805; 4) compared with individual risk factors. Alcohol abuse and smoking were the most commonly identified risk factors. They also reported that the socioeconomic level is a predictor of multiple risks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> On the other hand, in a cohort study of more than 20 years, mortality associated with 1, 2, 3, or 4 risk factors was 1.85 (C I 95%, 1.28-2.68), 2.23 (CI 95%, 1.55-3.20), 2.76 (CI 95%, 1.91-3.99), and 3.49 (CI 95%, 2.31-5.26), respectively. The risk of mortality by CMD was higher than for other causes of death such as cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Among the socioeconomic aspects, the socio-spatial pattern of the points of sale of goods and services is the factor that most predicts unhealthy lifestyles. Macdonald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in their study in Scotland, show that the distribution of alcohol, fast food, tobacco, and gambling outlets is concentrated in geographical areas with greater socioeconomic deprivation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Another study shows that in developing countries, the poorest areas have a higher prevalence of inadequate diet and smoking habits and the co-occurrence of risk factors is 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Zwolonsky et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in a study of UK men, found that 72% exhibited combinations of risk factors; physical inactivity (72.8%) together with the lack of fruit and vegetable consumption (73%) was the most common combination. In addition, 29.5% consumed more alcohol than the recommended limit and 25% were smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this context, Zancheta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> detected a strong correlation between alcohol intake and smoking. In addition, unhealthy eating and physical inactivity were the most frequent risk factors. Approximately 3% did not exhibit any risk factors, while 38.0%, 32.9%, 9.4%, and 1.8% showed two to five factors, respectively. It was noteworthy that the highest incidence of these risk factors occurred in girls, older adolescents, those not living with both parents, children of less educated mothers, students attending public schools, and residents of cities in more developed urban areas of the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the Journal of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Stolses et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> evaluated the co-occurrence of smoking and unhealthy eating in adults in a population sample, showing a high prevalence of inadequate eating (68.4-72.6%) and smoking habits (7.8-15.65%). The occurrence of both risk factors was mainly in men (47%), those residing in the southern part of the country (44.1%), subjects aged 18-39 years (59.4%) and those who consumed alcohol (18.5%). Finally, it is shown that residing in the south (PRadj 1.50; 95% CI 1.18-1.89), not having private health insurance (PRadj 1.14; 95% CI 1.03-1.25), having an abusive consumption of alcohol (PRadj 3.22; 95% CI 2.70-3.85), and reporting a poor state of health (PRadj 1.7; 95% CI 1.18-2.44) were associated significantly with smoking and inadequate diet in Brazilian adults.</p>
    <p>In view of the reported scientific evidence, it is increasingly necessary to conduct studies about the co-occurrence of cardiometabolic risk factors because they respond to the multi-causal complexity of the principal health problems worldwide. Therefore, the strategy approach for prevention and/or treatment requires addressing risk factors in multiple rather than individual ways.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Co-occurrence of Smoking and Unhealthy Diet in the Brazilian Adult Population</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coocorr&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco para Doen&#231;as Cardiometab&#243;licas: Alimenta&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Saud&#225;vel, Tabaco, &#193;lcool, Estilo de Vida Sedent&#225;rio e Aspectos Socioecon&#244;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9482-8268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eduard</surname>
            <given-names>Maury-Sintjago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Julio</surname>
            <given-names>Parra-Flores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alejandra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodr&#237;guez-Fern&#225;ndez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, FACSA, Universidad del B&#237;o-B&#237;o, Chill&#225;n - Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduard Maury-Sintjago,</bold> Departamento de Nutrici&#243;n y Salud P&#250;blica, FACSA, Universidad del B&#237;o-B&#237;o - Av. Andr&#233;s Bello N720, Chill&#225;n-Chile. E-mail: <email>emaury@ubiobio.cl</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise por Conglomerados</kwd>
        <kwd>Assun&#231;&#227;o de Riscos</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcoolismo/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Fast Foods</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica (DCM) &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Os fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da DCM s&#227;o diversos; compreend&#234;-los contribui significativamente para a cria&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias cl&#237;nicas e/ou comunit&#225;rias para sua preven&#231;&#227;o e/ou tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma dieta n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, tabagismo, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e maior consumo de &#225;lcool aumentam significativamente o risco de DCM, c&#226;ncer, perda de anos de vida saud&#225;veis e mortalidade prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de Meader et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 37 estudos foram analisados para avaliar comportamentos de risco como tabagismo, inatividade f&#237;sica e dieta n&#227;o saud&#225;vel atrav&#233;s de uma metan&#225;lise. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o maior foi encontrada quando grupos de fatores de risco coexistiam (&#8805; 4) em compara&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco individuais. O abuso de &#225;lcool e o tabagismo foram os fatores de risco mais comumente identificados. Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico &#233; um preditor de m&#250;ltiplos riscos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Por outro lado, em um estudo de coorte de mais de 20 anos, a mortalidade associada a 1, 2, 3 ou 4 fatores de risco foi de 1,85 (IC 95%, 1,28-2,68), 2,23 (IC 95%, 1,55-3,20), 2,76 (IC 95%, 1,91-3,99) e 3,49 (IC 95%, 2,31-5,26), respectivamente. O risco de mortalidade por DCM foi maior do que em outras causas de morte, como o c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre os aspectos socioecon&#244;micos, o padr&#227;o socioespacial dos pontos de venda de bens e servi&#231;os &#233; o fator que mais prediz estilos de vida pouco saud&#225;veis. Macdonald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em seu estudo na Esc&#243;cia, mostram que a distribui&#231;&#227;o de locais que fornecem &#225;lcool, <italic>fast food</italic>, tabaco e pontos de jogos de azar est&#225; concentrada em &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas com maior priva&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outro estudo mostra que nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, as &#225;reas mais pobres t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de h&#225;bitos inadequados de dieta e tabagismo e a co-ocorr&#234;ncia de fatores de risco &#233; de 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Zwolonsky et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> em um estudo com homens do Reino Unido, descobriram que 72% exibiam combina&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco; inatividade f&#237;sica (72,8%), juntamente com a falta de consumo de frutas e vegetais (73%), foi a combina&#231;&#227;o mais comum. Al&#233;m disso, 29,5% consumiam mais &#225;lcool que o limite recomendado e 25% eram fumantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, Zancheta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> detectaram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool e tabagismo. Al&#233;m disso, alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o saud&#225;vel e inatividade f&#237;sica foram os fatores de risco mais frequentes. Aproximadamente 3% n&#227;o apresentaram fatores de risco, enquanto 38,0%, 32,9%, 9,4% e 1,8% apresentaram dois a cinco fatores, respectivamente. &#201; digno de nota que a maior incid&#234;ncia desses fatores de risco ocorreu em meninas, adolescentes mais velhos, que n&#227;o moram com ambos os pais, filhos de m&#227;es com menor escolaridade, estudantes que frequentam escolas p&#250;blicas e moradores de cidades em &#225;reas urbanas mais desenvolvidas do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Stolses et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> avaliaram a co-ocorr&#234;ncia de tabagismo e alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o saud&#225;vel em adultos em uma amostra populacional, mostrando uma alta preval&#234;ncia de alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada (68,4-72,6%) e h&#225;bitos de tabagismo (7,8-15,65%). A ocorr&#234;ncia de ambos os fatores de risco ocorreu principalmente em homens (47%), residentes na parte sul do pa&#237;s (44,1%), indiv&#237;duos com idade de 18 a 39 anos (59,4%) e que consumiam &#225;lcool (18,5%). Por fim, mostra-se que, residentes da regi&#227;o sul (PRadj 1,50; IC 95% 1,18-1,89), sem plano de sa&#250;de privado (PRadj 1,14; IC95% 1,03-1,25), com consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool (PRadj 3,22; 95 % IC 2,70-3,85) e relato de estado prec&#225;rio de sa&#250;de (PRadj 1,7; IC95% 1,18-2,44), mostravam uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o tabagismo e dieta inadequada em adultos brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Em vista das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas relatadas, &#233; cada vez mais necess&#225;rio realizar estudos sobre a co-ocorr&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, porque eles respondem &#224; complexidade multicausal dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo. Portanto, a abordagem estrat&#233;gica para preven&#231;&#227;o e/ou tratamento requer a abordagem dos fatores de risco de maneiras m&#250;ltiplas, e n&#227;o individuais.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Coocorr&#234;ncia de Tabagismo e Alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Saud&#225;vel na Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira</p>
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