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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jydvRjvsj8HNyRfnnbMrwWv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000696</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190220</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Social Determinants of Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Geraldo Millm</bold> Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da UFES - Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468. Postal Code 29042-770, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jose.mill@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>696</fpage>
      <lpage>698</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hypertension (HT) is a disease with high prevalence in adults and is generally referred to as a 'complex disease'. This term has been used to indicate the diversity of factors that contribute to its onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Studies in populations, twins, and families estimate that the impact of genetic background on the onset of HT ranges from 34% to 64%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, pressure regulation depends on a multiplicity of organs, systems, and mechanisms, which is why a large number of genes affect individual values. As a result, genetic tests are still largely ineffective as predictors of HT, since monogenic inheritance of this disease is rare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Non-genetic factors are also numerous and are linked to lifestyle (nutrition, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, among others) or to the presence of conditions connected with a chronic inflammatory state, such as obesity and insulin resistance. In the presence of these factors, blood pressure increase with age is faster, leading to, at a given moment, blood pressure levels indicative of the presence of the disease. It is important to point out that the cutoffs that separate the states of 'normotension' and 'hypertension' are statistical, being suitable for use with populations, and potentially unsuitable in assessing individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> as the disease may be present in a subclinical state, i.e., even before reaching diagnostic blood pressure levels obtained in epidemiological studies. Therefore, given the difficulty of using genetic data, disease prevention should be undertaken by identifying risk factors that contribute to raising blood pressure. In this context, epidemiological knowledge about specific populations is an essential tool for handling the disease.</p>
    <p>Despite its high impact on morbidity and mortality, and on economic and social costs, the epidemiology of HT and its determinants are still poorly known for the Brazilian population. Only in recent years has a robust and nationwide study been conducted in this area. The large territorial extent and the racial and cultural diversity of the Brazilian population also require regional studies. The National Health Survey (<italic>PNS</italic>) conducted in 2013 by the Ministry of Health with support from the <italic>IBGE</italic> [Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute) in a representative and robust sample (N &gt; 60 thousand) of the Brazilian adult population, showed a self-reported prevalence of HT of 21.4%, more frequent in women (24.2%) than men (18.3%). Upon changing the diagnostic criterion, considering those with blood pressure measured at home &#8805; 140/90 mmHg, or those taking antihypertensive drugs, as individuals with HT, the prevalence rose to 32.3%, with a higher prevalence in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The study also showed differences between regions, with lower prevalences seen in the North and Northeast and higher ones in the South and Southeast. The disease was also less frequent in rural residents. Part of the regional differences may stem from different race/color compositions. Indigenous peoples apparently have lower blood pressure readings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and this may translate into a lower impact of the disease on populations with a greater presence of the indigenous trait, such as in the Northern region. Regional differences may also stem from the uneven distribution of general factors that affect blood pressure regulation, such as high salt intake, body fat accumulation, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, and insulin resistance. The large territorial extent and cultural diversity may contribute to the non-uniform distribution of these factors and, consequently, the variability in the distribution of HT and other chronic diseases. More recently, the role of socioeconomic variables in the emergence, progress, and outcomes related to blood pressure is being viewed with increasing importance. Large studies, such as the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (<italic>ELSA-Brasil</italic>), show the impact of low education and income levels on increased blood pressure and on the prevalence of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These data indicate that the Brazilian population segment living in more unfavorable conditions is more subject to the impact of the disease. And this has important consequences for addressing this health problem.</p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> [Brazilian Cardiology Archives], Santiago et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> publish data on a population-based study aimed at identifying the characteristics and prevalence of HT in the adult population (20-59 years) residing in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, in the Northeastern region of Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> For this purpose, a representative sample of urban and rural households was selected by drawing from census tracts from three municipalities. The study showed that the overall prevalence of HT was 27.4%, with a predominance in males. Despite not having the statistical power for more detailed analyses of subgroups, it is clear from the data that the disease affects, with greater impact, the population segments with lower education and income, two variables that are represented in the socioeconomic classification of the households. The association between the presence of the disease and low education is impressive. While in the segment with higher education the presence of HT was found in 15.4% of the individuals, in the lowest segment the number increased to 44.6%, i.e., the probability of the disease being found was almost 3 times higher in the population segment with a low education level. Considering that education and income are two collinear variables in the Brazilian population, in the multivariate analysis model, schooling level dropped out of the modeling, leaving only the socioeconomic level as an independent predictor of the disease's presence. However, according to the Brazilian standard, both education and income enter into the socioeconomic classification model.</p>
    <p>What still needs to be further investigated is the mediation between socioeconomic variables (education and income) and blood pressure. The <italic>ELSA-Brasil</italic> provided some clues on this.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Participants of African ancestry (Blacks and Browns) present higher blood pressure and higher blood pressure increase with age, thus predisposing to the onset of HT in adulthood. It is not known, however, whether this difference arises from birth or occurs later. Our research group has been seeking answers by studying children and adolescents of different races/color. We have shown that pre-pubertal students have equal blood pressure values, regardless of race/color.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The differences, therefore, appear later in adolescence or, more likely, in adulthood. Psychosocial stress could constitute an important factor in increased pressure with age and, therefore, in the onset of HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> This could explain, albeit in part, the inverse relationship between education/income and HT prevalence. Individuals at the bottom of the social pyramid would live in greater uncertainty regarding their future. The struggle for survival is greater and the social support network related to adverse events in life (unemployment, adverse weather events such as prolonged drought in rural backlands) is less at the base of the pyramid, and this would determine a higher intensity allostatic load on these individuals (increased sympathetic activity, activation of the hypothalamic-adrenal-cortisol axis, attenuation of vagal function) contributing to a faster blood pressure increase over time and contributing to the earlier onset of hypertensive disease. Even without yet understanding where the initial deregulation that would lead to essential HT would be, this chain of events could explain the findings described by Santiago et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and other authors. This reasoning could explain, in theory, the small decrease in the prevalence of HT in Brazil described by Picon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> in a meta-analysis based on population-based studies with direct blood pressure measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> It is noteworthy that in this meta-analysis almost all studies were done in cities in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, where the population's educational level has been improving in recent decades.</p>
    <p>Regardless of the mechanism, the data described for the Brazilian population, showing an inverse relationship between education level and HT, pose an additional challenge in addressing the problem. Once diagnosed, the disease must be treated. At this stage, the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits is mandatory in relation to diet (rich in whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables), physical activity, and quitting smoking and alcohol abuse. If such measures are insufficient for pressure normalization, then medication use enters as an effective measure. However, various factors contribute to the fact that both the adoption of healthy habits, as well as the use of medications, is more difficult for individuals in lower socioeconomic segments. Therefore, those who are most affected by the disease will have less conditions to treat it. Medications, although effective, must be used correctly, as their improper use can do more harm than good. Considering that the gateway to the diagnosis and treatment of HT in our country is the primary care sector, represented by the Primary Care Units, it is essential to engage all health teams, involving doctors, nurses, nutritionists, etc., so that the effectiveness of treatments for the hypertensive population becomes as homogeneous as possible, that is, regardless of socioeconomic factors. On the other hand, the data point to a fact of great significance. Improved education brings about health benefits in general and, particularly, for addressing chronic diseases, such as HT. Investments in education affects favorably the population health.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults from the Semi-Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinantes Sociais na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill,</bold> Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da UFES - Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468. CEP 29042-770, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jose.mill@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a com preval&#234;ncia elevada em adultos e geralmente referida como &#8216;doen&#231;a complexa&#8217; e este termo tem sido usado para indicar a diversidade de fatores que contribuem para o seu aparecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es, g&#234;meos e fam&#237;lias estimam que o impacto da carga gen&#233;tica no aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o seja de 34% a 64%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, a regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o depende de uma multiplicidade de &#243;rg&#227;os, sistemas e mecanismos, raz&#227;o pela qual um grande n&#250;mero de genes interfere nos valores individuais. Em consequ&#234;ncia, os testes gen&#233;ticos ainda s&#227;o pouco efetivos como preditores de hipertens&#227;o, pois a heran&#231;a monog&#234;nica desta doen&#231;a &#233; rara.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os fatores n&#227;o gen&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o v&#225;rios e ligados ao estilo de vida (nutri&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabaco, dentre outros) ou &#224; presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#245;es que cursam com estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico, como a obesidade e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Na presen&#231;a destes fatores, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial se acentua com a idade fazendo com que, em determinado momento, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sejam compat&#237;veis com a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. Importante destacar que os pontos de corte que separam os estados de &#8216;normotens&#227;o&#8217; e &#8216;hipertens&#227;o&#8217; s&#227;o estat&#237;sticos, sendo adequados para uso em popula&#231;&#245;es, podendo ser inadequados na avalia&#231;&#227;o individual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> pois a doen&#231;a pode estar presente em estado subcl&#237;nico, ou seja, mesmo antes de atingir n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos de diagn&#243;stico obtidos em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos. Portanto, dada a dificuldade do uso de dados gen&#233;ticos, a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a deve ser feita pela identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco que contribuem para elevar a press&#227;o arterial. Neste contexto, o conhecimento epidemiol&#243;gico em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas constitui ferramenta essencial para enfrentamento da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Apesar de seu alto impacto na morbimortalidade e nos custos econ&#244;micos e sociais, a epidemiologia da HA e dos seus determinantes ainda s&#227;o pouco conhecidos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Somente em anos recentes foi conduzido um estudo robusto e de abrang&#234;ncia nacional nessa &#225;rea. A grande extens&#227;o territorial e a diversidade racial e cultural da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira demandam tamb&#233;m estudos regionais. A Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS) realizada em 2013 pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de com apoio do IBGE em amostra representativa e robusta (N &gt; 60 mil) da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira adulta mostrou preval&#234;ncia auto-referida de HA de 21,4%, mais frequente em mulheres (24,2%) do que em homens (18,3%). Ao mudar o crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico, considerando portador de HA os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram press&#227;o arterial aferida no domic&#237;lio &#8805;140/90 mmHg, ou em uso de anti-hipertensivos, a preval&#234;ncia subiu para 32,3%, com maior preval&#234;ncia em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O estudo mostrou ainda diferen&#231;as entre as regi&#245;es, observando-se menores preval&#234;ncias no Norte e Nordeste e maiores no Sul e Sudeste. A doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m foi menos frequente em moradores de zonas rurais. Parte das diferen&#231;as regionais podem decorrer das diferentes composi&#231;&#245;es de ra&#231;a/cor. Ind&#237;genas t&#234;m, aparentemente, valores mais baixos de press&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e isso pode se traduzir em menor impacto da doen&#231;a em popula&#231;&#245;es com maior presen&#231;a do tra&#231;o ind&#237;gena, como na regi&#227;o Norte. Diferen&#231;as regionais tamb&#233;m podem decorrer da distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o uniforme dos fatores gerais que interferem na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como o alto consumo de sal, o ac&#250;mulo de gordura corporal, o sedentarismo, o consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. A grande extens&#227;o territorial e a diversidade cultural podem contribuir para a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o uniforme destes fatores e, consequentemente, a variabilidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o da HA e de outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Mais recentemente vem sendo dada import&#226;ncia crescente ao papel de vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas no aparecimento, progress&#227;o e desfechos relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial. Estudos de grande porte, como o Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), evidenciam o impacto da baixa escolaridade e renda no aumento da press&#227;o e na preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Esses dados indicam que o segmento populacional do Brasil que vive em condi&#231;&#245;es mais desfavor&#225;veis est&#225; mais sujeito ao impacto da doen&#231;a. E isso tem consequ&#234;ncias importantes para o equacionamento deste problema de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Santiago et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> publicam dados relativos a estudo de base populacional visando identificar as caracter&#237;sticas e preval&#234;ncia da HA na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta (20 a 59 anos) residente no semi&#225;rido de Pernambuco, na regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Para tanto, foi selecionada aleatoriamente uma amostra representativa de domic&#237;lios urbanos e rurais por sorteio de setores censit&#225;rios de tr&#234;s munic&#237;pios. A pesquisa mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia global de HA foi de 27,4%, com predomin&#226;ncia no sexo masculino. Apesar de n&#227;o haver poder estat&#237;stico para an&#225;lises mais detalhadas de subgrupos, fica vis&#237;vel nos dados que a doen&#231;a atinge, com maior impacto, os segmentos populacionais de menor escolaridade e renda, duas vari&#225;veis que est&#227;o representadas na classifica&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica dos domic&#237;lios. Impressiona a associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a com a baixa escolaridade. Enquanto que no segmento de maior escolaridade (ensino m&#233;dio ou superior) a presen&#231;a de HA foi constatada em 15,4% dos indiv&#237;duos, no segmento mais baixo (sem escolaridade) o n&#250;mero sobe para 44,6%, ou seja, a probabilidade de a doen&#231;a ser encontrada era quase 3 vezes maior no segmento populacional com baixa escolaridade. Tendo em vista que escolaridade e renda s&#227;o duas vari&#225;veis colineares na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, na an&#225;lise multivariada a escolaridade a escolaridade saiu da modelagem, ficando apenas o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico como preditor independente de presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. Entretanto, segundo o padr&#227;o brasileiro, tanto a escolaridade como a renda entram no modelo de classifica&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica.</p>
      <p>O que ainda precisa ser mais bem investigado &#233; a media&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas (escolaridade e renda) e press&#227;o arterial. O ELSA-Brasil trouxe algumas pistas a respeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os portadores de ancestralidade africana (pretos e pardos) apresentam press&#227;o arterial mais alta e um incremento press&#243;rico mais alto com a idade predispondo assim ao aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o na vida adulta. N&#227;o se sabe, entretanto, se essa diferen&#231;a decorre desde o nascimento ou &#233; mais tardia. Nosso grupo de pesquisa vem buscando respostas estudando crian&#231;as e adolescentes de diferentes ra&#231;a/cor. Mostramos que escolares pr&#233;-p&#250;beres, apresentam valores press&#243;ricos iguais, independente da ra&#231;a/cor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As diferen&#231;as, portanto, aparecem mais tardiamente na adolesc&#234;ncia ou, mais provavelmente, na vida adulta. O estresse psicossocial poderia constituir um fator importante na eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o com a idade e, portanto, no aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Isso poderia explicar, ainda que em parte, a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre escolaridade/renda e preval&#234;ncia de HA. Indiv&#237;duos situados na base da pir&#226;mide social viveriam em maior grau de incerteza em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu futuro. A luta pela sobreviv&#234;ncia &#233; maior e a rede de suporte social em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos adversos de vida (desemprego, eventos clim&#225;ticos adversos, como a seca prolongada no sert&#227;o) &#233; menor na base da pir&#226;mide e isso determinaria uma carga alost&#225;tica de maior intensidade nesses indiv&#237;duos (aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-adrenal-cortisol, atenua&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vagal) contribuindo para incremento press&#243;rico de maior amplitude ao longo do tempo e contribuindo para o aparecimento mais precoce da doen&#231;a hipertensiva. Mesmo sem ainda compreendermos onde estaria a desregula&#231;&#227;o inicial que levaria &#224; hipertens&#227;o essencial, essa cadeia de eventos poderia explicar os achados descritos por Santiago et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e outros autores. Esse racioc&#237;nio poderia explicar, em tese, o pequeno decr&#233;scimo da preval&#234;ncia da HA no Brasil descrito por Picon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> em metan&#225;lise com base em estudos de base populacional com medida direta da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Vale ressaltar que nesta metan&#225;lise a quase totalidade de estudos foram feitos em cidades das regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, onde o grau de escolaridade da popula&#231;&#227;o vem melhorando nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.</p>
      <p>Independente do mecanismo, os dados descritos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira mostrando rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre escolaridade e HA imp&#245;em um desafio adicional no enfrentamento do problema. Uma vez diagnosticada, a doen&#231;a deve ser tratada. Nesta etapa, a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis de vida &#233; mandat&#243;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o (rica em cereais integrais, frutas e legumes frescos), atividade f&#237;sica e abandono do tabagismo e consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool. Se tais medidas s&#227;o insuficientes para normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, ent&#227;o o uso de medicamentos insere-se como medida eficaz. Entretanto, v&#225;rios fatores contribuem para que, tanto a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, como o uso de medicamentos, seja mais dif&#237;cil para indiv&#237;duos situados nos extratos socioecon&#244;micos mais baixos. Ou seja, aqueles que s&#227;o mais afetados pela doen&#231;a v&#227;o dispor de menos condi&#231;&#245;es para trat&#225;-la. Os medicamentos, apesar de eficazes, devem ser usados de forma correta, pois seu uso inadequado pode trazer mais malef&#237;cios que benef&#237;cios. Considerando que a porta de entrada para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da HA em nosso pa&#237;s &#233; o setor de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, representado pelas Unidades de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel o treinamento de todas as equipes de sa&#250;de, envolvendo m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros, nutricionistas, etc., para que a efic&#225;cia dos tratamentos &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa se torne a mais homog&#234;nea poss&#237;vel, isto &#233;, independente de fatores socioecon&#244;micos. Por outro lado, os dados apontam para um fato de grande significado. A melhoria da escolaridade traz benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de de modo geral e, particularmente, para o enfrentamento das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como &#233; o caso da HA. Investimentos em educa&#231;&#227;o rebatem de modo favor&#225;vel na sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica em Adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco, Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
