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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SQKrhFy8BzvMFN6vgVFCs9x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000687</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005014102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190145</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults from the Semi-Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-0096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santiago</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Izabel Siqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Israel Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria de Santo Ant&#227;o</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - N&#250;cleo de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Vit&#243;ria de Santo Ant&#227;o, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa Santiago,</bold> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Av. Prof. Moraes R&#234;go, 1235. Postal Code 50670-901, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>emersoncostasantiago@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santiago ERC, Oliveira JS, Leal VS, Lira PIC; Acquisition of data: Leal VS, Lira PIC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santiago ERC, Diniz AS, Oliveira JS, Leal VS; Statistical analysis: Santiago ERC, Andrade MIS; Obtaining financing: Diniz AS; Writing of the manuscript: Santiago ERC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santiago ERC, Diniz AS, Oliveira JS, Leal VS, Andrade MIS, Lira PIC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>687</fpage>
      <lpage>695</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is a substantial public health problem responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. However, little is known about the epidemiology of this disease in areas distant from large urban centers in Brazil. Such information is necessary to plan health promotion strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and determine its associated factors in adults residing in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study conducted with a random sample of male and female adults. Individuals with systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mm/Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mm/Hg and those who reported being under treatment with antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive. We collected data on demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and anthropometric characteristics, as well as health and nutrition. The statistical analysis used Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test, the chi-square test for trend, and multivariate Poisson regression analysis. A p-value &lt; 0.05 in the final model was considered indicative of statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The sample consisted of 416 individuals, and the prevalence of hypertension was 27.4% (95%CI 23.2 - 32.0). In the final model, the independent predictors of hypertension were age of 40 years or older (p = 0.000), low economic class (p = 0.007), smoking (p = 0.023), overweight determined by the body mass index (p = 0.003), and reduced glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus (p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of hypertension was high and related to important risk factors. Thus, prevention and control strategies are recommended.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is a substantial public health problem around the world and the most common clinical condition found in primary care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This condition is responsible for approximately 9.4 million deaths per year worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is not only one of the major risk factors for other cardiovascular diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> but also a syndrome with its manifestations, characteristics, and multifactor etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension increased from approximately 25.9% of the global adult population at the beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century to 31.1% in 2010, a 5.2% increase in ten years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In developed countries, however, a 2.6% reduction occurred in this period, whereas developing countries faced a 7.7% increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Brazil, studies compiling data from several cities report that hypertension affects approximately 30% of the adult population, corresponding to 36 million individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Analyzing the distribution of the disease in the country, the north and northeast regions have the lowest rates of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, this type of information is scarce in these regions due to the low number of surveys addressing the epidemiology of this condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The semi-arid region covers a large area of Brazil, especially in the northeast part of the country. This region is often hit by crises related to long periods of drought. Besides the low socioeconomic development of the region, this situation can contribute to an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nevertheless, little is known about the epidemiology of hypertension and its geographic distribution in populations living distant from large Brazilian urban centers and in mesoregions, such as the semi-arid region.</p>
      <p>Considering the need for information that can assist in improving and optimizing public health services and actions, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and determine its associated factors in the adult population from the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted with male and female adults (aged 20 to 59 years) residing in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>The study population was determined by cluster sampling. Pernambuco is subdivided into 12 development regions (DR), six of which correspond to the semi-arid zone. Among them, three were randomly selected in the first stage of the sampling process. Next, one city was chosen from each DR: Serra Talhada (DR 4), Cust&#243;dia (DR 12), and Bel&#233;m de S&#227;o Francisco (DR 1). Next, five census tracts were drawn per city with urban/rural distribution based on data from the 2010 Census. Lastly, 350 households were randomly selected to form a representative sample of the population in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco. The sample comprised all adult residents of the selected homes who were present at the time of data collection. Individuals with any physical limitation that hindered the anthropometric evaluation, debilitating diseases, and who declined to participate were excluded from the study. All stages of the selection process were performed using lists of random numbers generated with the aid of the EPITABLE tool of the Epi Info statistical package, version 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA).</p>
      <p>The fieldwork occurred between July and September 2015 by a team of researchers who had previously undergone training for the administration of data collection instruments. A pilot study was conducted with 30 families in a city not selected for the main study to put into practice the logistics of the fieldwork and test the data collection instruments.</p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated <italic>a posteriori</italic> assuming a 20% estimated prevalence of hypertension in the northeast region of Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a 5% sampling error, a 95% confidence interval, and a factor of 1.5 to compensate for the design effect of the cluster sampling. Moreover, 10% was added to compensate for possible dropouts, leading to a total of 410 individuals.</p>
      <p>The following demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and respective categories were collected: gender (male or female), age in years (20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59), ethnicity (white or multiracial/black), schooling (never studied, primary school, high school/university), employment status (works or does not work), and place of residence (urban or rural area). Data collection followed the guidelines of the <italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic> (IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Economic class was categorized based on the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria of the <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa</italic> (ABEP - Brazilian Market Research Association):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> upper/middle (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) and lower (D, E) classes.</p>
      <p>We collected the following behavioral characteristics: alcohol intake in the previous 30 days (yes or no); active smoking (smoker/ex-smoker or never smoked); passive smoking (yes or no; individuals who do not actively smoke but are frequently in contact with cigarette smoke from people at home, work, or school/university); and addition of salt to food after preparation (never, sometimes/almost always). Physical activity level was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) validated for use in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which enables the classification of individuals as sedentary/insufficiently active or active/very active.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Anthropometric data were collected in duplicate following the guidelines of the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Body mass was measured using a digital scale (TANITA&#8482;, model BF-683 W). Height was measured using a portable stadiometer (Alturaexata&#8482;). Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest with a flexible, non-elastic metric tape (Sanny&#8482;). When a difference greater than 0.5 cm was found between the two height and WC values, the participant was measured a third time, and the two closest results were considered to calculate the arithmetic mean.</p>
      <p>The following health and nutritional characteristics and respective categories were collected: body mass index (BMI) (not overweight when &lt; 25 kg/m&#178; and overweight when &#8805; 25 kg/m&#178;);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> WC (normal when &lt; 80 for women and &lt; 94 cm for men and increased when &#8805; 80 cm for women and &#8805; 94 cm for men);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> waist-to-height ratio (normal when &lt; 0.52 for men and &lt; 0.53 for women and increased when &#8805; 0.52 for men and &#8805; 0.53 for women);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and food security evaluated using the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Insecurity Scale,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which enabled classifying the homes into the following categories: food security, mild food insecurity and moderate/severe food insecurity.</p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected through a venous puncture after a 10-hour fast. The analyses to determine the levels of fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol used the Accutrend GCT [Roche Diagn&#243;stica, Brazil], which allows immediate readings. The components of the biochemical profile were fasting blood glucose [normal when &lt; 100 mg/dL and reduced glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus (DM) when &#8805; 100 mg/dL or when the individual used a hypoglycemic medication],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> triglycerides (normal when &lt; 150 mg/dL and high when &#8805; 150 mg/dL),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and total cholesterol (normal when &lt; 190 mg/dL and high when &#8805; 190 mg/dL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the outcome variable, blood pressure (BP) was measured in duplicate using the auscultation method (Glicomed&#8482; sphygmomanometer, model CE-0483), followed by the calculation of the arithmetic mean of the results. The procedures to prepare the individuals for BP measurement followed the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> make sure that the individual rested for at least five minutes in a calm environment; did not have a full bladder, had not practiced physical exercise in the previous 60 minutes, had not consumed alcohol, coffee, or food in the previous hour, and had not smoked in the previous 30 minutes; and was seated at the time of the measurement, with the legs uncrossed, feet flat on the floor, and arm at the height of the heart. The criteria to diagnose hypertension was based on the Seventh Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which classify an individual with hypertension when the systolic BP is &#8805; 140 and/or diastolic BP is &#8805; 90. We also considered hypertensive individuals who declared having a previous diagnosis and were under treatment with antihypertensive medications.</p>
      <p>The data used in the present investigation derived from a study entitled &#8220;Evaluation of food and nutritional security in urban and rural communities affected by drought in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco&#8221; (certificate of presentation for ethical approval: 38878814.9.0000.5208; certificate of approval: 897.655). All participants received information about the study and signed the informed consent form.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were entered twice with the Epi Info&#8482; software, version 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA), with the subsequent use of the VALIDATE module to check data consistency. We grouped the explanatory variables into the following four hierarchically ordered levels from distal to proximal: 1) biological factors; 2) demographic and socioeconomic factors; 3) behavioral factors, and 4) biochemical and nutritional factors (proximal level). Based on a conceptual model to determine hypertension, we assumed that predisposing factors imply different hierarchical levels of determination.</p>
        <p>We conducted univariate statistical analysis with either Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or the chi-square test for trend to establish associations between explanatory variables and the outcome. Variables with a p-value &lt; 0.20 were incorporated into the multivariate analysis using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results of the univariate analysis were expressed as percentages and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and of the multivariate analysis were described as prevalence ratios and respective 95%CI. A p-value &lt; 0.05 in the final model was considered indicative of a statistically significant association. All analyses had the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 13.0 (IBM Analytics, NC, USA) and Stata, version 14.0 (StataCorp, TX, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The final sample consisted of 416 adults with a median age of 35.0 (interquartile range of 28.0 to 48.0) years. Most of the sample was female (64;9%, 95%CI: 60.1 to 69.5), of black/multiracial ethnicity (78.4%, 95%CI: 74.0 to 82.2), and lived in urban areas (57.9%, 95%CI: 53.0 to 62.7).</p>
      <p>A total of 19.7% (95%CI: 16.1 to 23.9) of the sample had the habit of consuming alcoholic beverages, 23.3% (95%CI: 19.4 to 27.7) smoked actively, 16.3% (95%CI: 13.0 to 20.3) smoked passively, and 71.5% (95%CI: 65.6 to 76.9) were sedentary or insufficiently active. Moreover, 10.1% (95%CI: 7.5 to 13.5) of the sample reported adding salt to food after preparation sometimes or nearly always.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension was 27.4% (95%CI: 23.2 to 32.0). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the distribution of the condition according to demographic and socioeconomic variables. We found a statistically significant association between higher prevalence of hypertension and increasing age and lower levels of schooling and income. Regarding behavioral variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), hypertension was more frequent among active smokers/ex-smokers and passive smokers. With respect to the health and nutritional profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), hypertension was associated with overweight, determined by the BMI, and an increased weight-to-height ratio. Hypertension was also associated with the following biochemical variables: reduced glucose tolerance/DM and high total cholesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of systemic arterial hypertension according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in adults from the semi-arid region, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Systemic arterial hypertension</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.358</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">30.1</td>
              <td align="center">22.8 &#8211; 38.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
              <td align="center">20.8 &#8211; 31.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20 &#8211; 29</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">05.7 &#8211; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 &#8211; 39</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 &#8211; 23.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 &#8211; 49</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">36.8</td>
              <td align="center">25.4 &#8211; 49.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50 &#8211; 59</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">56.6</td>
              <td align="center">46.2 &#8211; 66.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.721</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">28.9</td>
              <td align="center">19.8 &#8211; 39.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Multiracial or black</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">27.0</td>
              <td align="center">22.3 &#8211; 32.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never studied</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">44.6</td>
              <td align="center">36.4 &#8211; 53.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary school</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">19.5</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#8211; 26.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High school/university</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
              <td align="center">09.1 &#8211; 23.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Employment status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.150</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Works</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">23.9</td>
              <td align="center">18.0 &#8211; 30.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Does not work</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">30.3</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#8211; 36.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Place of residence</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urban area</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">27.0</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#8211; 33.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.816</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rural area</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">28.0</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#8211; 35.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Economic class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Upper or middle<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.3 &#8211; 26.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lower<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">35.2</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 &#8211; 42.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>classes A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>classes D and E;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>chi-square test for trend.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of systemic arterial hypertension according to behavioral characteristics in adults from the semi-arid region, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Systemic arterial hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Alcohol intake<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.330</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">31.7</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#8211; 42.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">26.3</td>
              <td align="center">21.8 &#8211; 31.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Active smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.000</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker or ex-smoker</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">55.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.2 &#8211; 65.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never smoked</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">18.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.8 &#8211; 23.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Passive smoking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.000</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">47.1</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 &#8211; 59.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">23.6</td>
              <td align="center">19.3 &#8211; 28.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity level<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.078</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary or insufficiently active</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">32.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#8211; 39.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active or very active</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">44.0</td>
              <td align="center">32.5 &#8211; 55.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Addition of salt to food</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.200</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never</td>
              <td align="center">106</td>
              <td align="center">28.3</td>
              <td align="center">23.9 &#8211; 33.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sometimes or almost always</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">19.0</td>
              <td align="center">08.6 &#8211; 34.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>
              <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>considering the 30 days prior to data collection;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>individuals who do not actively smoke but are frequently in contact with cigarette smoke from people at home, work, or school/university;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>classified using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ);</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of systemic arterial hypertension according to health and nutritional characteristics in adults from the semi-arid region, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Systemic arterial hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not overweight<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">19.9</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#8211; 27.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">30.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 &#8211; 36.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">21.8</td>
              <td align="center">15.1 &#8211; 29.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">30.0</td>
              <td align="center">24.6 &#8211; 35.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-height ratio</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">//</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">17.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.2 &#8211; 25.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">29.8</td>
              <td align="center">24.6 &#8211; 35.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Food security<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.245<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Food security</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">34.0</td>
              <td align="center">24.9 &#8211; 44.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild food insecurity</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">23.7</td>
              <td align="center">16.9 &#8211; 31.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate or severe food insecurity</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#8211; 33.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>
              <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>BMI &lt; 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>BMI &#8805; 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&lt; 80 cm for women and &lt; 94 cm for men;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&#8805; 80 cm for women and &#8805; 94 cm for men;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&lt; 0.52 for men and &lt; 0.53 for women;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&#8805; 0.52 for men and &#8805; 0.53 for women;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>
              <italic>classified according to the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Insecurity Scale;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>chi-square test for trend.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of systemic arterial hypertension according to biochemical variables in adults from the semi-arid region, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Systemic arterial hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">#</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fasting blood glucose</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.000</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">28.4</td>
              <td align="center">22.2 &#8211; 35.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced glucose tolerance and/or DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">68.2</td>
              <td align="center">52.4 &#8211; 81.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Triglycerides</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.416</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">32.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#8211; 42.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">37.8</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 &#8211; 46.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.005</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">//</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">25.7</td>
              <td align="center">17.7 &#8211; 35.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">43.4</td>
              <td align="center">34.9 &#8211; 52.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <p>
              <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN22">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&lt; 100 mg/dL;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN23">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&#8805; 100 mg/dL or when hypoglycemic medication was used;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN24">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&lt; 150 mg/dL;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN25">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&#8805; 150 mg/dL;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN26">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>
              <italic>&lt; 190 mg/dL;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN27">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>&#8805; 190 mg/dL;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN28">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After statistical adjustments in the hierarchical model, the explanatory variables that remained significantly associated with hypertension were age, economic class, active smoking, BMI, and fasting blood glucose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for systemic arterial hypertension according to explanatory variables in adults from the semi-arid region, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">n</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">Systemic arterial hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#167;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Crude analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Adjusted analysis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20 &#8211; 29</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 &#8211; 39</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 &#8211; 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 &#8211; 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.214</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 &#8211; 49 </td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">1.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 &#8211; 1.36</td>
              <td align="center">1.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 &#8211; 1.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50 &#8211; 59</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">1.42</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 &#8211; 1.53</td>
              <td align="center">1.42</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 &#8211; 1.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Economic class<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Upper or middle</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lower</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 &#8211; 1.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#8211; 1.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Active smoking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never smoked</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker or ex-smoker</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">1.31</td>
              <td align="center">1.22 &#8211; 1.41</td>
              <td align="center">1.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#8211; 1.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not overweight</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#8211; 1.17</td>
              <td align="center">1.21</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 &#8211; 1.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fasting blood glucose<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced glucose tolerance and/or DM</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">1.31</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 &#8211; 1.44</td>
              <td align="center">1.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 &#8211; 1.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN29">
            <p>
              <italic>PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; PR 1.00 - reference;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN30">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>adjusted for age, schooling, and employment status;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN31">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>adjusted for age, schooling, employment status, economic class, passive smoking, and physical activity level;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN32">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>adjusted for age, schooling, employment status, economic class, passive smoking, physical activity level, BMI, WC, waist-to-height ratio, and fasting blood glucose;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN33">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Poisson regression with robust variance.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Hypertension is one of the most common conditions among older adults, but it also affects a considerable portion of the adult population (20 to 59 years), striking more than 30 million individuals in this age range in Brazil alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, addressing this condition in the adult population is necessary.</p>
      <p>Although slightly lower than the estimated national average of 30%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the prevalence of hypertension among adults in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco was high, confirming that this is a serious public health problem. This finding was expected, given the low socioeconomic development of the mesoregion and its possible association with the high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> We underline, however, that some individuals classified as hypertensive may actually have &#8220;white coat hypertension,&#8221; which was not evaluated and could be considered a limitation of the present study.</p>
      <p>According to Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the prevalence of self-reported hypertension among adults in Northeastern Brazil is 19.4% (95%CI: 18.4 to 20.5), which is lower than the rate found in the present study. This divergence may be explained by one of the limitations of using self-reports, which, although validated in population-based studies, might underestimate prevalence rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This aspect is influenced by the access to and use of health care services by the part of the population investigated, as self-reported hypertension would require a previous medical diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The greater susceptibility to hypertension with the increase in age found in the present study has been reported in the specialized literature, and there is a consensus on the direct, linear relationship between BP and age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This relationship results from the development of atherosclerosis, with the stiffening of the arteries leading to an elevation in pressure levels, which is normally caused by physiological changes stemming from the aging process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between economic class and hypertension in the present study supports the conjecture that individuals with low status are more vulnerable to the development of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Furthermore, despite the association with a low level of schooling having lost its significance in the multivariate model, it could represent a more evident risk factor than income.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Thus, it is important to increase the monitoring of and care for these more vulnerable groups.</p>
      <p>Being a smoker or ex-smoker was also associated with the prevalence of hypertension, which corroborates data from other population-based studies conducted in Brazil and a review study by Passos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This result is consistent with experimental evidence that smoking can cause hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In the first decade of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, 11% of worldwide deaths from cardiovascular diseases were attributed to smoking,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> making this habit an important risk factor to address in health promotion and disease prevention actions.</p>
      <p>Body composition is another important aspect related to hypertension, especially with regard to fat distribution, as the increase in visceral adipose tissue is directly associated with a greater incidence of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> One of the limitations of the present study was not evaluating body fat distribution based on more accurate methods, such as the quantification of visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue using computed tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, studies report that indicators such as BMI and WC are good tools to use in population-based studies and increases in these measures are associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The positive association between overweight based on BMI and hypertension in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco underscores the need for more effective dietary and nutritional education programs derived from health promotion policies and actions, in addition to greater encouragement to practice physical activity. Strategies of this nature would have a higher impact on the process of nutritional transition that has affected the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and culminated in a 26.3% increase in overweight between 2006 and 2016, according to a telephone survey conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The concomitant occurrence of hypertension and reduced glucose tolerance and/or DM supports the scientific evidence indicating the close link between these conditions, which often develop together and through the same metabolic pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> An analysis of the Brazilian National Household Surveys conducted in 1998, 2003, and 2008 shows an increase from 1.7 to 2.8% in the prevalence coefficient standardized by gender and age range for DM associated with hypertension in the period, especially in the northeast and midwest regions of the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> These data further highlight the considerable problems these conditions represent, especially in regions such as Northeastern Brazil and mesoregions such as the semi-arid region.</p>
      <p>The lack of associations between hypertension and alcohol intake, sedentary lifestyle, and the addition of salt to food after preparation was an unexpected finding, as these aspects are traditionally considered risk factors for the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This paradox may be attributed to reverse causality, which consists of the repercussion of a disease positively changing the behavior of individuals, as many respondents were aware of their hypertension at the time of data collection. Another possible explanation for the lack of such associations would be the sample size, which was calculated only to estimate the prevalence of the outcome, possibly limiting the robustness of sub-analyses. Also, the predominance of females in the present study may have been due to the sampling method adopted.</p>
      <p>The cross-sectional design constitutes another limitation of the present study by not allowing the inference of causality, as information on exposure and outcome are collected at the same time. However, this study makes important contributions to the knowledge about the epidemiology of hypertension in the population investigated. According to Vianna and Segall-Corr&#234;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> initiatives such as the present study are important and necessary for the acquisition of previously unpublished information that can be used for regional, national, and international comparisons. Cross-sectional studies conducted in specific locations can provide better knowledge of local aspects, peculiarities, and risk factors that could go unnoticed in analyses involving broader territorial units, thereby complementing information on the geographic distribution of the disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension was high in the semi-arid region studied and was associated with important risk factors, such as increasing age, low socioeconomic class, active smoking, overweight, and reduced glucose tolerance and/or DM. The constant monitoring of chronic non-communicable diseases, especially hypertension, DM, and obesity, and their associated factors is fundamental to the planning and continuous improvement of public health programs and actions, as well as the drafting of specific strategies for the region studied.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa Santiago, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under the protocol number 897.655. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco</italic> (FACEPE - Foundation for the Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco) for providing financial support for the present study.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica em Adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-0096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santiago</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Izabel Siqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Israel Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - N&#250;cleo de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Vit&#243;ria de Santo Ant&#227;o, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa Santiago,</bold> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Av Prof Moraes R&#234;go, 1235. CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>emersoncostasantiago@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santiago ERC, Oliveira JS, Leal VS, Lira PIC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leal VS, Lira PIC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santiago ERC, Diniz AS, Oliveira JS, Leal VS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santiago ERC, Andrade MIS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Diniz AS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santiago ERC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santiago ERC, Diniz AS, Oliveira JS, Leal VS, Andrade MIS, Lira PIC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) constitui grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, respons&#225;vel por milh&#245;es de mortes por ano no mundo. Apesar disso e frente &#224; necessidade de informa&#231;&#245;es para o delineamento de estrat&#233;gias de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, pouco se conhece sobre a epidemiologia da doen&#231;a em regi&#245;es distantes dos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar a preval&#234;ncia e verificar os aspectos associados &#224; HAS em adultos do sert&#227;o de Pernambuco, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de delineamento transversal, com uma amostra aleat&#243;ria de adultos de ambos os sexos. Foram considerados hipertensos aqueles que apresentaram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, al&#233;m daqueles que relataram estar em tratamento com anti-hipertensivos. Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, antropom&#233;tricas e de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o foram coletadas. Foram aplicados os testes do <sup>2</sup> de Pearson, c<sup>2</sup> para tend&#234;ncia e a regress&#227;o multivariada de Poisson. No modelo final, foi considerada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta por 416 indiv&#237;duos e a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi de 27,4% (IC95% 23,2 - 32,0). No modelo final, foram identificados como preditores independentes da HAS a faixa et&#225;ria a partir dos 40 anos (p = 0,000), classe econ&#244;mica baixa (p = 0,007), tabagismo (p = 0,023), excesso de peso pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (p = 0,003) e adultos com toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da/diabetes mellitus (p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS &#233; elevada e se relaciona com fatores de risco importantes, logo, s&#227;o recomend&#225;veis a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; considerada um grande problema mundial de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, sendo a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comumente encontrada na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> sendo respons&#225;vel por, aproximadamente, 9,4 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Trata-se de, n&#227;o apenas um dos maiores fatores de risco para outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> como tamb&#233;m de uma s&#237;ndrome com manifesta&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias e de etiologia multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando dados do in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 2000, a preval&#234;ncia mundial de HAS saltou de aproximadamente 25,9 para 31,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em 2010, o que representou um aumento de 5,2% nesses 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, &#224; medida que nesse per&#237;odo foi verificada redu&#231;&#227;o de 2,6% na preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento houve um acr&#233;scimo de 7,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Brasil, estudos compilando dados de algumas cidades apontam que a HAS acomete cerca de 30% dos adultos, o que corresponde a 36 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a entre as diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, observa-se que o Norte e o Nordeste apresentam preval&#234;ncias menores de HAS em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais regi&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, vale ressaltar que h&#225; certa escassez desse tipo de informa&#231;&#227;o para o Norte/Nordeste, j&#225; que tais localidades concentram baixo n&#250;mero de pesquisas abordando a epidemiologia desse agravo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sert&#227;o brasileiro, especificamente, abrange extens&#245;es territoriais, sobretudo na regi&#227;o nordeste, que frequentemente sofrem com crises relacionadas aos longos per&#237;odos de estiagem e seca e isso, somado ao baixo desenvolvimento social e econ&#244;mico da mesorregi&#227;o, pode contribuir para o crescimento das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A despeito disso, pouco se conhece sobre a epidemiologia da HAS e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o cartogr&#225;fica em popula&#231;&#245;es de cidades distantes dos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros e/ou mesorregi&#245;es como o sert&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim e considerando a necessidade de informa&#231;&#245;es como subs&#237;dio para melhoria e otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os e a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia e verificar os fatores associados &#224; HAS em adultos do sert&#227;o de Pernambuco, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com adultos (20 a 59 anos de idade) de ambos os sexos, moradores dos domic&#237;lios situados na extens&#227;o territorial que abrange o sert&#227;o de Pernambuco.</p>
        <p>O processo de amostragem se deu por conglomerados. O estado de Pernambuco &#233; subdividido em 12 das chamadas regi&#245;es de desenvolvimento (RD), sendo que 6 delas correspondem ao sert&#227;o. Dessas, foram sorteadas tr&#234;s RD e, em seguida, um munic&#237;pio para cada RD, os quais foram: Serra Talhada (RD 4), Cust&#243;dia (RD 12) e Bel&#233;m de S&#227;o Francisco (RD 1). Na etapa subsequente, houve sorteio de 5 setores censit&#225;rios por munic&#237;pio, com distribui&#231;&#227;o urbano/rural de acordo com dados do Censo de 2010, e por fim, 350 domic&#237;lios residenciais foram selecionados aleatoriamente com o intuito de formar uma amostra representativa do sert&#227;o pernambucano. Compuseram a amostra todos os indiv&#237;duos moradores dos domic&#237;lios sorteados e presentes no momento da coleta de dados. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que possu&#237;am alguma limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica que dificultasse a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, os portadores de doen&#231;as debilitantes e os que recusaram a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Todos os sorteios foram efetuados por meio de listas de n&#250;meros rand&#244;micos obtidas com aux&#237;lio do subprograma EPITABLE do pacote estat&#237;stico Epi Info, vers&#227;o 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA).</p>
        <p>A pesquisa de campo foi realizada no per&#237;odo entre julho e setembro de 2015, tendo a equipe de pesquisadores passado por pr&#233;vio treinamento com os instrumentos de coleta de dados. Houve, em seguida, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo piloto com 30 fam&#237;lias em munic&#237;pio n&#227;o sorteado para a pesquisa, a fim de colocar em pr&#225;tica a log&#237;stica do trabalho de campo e de testar os instrumentos de coleta.</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, executado <italic>a posteriori</italic>, foram considerados: preval&#234;ncia de HAS de, aproximadamente, 20% estimada para a regi&#227;o nordeste do Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> erro amostral de 5%, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, sendo aplicada por &#250;ltimo uma pondera&#231;&#227;o por <italic>deff</italic> (<italic>design effect</italic> = efeito de desenho), considerando que n&#227;o se trata de uma amostra aleat&#243;ria simples, mas por conglomerado, no valor de 1,5. No sentido de corrigir eventuais perdas, a amostra final foi acrescida em 10%, totalizando um m&#237;nimo de 410 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil demogr&#225;fico e socioecon&#244;mico, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s seguintes vari&#225;veis e suas respectivas categorias: sexo (masculino e feminino), idade em anos (20 a 29, 30 a 39, 40 a 49, 50 a 59), cor da pele (branca, parda/preta), escolaridade (nunca frequentou escola, ensino fundamental, ensino m&#233;dio/ensino superior), situa&#231;&#227;o laboral (trabalha, n&#227;o trabalha) e local de moradia (zona urbana, zona rural). As informa&#231;&#245;es que compuseram as vari&#225;veis supracitadas foram obtidas segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a vari&#225;vel classe econ&#244;mica foi coletada e categorizada conforme o Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica Brasil (CCEB), da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em alta e m&#233;dia (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) e baixa (D, E).</p>
        <p>No grupo dos aspectos comportamentais foram inclu&#237;dos: h&#225;bito de consumo de &#225;lcool (consome, n&#227;o consome) nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias da data de coleta; tabagismo ativo (fumante/ex-fumante, nunca fumou); tabagismo passivo (sim, n&#227;o), ou seja, indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o fumam ativamente, mas que ficam frequentemente em contato com fuma&#231;a de cigarro de outras pessoas em casa, no trabalho ou na escola/faculdade; e sal de adi&#231;&#227;o na comida ap&#243;s preparo (nunca, &#224;s vezes/quase sempre). Tamb&#233;m foi inclu&#237;do o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, avaliado mediante question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica (IPAQ), validado no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O instrumento permitiu a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos em sedent&#225;rio/pouco ativo e ativo/muito ativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos foram coletados em duplicata e de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A massa corporal foi aferida em balan&#231;a digital marca TANITA&#8482;, modelo BF-683 W; a altura, atrav&#233;s de estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til da marca Alturaexata&#8482;; e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca com fita flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica da marca Sanny&#8482;. Para altura e CC, quando havia diferen&#231;a superior a 0,5 cm entre as duas aferi&#231;&#245;es, uma terceira era realizada e os dois resultados mais pr&#243;ximos entre si eram utilizados no c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao perfil de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o, foram alocados: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (sem excesso de peso, quando &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;; com excesso de peso, quando &#8805; 25 kg/m&#178;);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> CC (normal, quando &lt; 80 cm para mulheres e &lt; 94 cm para homens; aumentada, quando &#8805; 80 cm para mulheres e &#8805; 94 cm para homens);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (normal, quando &lt; 0,52 para homens e &lt; 0,53 para mulheres; aumentada, quando &#8805; 0,52 para homens e &#8805; 0,53 para mulheres);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e seguran&#231;a alimentar, avaliada pela Escala Brasileira de Inseguran&#231;a Alimentar (EBIA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que permitiu a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos domic&#237;lios nas categorias seguran&#231;a alimentar, inseguran&#231;a alimentar leve e inseguran&#231;a alimentar moderada/grave.</p>
        <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas estando os indiv&#237;duos em jejum de 10 horas; e as an&#225;lises para determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol total foram realizadas utilizando o equipamento Accutrend GCT (Roche Diagn&#243;stica, Brasil), de leitura imediata, ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o venosa.</p>
        <p>Compuseram o perfil bioqu&#237;mico: glicemia de jejum (normal, quando &lt; 100 mg/dL; toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e diabetes mellitus, quando &#8805; 100 mg/dL ou quando o indiv&#237;duo fazia uso de medicamento hipoglicemiante),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> triglicer&#237;deos (normal, quando &lt; 150 mg/dL; alto, quando &#8805; 150 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e colesterol total (normal, quando &lt; 190 mg/dL; alto, quando &#8805; 190 mg/dL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No tocante &#224; vari&#225;vel de desfecho, a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ocorreu em duplicata pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, utilizando-se de tensi&#244;metro da marca Glicomed&#8482;, modelo CE-0483, e em seguida foi calculada a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos resultados. Seguiram-se os procedimentos de prepara&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos para aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> repouso pr&#233;vio de, pelo menos, 5 minutos em ambiente calmo; certifica&#231;&#227;o de que o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o estava com a bexiga cheia, n&#227;o tinha praticado exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nos 60 minutos anteriores, n&#227;o tinha ingerido bebida alco&#243;lica, caf&#233; ou alimentos na &#250;ltima hora e que n&#227;o tinha fumado nos &#250;ltimos 30 minutos; al&#233;m da certifica&#231;&#227;o de que o indiv&#237;duo, no momento da aferi&#231;&#227;o, se encontrava sentado, de pernas n&#227;o cruzadas, p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o e bra&#231;o na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio para diagn&#243;stico da HAS baseou-se no documento VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que classifica o indiv&#237;duo como hipertenso quando press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90. Al&#233;m disso, foram considerados hipertensos aqueles que declararam pr&#233;vio diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico e que realizavam tratamento com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        <p>Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram derivados de uma pesquisa intitulada &#8220;Avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a alimentar e nutricional em conglomerados urbanos e rurais afetados pela seca no sert&#227;o de Pernambuco&#8221; (Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o para Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica; Parecer n&#186;: CAAE: 38878814.9.0000.5208), e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) ap&#243;s as devidas explica&#231;&#245;es sobre a pesquisa.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados passaram por digita&#231;&#227;o em dupla entrada no software Epi Info&#8482;, vers&#227;o 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA), com posterior utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#243;dulo VALIDATE para checar a consist&#234;ncia dos dados.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis explanat&#243;rias foram agrupadas em quatro n&#237;veis hierarquicamente ordenados: (1) fatores biol&#243;gicos; (2) fatores demogr&#225;ficos e socioecon&#244;micos; (3) fatores comportamentais; e (4) fatores bioqu&#237;micos e do estado nutricional, sendo esse &#250;ltimo o n&#237;vel mais proximal do modelo. Partindo-se, ent&#227;o, de um modelo conceitual de determina&#231;&#227;o da HAS, assume-se que os fatores predisponentes podem implicar em diferentes n&#237;veis hier&#225;rquicos de determina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A fim de verificar associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis explanat&#243;rias e a de desfecho, a estat&#237;stica univariada foi aplicada por meio dos testes do c<sup>2</sup> de Pearson ou do c<sup>2</sup> para tend&#234;ncia. As associa&#231;&#245;es com valor de p &lt; 0,20 foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada por meio da regress&#227;o de Poisson com ajuste robusto da vari&#226;ncia. Os resultados da an&#225;lise univariada foram expressos pelos percentuais e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%); e para os da an&#225;lise multivariada, por meio das raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia e seus respectivos IC95%. No modelo final foi considerada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram conduzidas com aux&#237;lio dos programas <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 13.0 (IBM Analytics, NC, USA) e Stata, vers&#227;o 14.0 (StataCorp, TX, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra final foi composta por 416 adultos, com mediana de idade e intervalo interquart&#237;lico de 35,0 (28,0 - 48,0), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (64,9%; IC95% 60,1 - 69,5). Houve predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos de cor da pele preta/parda (78,4%; IC95% 74,0 - 82,2) e de moradores da zona urbana (57,9%; IC95% 53,0 - 62,7).</p>
        <p>Observou-se, ainda, que 19,7% (IC95% 16,1 - 23,9) da amostra tinham o h&#225;bito de consumir bebidas alco&#243;licas, 23,3% (IC95% 19,4 - 27,7) fumavam ativamente e 16,3% (IC95% 13,0 - 20,3) fumavam de forma passiva; e que havia predomin&#226;ncia de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios ou pouco ativos (71,5%; IC95% 65,6 - 76,9). Al&#233;m disso, 10,1% (IC95% 7,5 - 13,5) da amostra relataram o h&#225;bito de &#224;s vezes ou quase sempre adicionar sal nos alimentos ap&#243;s o preparo.</p>
        <p>Foi evidenciada preval&#234;ncia de HAS de 27,4% (IC95% 23,2 - 32,0) e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>. Foi verificado que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS se mostrou crescente, tanto com o aumento da idade, quanto com a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de escolaridade, al&#233;m de maior preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em indiv&#237;duos de classe econ&#244;mica baixa, esses com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis comportamentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>), verificou-se propor&#231;&#227;o maior de hipertensos no grupo que fumava ativamente/ex-fumante, assim como no grupo de fumantes passivos. J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>), a HAS esteve associada, atrav&#233;s do IMC, com o excesso de peso e com a RCEst aumentada. No &#250;ltimo grupo de vari&#225;veis analisadas, as bioqu&#237;micas, houve associa&#231;&#227;o com a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da/diabetes mellitus e com o CT alto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas em adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco. Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#8225;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,358</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,8 &#8211; 38,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
                <td align="center">20,8 &#8211; 31,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">&#167;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20 &#8211; 29</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">05,7 &#8211; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 &#8211; 39</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 &#8211; 23,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 &#8211; 49 </td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">36,8</td>
                <td align="center">25,4 &#8211; 49,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50 &#8211; 59</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">46,2 &#8211; 66,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,721</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">28,9</td>
                <td align="center">19,8 &#8211; 39,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda e preta</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">27,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,3 &#8211; 32,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">&#167;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca frequentou escola</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">44,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 &#8211; 53,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">19,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#8211; 26,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio/superior</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">09,1 &#8211; 23,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o laboral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,150</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trabalha</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center">18,0 &#8211; 30,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o trabalha</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">30,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#8211; 36,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Local de moradia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zona urbana</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">27,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#8211; 33,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zona rural</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">28,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#8211; 35,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe econ&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta e m&#233;dia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 &#8211; 26,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">35,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#8211; 42,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <p>
                <italic>IC<sub>95%:</sub> intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>classes A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 e C2;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>classes D e E;.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN38">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado para Tend&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo vari&#225;veis comportamentais em adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco. Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">&#167;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN40">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,330</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consome</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#8211; 42,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o consome</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">26,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,8 &#8211; 31,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo ativo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante e ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">55,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,2 &#8211; 65,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,8 &#8211; 23,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo passivo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">47,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#8211; 59,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">19,3 &#8211; 28,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN42">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,078</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio ou pouco ativo</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#8211; 39,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo ou muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">44,0</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 &#8211; 55,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sal de adi&#231;&#227;o na comida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,200</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">106</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,9 &#8211; 33,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#192;s vezes ou quase sempre</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">08,6 &#8211; 34,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN39">
              <p>
                <italic>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN40">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Considerou-se os &#250;ltimos trinta dias &#224; data de coleta;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN41">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o fumam ativamente mas que ficam frequentemente em contato com fuma&#231;a de cigarro de outras pessoas em casa, no trabalho ou na escola/faculdade;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN42">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>classificado por meio do question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica (IPAQ);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN43">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo vari&#225;veis de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o em adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco. Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem excesso de peso<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN45">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#8211; 27,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com excesso de peso<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 &#8211; 36,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,082</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN47">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 &#8211; 29,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN48">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 &#8211; 35,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RCEst</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,012</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN49">//</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">17,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#8211; 25,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN50">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">29,8</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 &#8211; 35,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o de SAN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">#</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,245<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAN</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td align="center">24,9 &#8211; 44,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAN leve</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">16,9 &#8211; 31,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAN moderada e grave</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#8211; 33,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN44">
              <p>
                <italic>IC<sub>95%:</sub> intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCEst: raz&#227;o cintura-estatura; SAN: seguran&#231;a alimentar e nutricional; IAN: inseguran&#231;a alimentar e nutricional;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN45">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>IMC &lt; 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN46">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>IMC &#8805; 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN47">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 80 cm para mulheres e &lt; 94 cm para homens;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN48">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#8805; 80 cm para mulheres e &#8805; 94 cm para homens;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN49">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 0,52 para homens e &lt; 0,53 para mulheres;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN50">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#8805; 0,52 para homens e &#8805; 0,53 para mulheres;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN51">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>
                <italic>classificada por meio da escala brasileira de seguran&#231;a alimentar e nutricional.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN52">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN53">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado para Tend&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas em adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco. Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">#</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia de jejum</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN55">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 &#8211; 35,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN56">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
                <td align="center">52,4 &#8211; 81,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,416</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">32,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#8211; 42,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN58">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">37,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 &#8211; 46,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Colesterol total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">//</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,7 &#8211; 35,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN60">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#8211; 52,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN54">
              <p>
                <italic>IC<sub>95%:</sub> intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DM: diabetes mellitus;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN55">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 100 mg/dL;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN56">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#8805; 100 mg/dL ou quando h&#225; uso de medicamento hipoglicemiante;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN57">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 150 mg/dL;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN58">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#8805; 150 mg/dL;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN59">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 190 mg/dL;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN60">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#8805; 190 mg/dL;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN61">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s ajustes estat&#237;sticos realizados conforme modelo hier&#225;rquico previamente estabelecido, as vari&#225;veis explanat&#243;rias que permaneceram significativamente associadas &#224; HAS foram: idade, classe econ&#244;mica, tabagismo ativo, IMC e glicemia de jejum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia brutas e ajustadas da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo vari&#225;veis explanat&#243;rias em adultos do Sert&#227;o de Pernambuco. Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">n</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN66">&#167;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" colspan="2">An&#225;lise bruta</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">An&#225;lise ajustada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC<sub>95%</sub></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20 &#8211; 29</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 &#8211; 39</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#8211; 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#8211; 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 &#8211; 49</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#8211; 1,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#8211; 1,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50 &#8211; 59</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">1,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 &#8211; 1,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 &#8211; 1,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe Econ&#244;mica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN63">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta e m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 &#8211; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#8211; 1,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo ativo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN64">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante/ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 &#8211; 1,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#8211; 1,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN65">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#8211; 1,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 &#8211; 1,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia de jejum<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN65">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e DM</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#8211; 1,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#8211; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN62">
              <p>
                <italic>RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC<sub>95%:</sub> intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; RP 1,00: refer&#234;ncia;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN63">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>ajustada pela idade, escolaridade e situa&#231;&#227;o laboral;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN64">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>ajustado pela idade, escolaridade, situa&#231;&#227;o laboral, classe econ&#244;mica, tabagismo passivo, e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN65">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>ajustado pela idade, escolaridade, situa&#231;&#227;o laboral, classe econ&#244;mica, tabagismo passivo, e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, CC, RCEst, glicemia de jejum e colesterol total;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN66">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Regress&#227;o de Poisson com ajuste robusto da vari&#226;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora a HAS seja uma doen&#231;a mais comum entre idosos, tem acometido parcela consider&#225;vel dos adultos, atingindo, no Brasil, mais de 30 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos dessa faixa et&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> o que aumenta a necessidade de se trabalhar mais o agravo em quest&#227;o tamb&#233;m nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS em adultos do sert&#227;o de Pernambuco, embora ligeiramente menor do que a estimativa nacional de cerca de 30%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostrou-se, ainda assim, elevada, refor&#231;ando-se ainda mais como um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Trata-se de um resultado esperado, tendo em vista, sobretudo, o baixo desenvolvimento social e econ&#244;mico da mesorregi&#227;o e sua poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o com a alta preval&#234;ncia de DCNT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar, entretanto, a possibilidade de que alguns indiv&#237;duos classificados como hipertensos podem, na realidade, sofrer da chamada hipertens&#227;o do jaleco branco, a qual n&#227;o foi avaliada no presente estudo e que pode representar uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No Nordeste, segundo estudo de Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a preval&#234;ncia de HAS autorreferida em adultos &#233; de 19,4% (IC95% 18,4 - 20,5), sendo um resultado aqu&#233;m do demonstrado no presente estudo. Tal disparidade pode ser explicada por uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo de morbidade autorreferida utilizado no trabalho de Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que, apesar de j&#225; validado para estudos de base populacional, pode subestimar os resultados de preval&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Isso &#233; poss&#237;vel devido &#224; influ&#234;ncia do n&#237;vel de acesso e utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de por parte da popula&#231;&#227;o investigada, tendo em vista que h&#225; nesse m&#233;todo uma certa depend&#234;ncia de que os indiv&#237;duos passem por pr&#233;vio diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maior vulnerabilidade para a HAS com a progress&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria, observada na presente casu&#237;stica, tem sido relatada na literatura especializada, j&#225; havendo consenso no tocante &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o direta e linear entre PA e idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essa rela&#231;&#227;o se d&#225;, especialmente, devido ao processo de arteriosclerose, cujo enrijecimento das paredes arteriais levariam ao aumento natural dos n&#237;veis tensionais, o que ocorre normalmente devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas decorrentes do envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre classe econ&#244;mica e HAS demonstrada na presente pesquisa sustenta a conjectura de que os indiv&#237;duos de baixa classe econ&#244;mica seriam mais vulner&#225;veis ao desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Ademais, vale salientar que, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o com o baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade tenha perdido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no modelo multivariado, o mesmo pode representar um fator de risco mais evidente do que a renda, especificamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Diante disso, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia de um maior monitoramento e cuidado com esses grupos mais vulner&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>O grupo de fumantes e ex-fumantes tamb&#233;m se mostrou associado a uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS, assim como em outros estudos brasileiros de base populacional, como mostra o estudo de revis&#227;o de Passos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Trata-se de um resultado consistente com as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas em n&#237;vel experimental, que indicam que o tabagismo pode causar hipertens&#227;o e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Estima-se que na d&#233;cada de 2000, 11% das mortes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo foram atribu&#237;das ao tabagismo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> sendo esse um importante fator de risco a ser trabalhado em programas e a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Outro importante aspecto relacionado &#224; HAS &#233; a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, especialmente no que concerne &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade, estando claro que o aumento do tecido adiposo visceral est&#225; diretamente associado a uma maior incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo &#233; a n&#227;o avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal por meio de m&#233;todos de maior acur&#225;cia, como a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo visceral ou subcut&#226;neo por tomografia computadorizada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> por exemplo. Entretanto, pesquisas apontam que indicadores como IMC e CC s&#227;o boas ferramentas a serem utilizadas em estudos populacionais e que acr&#233;scimos nessas medidas representam aumento do risco de desenvolver HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre excesso de peso, avaliado atrav&#233;s do IMC, e a HAS no sert&#227;o pernambucano chama aten&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de uma maior e mais efetiva participa&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o alimentar e nutricional nas pol&#237;ticas e a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, bem como um maior est&#237;mulo &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica. Estrat&#233;gias dessa natureza teriam maior efetividade no processo de transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional que afetou o pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e que culminou em um crescimento de 26,3% do excesso de peso entre 2006 e 2016, segundo inqu&#233;rito telef&#244;nico realizado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ademais, a concomit&#226;ncia entre HAS, toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e/ou o diabetes mellitus refor&#231;a as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que apontam a estreita liga&#231;&#227;o entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, as quais frequentemente se desenvolvem juntas e, muitas vezes, pelas mesmas vias metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Uma an&#225;lise da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic&#237;lios de 1998, 2003 e 2008 verificou, nesse per&#237;odo no Brasil, um crescimento de 1,7 para 2,8% do coeficiente de preval&#234;ncia padronizado por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria para o diabetes mellitus associado &#224; HAS, especialmente no Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Tais informa&#231;&#245;es apontam ainda mais para o grande problema que essas condi&#231;&#245;es representam, especialmente em regi&#245;es como o nordeste e mesorregi&#245;es como o sert&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica sedent&#225;rio ou pouco ativo e o uso de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o nos alimentos se mostrou um resultado inesperado, considerando que esses s&#227;o fatores de risco tradicionalmente descritos para a doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Tal paradoxo poderia ser atribu&#237;do ao efeito de causalidade reversa, o qual consiste na repercuss&#227;o da doen&#231;a sobre algumas mudan&#231;as comportamentais positivas por parte dos indiv&#237;duos, considerando que muitos deles j&#225; estavam cientes de sua condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertenso no momento da coleta de dados.</p>
        <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para tais aus&#234;ncias de associa&#231;&#227;o seria o tamanho amostral, uma vez que foi calculado para estimar apenas a preval&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel de desfecho, podendo isso ter limitado a robustez das suban&#225;lises. Al&#233;m disso, vale destacar que a predomin&#226;ncia observada para o sexo feminino no presente estudo pode se dever ao processo de amostragem realizado.</p>
        <p>O delineamento transversal tamb&#233;m corresponde a uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o, o que n&#227;o permitiu inferir causalidade, uma vez que as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho foram coletadas no mesmo momento. Contudo, vale frisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o relevante em termos de conhecimento sobre a realidade epidemiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o investigada. Segundo Vianna e Segall-Corr&#234;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> iniciativas como a do presente estudo se fazem importantes e necess&#225;rias para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es in&#233;ditas que podem ser utilizadas para compara&#231;&#245;es regionais, nacionais e internacionais, al&#233;m de que, investiga&#231;&#245;es desagregadas permitem conhecer melhor aspectos, peculiaridades e fatores de risco localizados que poderiam passar despercebidos em an&#225;lises em unidades territoriais mais abrangentes, contribuindo, assim, para uma complementa&#231;&#227;o na distribui&#231;&#227;o cartogr&#225;fica da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS se mostrou elevada e associada a fatores importantes como o avan&#231;ar da idade, baixa classe econ&#244;mica, tabagismo ativo, excesso de peso e toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e/ou diabetes mellitus. O cont&#237;nuo monitoramento das DCNT, especialmente HAS, diabetes mellitus e obesidade, al&#233;m de seus aspectos associados, &#233; fundamental para o planejamento e a cont&#237;nua melhoria dos programas e a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de forma geral, bem como para o delineamento de estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para a regi&#227;o estudada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Emerson Rog&#233;rio Costa Santiago pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 897.655. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>&#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
