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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Jvfy4n69dLC6GR9WFxRmsJf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000677</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190176</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular Function in the Association of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Systemic Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0470-6559</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Thereza Cristina Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondar</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne Freitas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marceli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Cristina da Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Biom&#233;dico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Biom&#233;dico - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thereza Cristina Pereira Gil &#8226;</bold> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - PGCM UERJ - Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444, 2&#186; andar. Postal Code 20550-170, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>thegil@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gil TCP, Castier MB, Rocha RM; Acquisition of data: Gil TCP, Gondar AFP, Sales AF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Gil TCP; Statistical analysis: Santos MO, Lima FCS; Obtaining financing: Rocha RM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castier MB, Rocha RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>677</fpage>
      <lpage>684</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of genetic origin in the world population, with a prevalence of at least 1/500. The association with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is not uncommon, as it affects approximately 25% of the world population. Most studies aim at the differential diagnosis between these diseases, but little is known about the magnitude of this association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) in HCM patients with and without associated SAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective cross-sectional study that included 45 patients with HCM and preserved ejection fraction, with diagnosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, including 14 hypertensive patients. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed, with emphasis on left ventricular myocardial strain analysis using GLS. In this study, p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular strain was significantly lower in hypertensive individuals compared to normotensive individuals (-10.29 &#177; 2.46 vs. -12.35% &#177; 3.55%, p = 0.0303), indicating greater impairment of ventricular function in that group. Mean age was also significantly higher in hypertensive patients (56.1 &#177; 13.9 vs. 40.2 &#177; 12.7 years, p = 0.0001). Diastolic dysfunction was better characterized in hypertensive patients (p = 0.0242).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Myocardial strain was significantly lower in the group of patients with HCM and SAH, suggesting greater impairment of ventricular function. This finding may be related to a worse prognosis with early evolution to heart failure. Prospective studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The first cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were published in the 1860s, in France, related to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In 1957, Brock authored the first report based on hemodynamic, surgical and necropsy findings, describing the disease as subvalvar aortic stenosis with functional left ventricular obstruction, which may be related to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In 1958, Teare published the first histopathological description of obstructive HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The nonobstructive form was described by Braunwauld et al. in 1963, and confirmed by subsequent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HCM is currently defined as the primary myocardial disease of genetic origin with the highest prevalence in the world population (at least 1/500), regardless of ethnicity, sex or age, being the leading cause of sudden death in young people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It results from the mutation of one or more sarcomere genes, presenting significant diversity in phenotypic expression and clinical course. It is characterized by an increase in ventricular wall thickness that cannot be explained by an overload condition alone. The non-obstructive form of the disease is more frequent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SAH affects approximately 25% of the world population. Data from VIGITEL (2006-2014) and the World Health Organization confirm this prevalence in the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Due to the high prevalence of SAH, the association of SAH and HCM is not uncommon.</p>
      <p>Differential diagnosis between HCM and hypertensive heart disease has been a challenge in many situations where the phenotypic expression of these diseases is similar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In this context, echocardiography has become an important tool, especially with the advent of new technologies, such as myocardial strain analysis, which assists differential diagnosis. Besides, global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis detects early abnormalities in ventricular function before impairment of ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The purpose of this study was to compare left ventricular GLS in HCM patients with and without SAH, and to assess the impact of this association on ventricular function.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study participants</title>
        <p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2014 and April 2016 in patients followed up at the cardiology outpatient clinic of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - UERJ - diagnosed with HCM. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee with Certificate of Presentation for Ethics Appreciation (CAAE) number 23561113.2.0000.5259, and it is according to the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 updated in 2013. All patients who accepted to participate in the study have read and signed an informed consent form.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of HCM confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), age over 18 years, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (&gt;55%), no interventions for septal reduction and no pacemaker or defibrillator. Patients with atrial fibrillation and known coronary artery disease were excluded.</p>
        <p>Diagnostic confirmation by MRI with gadolinium was based on the distribution of hypertrophy and late enhancement pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The convenience sample included 45 patients, including 22 (48.9%) males with mean age of 45.1 &#177; 13.9 years. In this group, 14 (31.1%) had hypertension previously diagnosed according to the Brazilian guidelines for SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The flowchart with the selection of patients is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of patient selection. MR: magnetic resonance; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic test was performed by an experienced echocardiographer on a Philips&#174; iE33 Matrix equipment using 3-1 MHz matrix transducer. One-dimensional, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography analysis was performed following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic classification of Maron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> which divides hypertrophy into types I, II, III, and IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) was used to define the type of left ventricular hypertrophy. The obstructive pattern was considered for left ventricular outflow tract gradients greater than 30 mmHg, measured by continuous Doppler, at rest and after Valsalva maneuver.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The approach of diastolic function and ventricular filling pressures followed the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography for patients with HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Phenotypic classification originally described by Maron. Type I: hypertrophy involving the basal septum; Type II: hypertrophy involving the entire septum; Type III: hypertrophy involving the septum and at least part of the left ventricular free wall (posterior, anterior or lateral); Type IV: other isolated locations (posterior, apical or lateral).</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Maron BJ. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the myocardial strain analysis, we used speckle tracking. Strain is calculated for each left ventricular segment as the relative mean strain between two speckles. As a measure of strain, it is expressed in negative percentages (-%); the closer to 0, the lower the strain. Values lower than -18% were considered normal strain. Only GLS was analyzed because it is more widely used and considered a robust index for clinical studies. Also, GLS is the first to be impaired in most heart diseases, including HCM, when ejection fraction is still preserved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic protocol for GLS included 4-chamber, 3-chamber and 2-chamber apical views. GLS analysis was processed offline using the software Philips&#174; QLab 9.0. These results were translated into curves, one for each ventricular segment, and the overview, with the quantification of velocities, was expressed on a bull&#8217;s eye map, exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Global longitudinal strain systolic peak curves in the four-chamber apical section (left) and the parametric image of the left ventricle in the bulls-eye (right) in a patient with HCM and hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Echocardiographic scans were stored and the images revised. Examiner and reviewer are the authors of the study. Strain analysis was repeated by the reviewer on all scans. Intraobserver and interobserver variability was evaluated using the coefficient of variation (CV = 100 (s/x) (%)). We obtained good agreement and the coefficients were considered low (&lt;10%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The collected data were entered in a Microsoft Excel&#8482; spreadsheet, and later analyzed in R Studio, version 1.0.143. Continuous variable distributions were expressed using mean and standard deviation as measures of central tendency and dispersion for each of the groups analyzed. To assess whether there was a difference between the groups, unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test was used after Levene&#8217;s test for equality of variances. For categorical variables, the nonparametric approach was chosen, where the difference between proportions was evaluated by the <italic>X<sup>2</sup></italic> test (with Yates correction) and Fisher&#8217;s exact test. In cases where there were more than two categories, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. In this study, p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 55 initially eligible patients, 10 were excluded: 6 by atrial fibrillation, which impairs GLS analysis, 2 by known coronary artery disease, which also interferes with strain analysis, and 2 whose HCM diagnosis had not been confirmed by MRI. The patients&#8217; general characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows a set of charts with the main results. Mean age was higher in the hypertensive group, and body mass index (BMI) and mean systolic and diastolic pressures were higher in this group. No significant differences were observed regarding gender and functional class between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of HCM patients in the different groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Normotensive patients (n = 31)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Hypertensive patients (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">40.16 &#177; 12.73</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">56.14 &#177; 13.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">15 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9323</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 3.97</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 2.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.0045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">128 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.0004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.0027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Functional Class (NYHA)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.1110</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">12 (38.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">19 (61.29%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">11 (78.57%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.14%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertrophy type</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.1492</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">12 (38.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">12 (38.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVOT obstruction</td>
              <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5133</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">22 (70%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">12 (86%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4578</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.45%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28.57%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ARB</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.23%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">11 (78.57%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium antagonist</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.45%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5 (35.71%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0226</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrate</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.23%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3111</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 (57.14%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>Values expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or proportion, as indicated. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graphs showing the main results of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with and without associated systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). The analyzed STRAIN is the global longitudinal strain. LVH refers to the types of left ventricular hypertrophy (I, II, III, and IV) and diastolic function refers to types I, II, and III.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the echocardiographic findings, there was less strain in hypertensive patients (-10.29% &#177; 2.46) than in normotensive patients (-12.35% &#177; 3.55), indicating greater impairment of ventricular function in this group (p = 0.0303). Although all patients had preserved EF, mean left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD) was higher in hypertensive patients, but still within normal limits.</p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction was more evident in hypertensive patients (p = 0.0242), with a lower number of undetermined cases. In hypertensive patients, longer isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), lower E/A ratio in mitral flow, as well as a lower septal E/e&#8217; ratio were observed on mitral annulus tissue Doppler. Mean left atrial volume was increased in both groups, but without any significant difference between them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Normotensive patients (n = 31)</th>
              <th align="center">Hypertensive patients (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Measures</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.56 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">4.76 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.3485</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">3.45 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.0008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S/PW</td>
              <td align="center">2.03 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.0425</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">37.76 &#177; 17.14</td>
              <td align="center">38.97 &#177; 16.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.8245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.9757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF% (Teichholz)</td>
              <td align="center">80.18 &#177; 5.76</td>
              <td align="center">74.01 &#177; 9.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.0116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">78.23 &#177; 16.30</td>
              <td align="center">76.13 &#177; 26.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.7465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">50.92 &#177; 16.92</td>
              <td align="center">80.70 &#177; 22.71</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">241.90 &#177; 79.15</td>
              <td align="center">261.00 &#177; 66.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.4363</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">119.94 &#177; 24.90</td>
              <td align="center">141.50 &#177; 35.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.0228</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">septal e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">5.75 &#177; 1.30</td>
              <td align="center">4.43 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.0015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">lateral e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8.37 &#177; 2.79</td>
              <td align="center">7.21 &#177; 3.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.2386</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">13.98 &#177; 4.26</td>
              <td align="center">17.45 &#177; 6.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.0327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">10.18 &#177; 3.81</td>
              <td align="center">12.90 &#177; 6.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.0926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">12.40 &#177; 3.73</td>
              <td align="center">15.71 &#177; 6.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.0696</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diastolic dysfunction classification</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Undetermined</td>
              <td align="center">41.9%</td>
              <td align="center">7.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0242</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 1</td>
              <td align="center">12.9%</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 2</td>
              <td align="center">41.9%</td>
              <td align="center">42.9%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 3</td>
              <td align="center">3.2%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>Values expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or proportion, as indicated. LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; S/PW: interventricular septum/posterior wall ratio; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; EF: ejection fraction; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; E: mitral flow E wave; A: mitral flow A wave; EDT: E wave deceleration time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; e&#8217;: mitral annulus tissue Doppler e&#8217; wave.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the hypertrophy type analysis, in the general sample, type III was the most frequent one (40%), followed by type II (31%), I (15.7%) and IV (13.3%), but no significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the type of hypertrophy. In this sample, there were no cases of concentric hypertrophy. Also, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, with a higher percentage of the nonobstructive form in the overall sample (66.7%).</p>
      <p>Mean blood pressure was higher in the hypertensive group. In this group, nine patients (64%) had increased blood pressure before the test, with 144x92 mmHg maximum. In the group without hypertension, six patients (19%) had a slight blood pressure increase with 135x84 mmHg maximum.</p>
      <p>Regarding the medications used, more medications were used by the group of hypertensive patients, especially angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium antagonists and diuretics. No patient was taking cardiotoxic drugs or any drugs interfering with ventricular function.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The finding of significant reduction in myocardial strain in the hypertensive group suggests that these patients present greater impairment of ventricular function. Early detection of left ventricular dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction was only possible using the strain technique, not used in previous studies. Prior to the advent of strain, no significant abnormalities were observed in the comparison between these groups. In a study conducted in 1989 by Karan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> 78 patients diagnosed with HCM on echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were evaluated, including 39 hypertensive patients. The most relevant finding was higher hypertrophy in hypertensive patients, suggesting that SAH may increase hypertrophy in HCM. This study was important to define the existence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with hypertension, which was previously described as hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>In 1998, Dimitrow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> published a study with 123 patients with HCM, 19.5% of whom were hypertensive, in which only functional class was evaluated. The study found that the association of SAH was more frequent in the elderly, but not rare in young people, which had worse functional class. In another study not using the strain technique, echocardiographic findings were similar between groups and SAH was also more frequent in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2014, Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> performed GLS analysis in a group of 229 pure hypertensive patients without HCM and preserved EF, and observed a reduction in GLS in 15.3% of the patients. However, no studies were found in the literature using the strain technique to compare HCM patients with and without associated SAH. In addition to detecting early changes in ventricular function, strain impairment may be a predictor of ventricular arrhythmia. In a publication with 400 HCM patients, those with GLS &gt;-10% were four times more likely to have events than patients with GLS &#8804;-16%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Regional strain abnormalities in HCM may also be predictive of arrhythmia, as demonstrated by Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A study with 32 patients found mean septal strain &gt;-10% with 89% sensitivity and 74% specificity for the development of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, regardless of age or maximum wall thickness. These regional strain abnormalities may be related to areas with higher percentage of fibrosis on magnetic resonance imaging, being a potential substrate for the development of arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction was more evident in hypertensive patients in this sample. Hypertensive patients had a higher percentage of grade I or II dysfunction and a lower percentage of undetermined cases, according to the latest recommendations for diastolic function evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> It should be noted that left atrial volume, an important parameter in the assessment of diastolic function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> was increased in both groups on average, with no significant difference between them. This means, in principle, that most patients had some degree of diastolic dysfunction, but it was better defined in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Regarding the type of hypertrophy, in the classification proposed by Maron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which evaluated 125 patients, the most frequent type was type III (52%), followed by types II (20%), IV (18%) and I (10%). In another study, Reant et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> evaluated 271 patients using this classification, and the most frequently observed type was II (47%), followed by types III (35%), I (11%) and IV (7%). We have found a percentage similar to Maron&#8217;s classification regarding the most frequent types of hypertrophy, that is, types III and II, followed by types I and IV.</p>
      <p>In the hypertensive group, mean age was higher, which may have influenced the evaluation of diastolic function and, perhaps, the strain analysis. Some studies have shown that myocardial strain presents a small reduction with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Others have not observed a clear relationship between myocardial strain and age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We observed that mean blood pressure was higher in the hypertensive group, but there is no definition in the literature as to whether increased blood pressure at the time of the test may influence strain analysis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The strain technique requires regular heart rhythm, which limits its use in some situations, such as atrial fibrillation, which led to the exclusion of some patients. In the hypertensive group, mean age was higher and may have interfered with strain analysis and diastolic function analysis. Finally, long-term follow-up could provide further information about ventricular function behavior, since our study was cross-sectional.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients with HCM and SAH had lower myocardial strain, suggesting greater impairment of left ventricular function, even with preserved ejection fraction. This finding may be related to a worse prognosis, with early evolution to heart failure and/or onset of ventricular arrhythmias. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Thereza Cristina Pereira Gil, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ which is part of the project entitled &#8220;Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: an&#225;lise do perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, cl&#237;nico, gen&#233;tico, laboratorial e de imagem de uma popula&#231;&#227;o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernestro/UERJ under the protocol number 2356113.2.0000.5259. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda na Associa&#231;&#227;o de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica pela T&#233;cnica de <italic>Strain</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0470-6559</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Thereza Cristina Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondar</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne Freitas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marceli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Cristina da Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Biom&#233;dico - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thereza Cristina Pereira Gil &#8226;</bold> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - PGCM UERJ - Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444, 2&#186; andar. CEP 20550-170, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>thegil@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gil TCP, Castier MB, Rocha RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gil TCP, Gondar AFP, Sales AF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gil TCP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos MO, Lima FCS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha RM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castier MB, Rocha RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de origem gen&#233;tica mais frequente na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, com preval&#234;ncia de, pelo menos, 1/500. A associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) n&#227;o &#233; incomum, uma vez que esta acomete aproximadamente 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. A maioria dos estudos objetiva o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre essas doen&#231;as, mas pouco se sabe sobre a magnitude dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes portadores de CMH com e sem HAS associada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal retrospectivo que incluiu 45 pacientes portadores de CMH e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, com diagn&#243;stico confirmado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, sendo 14 hipertensos. Realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica com &#234;nfase na an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por meio do SLG. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A deforma&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significativamente menor nos hipertensos quando comparada aos normotensos (-10,29 &#177; 2,46 vs. -12,35% &#177; 3,55%, p = 0,0303), indicando maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular naquele grupo. A m&#233;dia de idade tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior nos hipertensos (56,1 &#177; 13,9 vs. 40,2 &#177; 12,7 anos, p = 0,0001). A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi melhor caracterizada nos pacientes hipertensos (p = 0,0242).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes com CMH e HAS, sugerindo maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Esse achado pode estar relacionado a um pior progn&#243;stico com evolu&#231;&#227;o precoce para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os primeiros casos de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) foram publicados na d&#233;cada de 1860, na Fran&#231;a, relacionados &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em 1957, Brock foi o autor do primeiro relato baseado em achados hemodin&#226;micos, cir&#250;rgicos e de necropsia, descrevendo a doen&#231;a como estenose a&#243;rtica subvalvar com obstru&#231;&#227;o funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, podendo estar relacionada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em 1958, Teare publicou a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica da CMH obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A forma n&#227;o obstrutiva foi descrita por Braunwauld et al., em 1963, e confirmada por estudos subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a CMH &#233; definida como a doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica prim&#225;ria de origem gen&#233;tica com a maior preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial (pelo menos 1/500), sem distin&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a, sexo ou faixa et&#225;ria, sendo a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita em jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Decorre da muta&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais genes do sarc&#244;mero, apresentando significativa diversidade na express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica e curso cl&#237;nico. Caracteriza-se pelo aumento da espessura da parede ventricular que n&#227;o possa ser explicada somente por uma condi&#231;&#227;o de sobrecarga, sendo mais frequente a forma n&#227;o obstrutiva da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A HAS acomete aproximadamente 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. Dados do VIGITEL (2006 a 2014) e da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de confirmam essa preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de HAS, n&#227;o &#233; incomum a associa&#231;&#227;o de HAS e CMH.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre CMH e cardiopatia hipertensiva tem sido um desafio em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es onde a express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica destas doen&#231;as se assemelha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Neste contexto, o ecocardiograma tornou-se uma importante ferramenta, notadamente com o advento de novas tecnologias, como a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>), que auxilia no diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) detecta altera&#231;&#245;es precoces da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular antes que haja comprometimento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o SLG do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes portadores de CMH, com e sem HAS, e avaliar o impacto dessa associa&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes do estudo</title>
          <p>Realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo entre setembro de 2014 e abril de 2016 em pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - UERJ - com diagn&#243;stico de CMH. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa, com o Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o para Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica (CAAE) n&#250;mero 23561113.2.0000.5259, estando de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. Todos os pacientes que aceitaram participar do estudo leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico de CMH confirmado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM), idade superior a 18 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) ventricular esquerda preservada (&gt;55%), aus&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es para redu&#231;&#227;o septal e aus&#234;ncia de marca-passo ou desfibrilador. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida.</p>
          <p>A confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica pela RM com gadol&#237;nio foi baseada na distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia e no padr&#227;o de realce tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia foi, ent&#227;o, composta por 45 pacientes, sendo 22 (48,9%) do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 45,1 &#177; 13,9 anos. Nesse grupo, 14 (31,1%) apresentavam HAS previamente diagnosticada segundo as diretrizes brasileiras de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O fluxograma com a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado no equipamento da Philips&#174; iE33 Matrix, utilizando o transdutor matricial na frequ&#234;ncia de 3-1 MHz por um examinador experiente. A an&#225;lise do ecocardiograma unidimensional, bidimensional e Doppler foi realizada seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para defini&#231;&#227;o do tipo de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, foi utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de Maron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que divide a hipertrofia em tipos I, II, III e IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). O padr&#227;o obstrutivo foi considerado para gradientes, na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maiores que 30 mmHg, mensurados ao Doppler cont&#237;nuo, em repouso e ap&#243;s manobra de Valsalva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A abordagem da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia para pacientes portadores de CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica originalmente descrita por Maron. Tipo I: hipertrofia envolvendo o septo basal; Tipo II: hipertrofia envolvendo todo o septo; Tipo III: hipertrofia envolvendo o septo e ao menos parte da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (posterior, anterior ou lateral); Tipo IV: outras localiza&#231;&#245;es isoladas (posterior, apical ou lateral).</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Maron BJ. et al. Am J Cardiol. 1981 Sep;48(3):418-28.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic> baseada no rastreamento de pontos (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>). O <italic>strain</italic> &#233; calculado para cada segmento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como a m&#233;dia relativa da deforma&#231;&#227;o entre dois pontos. Em sendo uma medida de deforma&#231;&#227;o, &#233; expresso em percentuais negativos (-%); quanto mais pr&#243;ximo do 0, menor a deforma&#231;&#227;o. Foram considerados normais valores de deforma&#231;&#227;o menores que -18%. Analisou-se somente o SLG por ser mais amplamente utilizado e considerado um &#237;ndice robusto para estudos cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, o SLG &#233; primeiro a ser comprometido na maioria das cardiopatias, incluindo a CMH, quando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ainda est&#225; preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O protocolo ecocardiogr&#225;fico para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do SLG incluiu os cortes apicais 4 c&#226;maras, 3 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras. A an&#225;lise do SLG foi processada offline, utilizando o software QLab 9.0 da Philips&#174;. Esses resultados foram traduzidos em forma de curvas, uma para cada segmento ventricular, e a vis&#227;o geral, com a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das velocidades, foi expressa em um mapa (<italic>Bull&#8217;s eye</italic>), exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas do pico sist&#243;lico do strain longitudinal global no corte apical quatro c&#226;maras (&#224; esquerda) e a imagem param&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no bulls-eye (&#224; direita), em paciente com CMH e HAS.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram armazenados e as imagens revisadas, sendo o examinador e o revisor autores do estudo. A an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> foi repetida pelo revisor em todos os exames. A variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador foi avaliada utilizando-se o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV = 100 (s/x) (%)). Obtivemos uma boa concord&#226;ncia e os coeficientes foram considerados baixos (&lt;10%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados coletados foram alocados em uma tabela do Microsoft Excel&#8482;, sendo posteriormente analisados no programa R Studio, vers&#227;o 1.0.143. As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas utilizando-se a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o como medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o, para cada um dos grupos analisados. Para avaliar se existia diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (n&#227;o pareado) foi utilizado, ap&#243;s atender ao pressuposto de igualdade de vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de Levene. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, optou-se por abordagem n&#227;o param&#233;trica, onde a diferen&#231;a entre propor&#231;&#245;es foi avaliada pelo teste de <italic>X</italic>
						<sup>2</sup> (com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates) e pelo teste exato de Fisher. Nos casos onde havia mais de duas categorias, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 55 pacientes consecutivos, inicialmente eleg&#237;veis, 10 foram exclu&#237;dos: 6 por fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que prejudica a an&#225;lise do SLG, 2 por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida, que tamb&#233;m interfere na an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>, e 2 cujo diagn&#243;stico de CMH n&#227;o foi confirmado pela RM. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Um conjunto de gr&#225;ficos com os principais resultados est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade foi maior no grupo de hipertensos, assim como o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a m&#233;dia das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram maiores nesse grupo. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e classe funcional entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com CMH nos diferentes grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Normotensos (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertensos (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">40,16 &#177; 12,73</td>
                <td align="center">56,14 &#177; 13,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (48 %)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 3,97</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 2,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,0045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,0027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,1110</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">12 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">19 (61,29%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (78,57%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de hipertrofia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,1492</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">12 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">12 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o TSVE</td>
                <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">22 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,57%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,23%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (78,57%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonista de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (35,71%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0226</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,23%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (57,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou em propor&#231;&#227;o, quando indicado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos com os principais resultados dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) com e sem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) associada. O STRAIN analisado &#233; o strain longitudinal global. HVE se refere aos tipos de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (I, II, III e IV) e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica se refere aos tipos I, II e III.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0677-90176-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, destacam-se menor deforma&#231;&#227;o nos hipertensos (-10,29% &#177; 2,46) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos (-12,35% &#177; 3,55), indicando maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular naquele grupo (p = 0,0303). Embora todos os pacientes apresentassem a FE preservada, a m&#233;dia do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) foi maior nos hipertensos, mas ainda dentro dos limites normais.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi mais evidente nos pacientes hipertensos (p = 0,0242), com menor n&#250;mero de casos indeterminados. Observou-se, nos hipertensos, maior tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), menor rela&#231;&#227;o E/A no fluxo mitral, assim como uma menor rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; septal ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral. A m&#233;dia do volume atrial esquerdo estava aumentada em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="4%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Normotensos (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertensos (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medidas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,56 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">4,76 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,3485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">3,45 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,0008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S/PP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,03 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,0425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">37,76 &#177; 17,14</td>
                <td align="center">38,97 &#177; 16,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,8245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,9757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE% (Teichholz)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">80,18 &#177; 5,76</td>
                <td align="center">74,01 &#177; 9,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,0116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">78,23 &#177; 16,30</td>
                <td align="center">76,13 &#177; 26,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,7465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">50,92 &#177; 16,92</td>
                <td align="center">80,70 &#177; 22,71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">241,90 &#177; 79,15</td>
                <td align="center">261,00 &#177; 66,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,4363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">119,94 &#177; 24,90</td>
                <td align="center">141,50 &#177; 35,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,0228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,75 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">4,43 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,0015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,37 &#177; 2,79</td>
                <td align="center">7,21 &#177; 3,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,2386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e&#8217; septal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13,98 &#177; 4,26</td>
                <td align="center">17,45 &#177; 6,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,0327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e&#8217; lateral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10,18 &#177; 3,81</td>
                <td align="center">12,90 &#177; 6,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,0926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12,40 &#177; 3,73</td>
                <td align="center">15,71 &#177; 6,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,0696</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,9%</td>
                <td align="center">7,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0242</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12,9%</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,9%</td>
                <td align="center">42,9%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 %</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou em propor&#231;&#227;o, quando indicado. DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; S/PP: rela&#231;&#227;o septo interventricular/parede posterior; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TSVE: trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E: onda E do fluxo mitral; A: onda A do fluxo mitral; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; e&#8217;: onda e do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise do tipo de hipertrofia, na amostra geral, o tipo III foi o mais frequente (40%), seguido pelo tipo II (31%), I (15,7%) e IV (13,3%), mas n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de hipertrofia. Nesta amostra, n&#227;o havia nenhum caso de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo maior o percentual da forma n&#227;o obstrutiva na amostra geral (66,7%).</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia press&#243;rica foi maior no grupo de hipertensos. Nesse grupo, nove pacientes (64%) apresentavam aumento da press&#227;o arterial antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, sendo o valor m&#225;ximo aferido de 144x92 mmHg. No grupo sem hipertens&#227;o, seis pacientes (19%) apresentavam pequena eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, sendo o maior valor aferido de 135x84 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas, nota-se o emprego de maior n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es pelo grupo de hipertensos, com destaque para os bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina, antagonistas do c&#225;lcio e diur&#233;ticos. Nenhum paciente estava em uso de drogas cardiot&#243;xicas ou que interferissem na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O achado da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, no grupo de hipertensos, sugere que esses pacientes apresentam maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel pelo emprego da t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic>, n&#227;o utilizada em estudos anteriores. Antes do advento do <italic>strain</italic>, n&#227;o eram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na compara&#231;&#227;o entre esses grupos. Em um estudo realizado em 1989 por Karan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> foram avaliados 78 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de CMH ao ecocardiograma e por cateterismo card&#237;aco, sendo 39 hipertensos. O achado mais relevante foi maior hipertrofia nos pacientes hipertensos, sugerindo que a HAS possa incrementar a hipertrofia na CMH. Esse estudo foi importante para definir a exist&#234;ncia da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com hipertens&#227;o, a qual era descrita anteriormente como cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Em 1998, Dimitrow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> publicaram um estudo com 123 pacientes com CMH, sendo 19,5% hipertensos, em que foi avaliada somente a classe funcional, e se observou que a associa&#231;&#227;o de HAS foi mais frequente nos idosos, por&#233;m n&#227;o rara nos jovens, e estes apresentavam pior classe funcional. Em outro trabalho, que n&#227;o utilizou a t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic>, os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram semelhantes entre os grupos e a HAS tamb&#233;m foi mais frequente nos idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2014, Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> realizaram a an&#225;lise do SLG em um grupo de 229 hipertensos puros, sem CMH e com FE preservada, e observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o do SLG em 15,3% dos pacientes. Contudo, n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos na literatura utilizando a t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic> para comparar pacientes com CMH com e sem HAS associada. Al&#233;m de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o comprometimento do <italic>strain</italic> pode ser um preditor de arritmia ventricular. Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o com 400 pacientes com CMH, os que apresentavam SLG &gt;-10% tiveram quatro vezes mais chance de eventos que pacientes com SLG &#8804;-16%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es regionais do <italic>strain</italic> na CMH tamb&#233;m podem ser preditoras de arritmia, como demonstrado por Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em um estudo com 32 pacientes, observou-se que o <italic>strain</italic> m&#233;dio septal &gt;-10% teve sensibilidade de 89% e especificidade de 74% para o desenvolvimento de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, independentemente da idade ou espessura m&#225;xima da parede. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es regionais do <italic>strain</italic> podem estar relacionadas a &#225;reas com maior percentual de fibrose na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, sendo um potencial substrato para o desenvolvimento de arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi mais evidente nos pacientes hipertensos nesta amostra. Os hipertensos apresentaram maior percentual de disfun&#231;&#227;o grau I ou II e menor percentual de casos indeterminados, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Deve-se ressaltar que o volume atrial esquerdo, um importante par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> estava aumentado em ambos os grupos na m&#233;dia, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entres eles. Isto traduz, a princ&#237;pio, que a maioria dos pacientes apresentava algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, por&#233;m esta foi melhor definida nos hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de hipertrofia, na classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Maron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que avaliou 125 pacientes, o tipo mais frequente foi o tipo III (52%), seguido pelos tipos II (20%), IV (18%) e I (10%). Em outro estudo, Reant et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> avaliaram 271 pacientes utilizando essa classifica&#231;&#227;o, e o tipo mais frequentemente observado foi o II (47%), seguido pelos tipos III (35%), I (11%) e IV (7%). Encontramos um percentual semelhante &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de Maron em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tipos mais frequentes de hipertrofia, ou seja, tipos III e II, seguidos pelos tipos I e IV.</p>
        <p>No grupo de hipertensos, foi maior a m&#233;dia de idade, o que pode ter influenciado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, talvez, na an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>. Alguns estudos demostram que a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica apresenta pequena redu&#231;&#227;o com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Outros n&#227;o observaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o clara entre deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observamos que a m&#233;dia press&#243;rica foi maior no grupo de hipertensos, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o existe defini&#231;&#227;o na literatura sobre se a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no momento do exame pode influenciar a an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic> necessita de ritmo card&#237;aco regular para que possa ser empregada, o que limita sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, como na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o que levou &#224; exclus&#227;o de alguns pacientes. No grupo de hipertensos, a m&#233;dia de idade foi maior e pode ter interferido na an&#225;lise do strain e na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Por fim, um seguimento a longo prazo poderia fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, uma vez que nosso estudo foi transversal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os pacientes com CMH e HAS apresentaram menor deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sugerindo maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, mesmo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Este achado pode estar relacionado a um pior progn&#243;stico, com evolu&#231;&#227;o precoce para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou surgimento de arritmias ventriculares. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Thereza Cristina Pereira Gil pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, que faz parte do projeto intitulado &#8220;Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: an&#225;lise do perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, cl&#237;nico, gen&#233;tico, laboratorial e de imagem de uma popula&#231;&#227;o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro&#8221;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernestro/UERJ sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2356113.2.0000.5259. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
