<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hhQHvH6Nf7587dtFGnRRQSP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000675</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190214</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Serum Levels of Inflammation, Fibrinolysis and Oxidative Stress Markers in Coronary Artery Disease Prediction: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5123-3080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Instituto de Cardiologia (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Iran Castro,</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>icastro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>675</fpage>
      <lpage>676</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>When assessing patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) traditional risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, stress, physical inactivity, obesity, and family history are not found in 20% of the patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and up to 40% of patients have only 1 risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Considering the high prevalence of CAD and the fact that despite the numerous efforts made in primary prevention, the disease still has a high incidence, identifying markers that can predict at-risk patients is a goal that should always be pursued.</p>
    <p>However, when evaluating a possible marker of disease, it must meet certain criteria. It should identify individuals at risk (accuracy), its results should be the same when repeated in other patients (reliability) and, especially, it should allow early intervention aiming at reducing the incidence of the problem (therapeutic impact).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The discovery and validation model of a biomarker first comprises its detection, followed by its evaluation in patients with and without the disease. Afterwards, retrospective studies are analyzed to determine whether there is a threshold that differentiates cases and controls to detect the test positivity threshold. Subsequently, screening tests are prospectively applied to large cohorts. Finally, the biomarker is validated in a randomized clinical trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The present study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> using a cross-sectional design, evaluated serum levels of inflammation, fibrinolysis and oxidative stress markers in 4 groups of patients with suspected CAD (3 of them with different degrees of CAD and 1 group without lesions) and 1 control group. The analysis showed that serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), sialic acid, vitronectin, plasminogen-1 activator inhibitor, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) were significantly higher in the CAD groups than in the control group. As expected, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes were more prevalent in the CAD group than in the control group, showing that traditional risk factors are likely to be associated with increased inflammatory, fibrinolysis, and oxidative stress levels. The evaluation of the levels of CAD markers was not studied prospectively, and it is impossible to assess whether the reduction in serum levels would be related to a better prognosis.</p>
    <p>To date, the only marker that meets all the aforementioned criteria, i.e., accuracy, reliability and therapeutic impact, seems to be the hs-CRP. Primary prevention studies using statins showed a decrease in outcomes and markers after intervention in an apparently healthy group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Secondary prevention studies using monoclonal antibodies (canakinumab) that reduce inflammatory activity have also reduced events, irrespective of LDL levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> raising the possibility that in the near future the much desired reduction in the so-called residual risk may be an attainable target.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Evaluation of Serum Levels of Inflammation, Fibrinolysis and Oxidative Stress Markers in Coronary Artery Disease Prediction: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Marcadores de Inflama&#231;&#227;o, Fibrin&#243;lise e Estresse Oxidativo na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5123-3080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Instituto de Cardiologia (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Iran Castro,</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>icastro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrin&#243;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Quando avaliamos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), fatores de risco tradicionais, como: diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, tabagismo, estresse, sedentarismo, obesidade e hist&#243;rico familiar, n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes em 20% dos pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e at&#233; 40% dos pacientes apresentam apenas 1 fator de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Tendo em vista a alta preval&#234;ncia da DAC e o fato de que apesar dos in&#250;meros esfor&#231;os realizados em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria a doen&#231;a ainda tem alta incid&#234;ncia, identificar marcadores que possam predizer pacientes sob risco &#233; um objetivo que deve sempre ser buscado.</p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, quando se avalia um poss&#237;vel marcador de doen&#231;a, ele deve preencher certos crit&#233;rios. Deve identificar indiv&#237;duos sob risco (acur&#225;cia), seus resultados devem ser iguais quando repetidos em outros pacientes (confiabilidade) e, principalmente, deve permitir uma interven&#231;&#227;o precoce que reduza a incid&#234;ncia do problema (impacto terap&#234;utico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O modelo de descoberta e valida&#231;&#227;o de um biomarcador engloba primeiro a detec&#231;&#227;o do mesmo, seguido da avalia&#231;&#227;o dele em pacientes com e sem a doen&#231;a. Ap&#243;s, estudos retrospectivos s&#227;o analisados para determinar se h&#225; um limiar que diferencia casos e controles para detectar o limiar de positividade do teste. Posteriormente, testes de rastreamento s&#227;o aplicados prospectivamente em grandes coortes. Por &#250;ltimo, o biomarcador &#233; validado em um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliou de forma transversal os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, de fibrin&#243;lise e de estresse oxidativo em 4 grupos de pacientes com suspeita de DAC (3 deles com diferentes graus de DAC e 1 grupo sem les&#245;es) e 1 grupo controle. A an&#225;lise verificou que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), &#225;cido si&#225;lico, vitronectina, inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1, e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa foram significativamente mais elevados nos grupos DAC que no grupo controle. Como era de se esperar, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foram mais prevalentes no grupo DAC que no grupo controle, evidenciando que fatores de risco tradicionais est&#227;o provavelmente associados com aumento dos n&#237;veis inflamat&#243;rios, de fibrin&#243;lise e de estresse oxidativo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis dos marcadores n&#227;o foi estudada prospectivamente, sendo imposs&#237;vel avaliar se a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos estaria relacionada com melhor progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>At&#233; o presente momento, o &#250;nico marcador que preenche todos os crit&#233;rios citados, acur&#225;cia, confiabilidade e impacto terap&#234;utico, parece ser a PCR-as. Estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com uso de estatinas evidenciaram redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos e do marcador ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em um grupo aparentemente saud&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria com o uso anticorpos monoclonais (canakinumab) que reduzem a atividade inflamat&#243;ria, tamb&#233;m reduziram eventos, independentemente dos n&#237;veis do LDL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> criando a possibilidade de que num futuro pr&#243;ximo a t&#227;o almejada redu&#231;&#227;o do chamado risco residual possa ser um alvo ating&#237;vel.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial refetente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Marcadores de Inflama&#231;&#227;o, Fibrin&#243;lise e Estresse Oxidativo na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Estudo Transversal</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
