<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">R53PHQTxMnww3WpFg58GgFy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000667</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005015105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Serum Levels of Inflammation, Fibrinolysis and Oxidative Stress Markers in Coronary Artery Disease Prediction: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9888-7508</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abolhasani</surname>
            <given-names>Sakhavat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shahbazloo</surname>
            <given-names>Shahnam Valizadeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saadati</surname>
            <given-names>Hossein Mozafar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mahmoodi</surname>
            <given-names>Neda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khanbabaei</surname>
            <given-names>Nafiseh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Clinical Biochemistry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tehran</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Biochemistry - Student Research Committee - School of Medicine - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Clinical Biochemistry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tabriz</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Biochemistry - Faculty of Medicine - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Public Health and safety</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Epidemiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tehran</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology - School of Public Health and safety - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sakhavat Abolhasani,</bold> Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Yemen Street, Chamran Highway, Tehran - Iran, E-mail: <email>bio.sakhi@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Abolhasani S; Acquisition of data: Mahmoodi N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Shahbazloo SV; Statistical analysis: Saadati HM; Writing of the manuscript: Abolhasani S, Khanbabaei N; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Khanbabaei N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>667</fpage>
      <lpage>674</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Background:</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has long been recognized as a global health issue. Inflammation, Fibrinolysis and Oxidative Stress play an important role in the disruption of plaques leading to CAD. Markers that reflect this pathophysiologic mechanism may have prognostic value.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Objective:</italic>
          </title>
          <p>To estimate the serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), sialic acid (SA), vitronectin (VN), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), oxidized low density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) with significant prognostic value in patients with CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Methods:</italic>
          </title>
          <p>The markers included, hs-CRP, SA, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL and MDA, were compared between 160 angiographically diagnosed CAD patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to angiography results, and association between all risk factors of CAD was studied. Serum levels of SA, VN, PAI-1, and OX-LDL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); MDA was measured based on reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA); and hs-CRP level was estimated by immunoturbidimetry using a commercial kit. The diagnostic value of these variables was further assessed by ROC curve analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the diagnostic power of the combination. Furthermore, p &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Results:</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Serum levels of hs-CRP, SA, VN, PAI-1, and OX-LDL were significantly higher in patient groups compared to control group (p &lt; 0.001). Using both normal and CAD patients as subjects, ROC analysis was performed. The cutoff for OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, VN, hs-CRP and SA was 2.67 (ug/mL), 5.49 (mmol/mL), 67 (ng/mL), 254 (ng/mL), 3.4 (mg/dL), 7/89 (mg/dL), respectively. Eventually, the complete diagnostic efficacy was classified as: SA, hs-CRP, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA and VN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Conclusion:</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Serum levels SA, hs-CRP, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL and MDA may be predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Interestingly, these analyses can help as diagnostic and monitoring markers in CAD patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>
          <italic>Keywords</italic>
        </title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation Fibrinolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Sialic Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitronectin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the world&#8217;s major health problems, accounting for 12.7% of global mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As we know, atherosclerosis is known as a chronic inflammatory process that is initiated with the dysfunction or activation of the arterial endothelium. Moreover, endothelial damage and reactive oxygen species (and other free radicals) have emerged as main factors in practically all pathways that lead to the development of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Risk factors identified recently that are related to pro-atherogenic cardiovascular disease include those associated with impaired coagulation or fibrinolysis, cardiovascular remodeling and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Notably, increase in plasma levels of risk markers for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have been recognized to play an important role in both the onset and the progression of atherosclerotic plaque. These prognostic markers may assist in therapy to match the intensity of the patient&#8217;s disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Remarkably, Vitronectin (VN) is present in plasma, extracellular matrix, and granules of blood platelets. It consists of adhesive glycoproteins, which play a key role in the regulation of processes such as platelet adhesion, aggregation and clotting, via binding to integrin, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR), and heparin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In spite of that fact, plasma VN levels were significantly increased in patients with CAD, also showing a positive correlation with severity of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Notably, PAI-1 has been recognized as a central molecule linked to pathogenesis and progression of thrombotic vascular events, including stroke. In addition, elevated plasma PAI-1 levels are associated with vascular thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A previous study suggested that high levels of PAI-1 in CAD are associated with the risk of endothelial dysfunction and premature atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Sialic acid (SA) is derivative of neuraminic acid, and comprises the terminal sugar part of the oligosaccharide chain in glycolipids and glycoproteins, acting as a cofactor in several cell surface receptors, such as LDL receptor. Its intake of LDL occurs prominently in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and is increased in several pathological and inflammatory states, such as in atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Therefore, following an inflammatory reaction or injury, desquamating or secretion from damaged cells can lead to an elevated concentration of SA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Oxidative stress and inflammation also play vital roles in the pathogenesis and progression of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Oxidized low density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) and correlated composites are also observed in lesion formation at the later stages of atherosclerosis. Hence, OX-LDL could play a major role in both atherogenesis and plaque complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Additionally, malonaldehyde (MDA) results from lipid peroxidation, and its measurement is an undependable marker of oxidative damage, making MDA a suitable indicator and marker for identification and further evaluation of patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Among several markers of inflammation, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been established as significant in people with CAD. Several studies demonstrated that hs-CRP is associated with increased CAD risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Previous findings reported elevated VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, hs-CRP and SA levels, which were positively correlated with CAD. Although the pathological aspects of these risk factors have been studied, their role has not been recognized in the early and accurate diagnosis of atherosclerosis in patients with CAD. This study aimed to determine concentrations of the prognostic value of serum levels of hs-CRP, SA, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL and MDA in patients with CAD, all of which can manifest in CAD, in an effort to examine the importance of combining these biomarkers with the diagnosis of CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>The sample size was 180 subjects, based on a convenience sample. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to angiography results. The control group was a no Stenosis group which included 40 subjects with non-significant disease that had no clogged vessels but suffered from chest pain such as angina pectoris; 40 with single occluded vessel disease (1VD); 40 with double occluded vessel disease (2VD); and 40 individuals with triple occluded vessel disease (3VD). In addition, the control group was composed of healthy individuals without any presentation of CAD (n = 20). Peripheral blood sampling was obtained after one night of fasting in the Shahid Madani hospital, located in East Azerbaijan, Iran.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics</title>
        <p>Before the beginning of the study, the protocol was presented to the independent ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (ethics number 91/2-3/5). An informed consent was obtained from all of participants. All patients with the renal disease, lung disorders, liver dysfunction, autoimmune disease, infectious diseases and cancer were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory methods</title>
        <p>All blood samples were obtained from a peripheral vein after 12 hours of overnight fasting. Subsequent plasma and serum were separated within 30 minutes, and samples were stored at -70&#176;C until the tests were performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of parameters</title>
        <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures were used to determine serum levels of OX-LDL (Glory Science co. Ltd, Cat. No: 93614), PAI-1 (Boster Science co. Ltd, Cat. No: EK0859) and VN (Glory Science co. Ltd, Cat. No: 11668). SA was also measured by ELISA, using a commercial kit (Crystal Day, China). Serum MDA was measured based on reaction with Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA); extraction accompanied with normal butanol; absorption measured by spectrophotometer and value calculated according to a standard curve. Serum levels of hs-CRP were estimated by high-sensitivity turbidimetry method using Biosystems kit (Barcelona, Spain, COD 31927); the assay was evaluated on semi-autoanalyser (Alcyon 300, made in USA) in the Biochemistry lab.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analytical methods</title>
        <p>All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA). All quantitative variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range. The qualitative variables were expressed in numbers and percentage. The normality of the data was evaluated by the normal curve (skewness and standard deviation of skewness) of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences for multiple groups were analyzed using independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Also, the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the quantitative variables if the normality assumption of the residuals was not met. Moreover, ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic effect of VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, hs-CRP and SA by logistic regression model. A statistical analysis was defined when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The prognostic indicators were used in the current study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> lists the general characteristics of the study groups. Differences between patient and control groups based on age and sex distribution were subject to an independent-samples t-test. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups (p &lt; 0.3). However, smoking, hypertension and diabetes showed significant difference between the patient and control groups (p value: 0.004, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> represents group mean parameter values obtained from a one-way ANOVA analysis; the mean serum levels of parameters that have been compared among subgroups were categorized based on number of occluded vessels of study population. Significant differences in all cardiovascular risk factors measured were found in all subgroups compared to controls (p &lt; 0.001 for all of them). Moreover, there were significant differences among subgroups that were not mentioned (previously reported in other references).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The critical values of VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, hs-CRP and SA levels were determined by ROC curve analysis. Both specificity and sensitivity of these six parameters in CAD were compared. A combined assay was then performed, using six indexes. In addition, using both healthy individuals and CAD patients as subjects, ROC analysis was performed, which showed the areas under the curve for OX-LDL, MDA, PAI, VN, hs-CRP and SA (0.870, 0.804, 0.951, 0.799, 0.962 and 0.971, respectively). All risk factors had satisfactory diagnostic efficacy for CAD. The overall rank of efficacy was (from lower to higher): VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, SA and hs-CRP. PAI-1, SA and hs-CRP had particularly high validity in the diagnosis of CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Notably, the criteria of variables were specified with reference to appearance levels in both healthy individuals and CAD patients, Cutoff for OX-LDL, MDA, PAI1-, VN, hs-CRP and SA were 2.67 (ug/mL), 5.49 (mmol/mL), 67 (ng/mL), 254 (ng/mL), 3.4 (mg/dL), 7/89 (mg/dL), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 70% and 75%, 74% and 77 %, 92% and 90%, 70% and 83%, 94% and 93%, 94% and 96%, respectively. PAI1-, SA and hs-CRP had the highest sensitivity and specificity in the test, compared to OX-LDL, MDA and VN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The efficacy of the combined assay was then compared using six parameters (OX-LDL, MDA, VN, PAI1-, SA and hs-CRP). Such combined assay increased the predictive value of sensitivity and specificity to 99% and 99%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). The area under ROC curve was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.975~1.005, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="2%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">No Stenosis</th>
              <th align="center">1VD</th>
              <th align="center">2VD</th>
              <th align="center">3VD</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sample size</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age(mean(SD))</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">57.5(3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">58.80(7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">58.9(7.9)</td>
              <td align="center">61.0(11.8)</td>
              <td align="center">60.5(10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex(male/female)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">17/3</td>
              <td align="center">21/19</td>
              <td align="center">31/9</td>
              <td align="center">30/10</td>
              <td align="center">25/15</td>
              <td align="center">0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (N (%))</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19(47.5)</td>
              <td align="center">16(40)</td>
              <td align="center">24(60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (N (%))</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">25(62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">26(65)</td>
              <td align="center">12(30)</td>
              <td align="center">19(47.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (N (%))</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(17.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(27.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">12(30%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(37.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>One-way analysis of variance;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Chi square test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the mean serum levels of cardiovascular risk factors among subgroups categorized based on number of occluded vessels of CAD patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">p Value</th>
              <th align="center">3VD</th>
              <th align="center">2VD</th>
              <th align="center">1VD</th>
              <th align="center">No Stenosis</th>
              <th align="center">Control </th>
              <th align="center">Variable</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">3.13 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">2.62 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">2.28 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.41 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">OX-LDL (ug/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.12 &#177; 1.21</td>
              <td align="center">6.39 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">5.25 &#177; 0.98</td>
              <td align="center">5.20 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.86</td>
              <td align="center">MDA (mmol/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">76.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">PAI-1 (ng/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">361 (95.75)</td>
              <td align="center">264 (100.75)</td>
              <td align="center">304 (184.25)</td>
              <td align="center">208 (61.75)</td>
              <td align="center">200 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">VT (ng/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">2</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.23 (1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">7.53 (0.86) </td>
              <td align="center">5.21 (0.39)</td>
              <td align="center">1.52 (1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">2.54 (0.78)</td>
              <td align="center">hs-CRP (mg/dL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">2</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">169.9 &#177; 15.3</td>
              <td align="center">138.3 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td align="center">108.6 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">SA (mg/dL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>OX-LDL: oxidation of low-density lipoprotein; MDA: Malondialdehyde; PAI-1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor; VT: Vitronectin; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SA: sialic acid; 1VD: Stenosis in one of vessels; 2VD: Stenosis in two of vessels; 3VD: Stenosis in three of vessel.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Mean &#177; standard deviation;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Median (inter quartile range).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Performed by ANOVA test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Performed by Kruskal-Wallis test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Area under curve of ROC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Test Variable</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Area</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">SD<sup>a</sup></th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<sup>b</sup></th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Asymptotic 95% Confidence Interval</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center">Lower bound</th>
              <th align="center">Upper bound</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">0.032</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.806</td>
              <td align="center">0.934</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MDA</td>
              <td align="center">0.804</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
              <td align="center">0.869</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAI-1</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.921</td>
              <td align="center">0.992</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VT</td>
              <td align="center">0.799</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.729</td>
              <td align="center">0.869</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SA</td>
              <td align="center">0.962</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.921</td>
              <td align="center">0.998</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">0.971</td>
              <td align="center">0.032</td>
              <td align="center">.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.953</td>
              <td align="center">0.995</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>
              <italic>Note: <sup>a</sup>. Under the nonparametric assumption, <sup>b</sup>. Null hypothesis: true area = 0. OX-LDL: oxidation of low-density lipoprotein; MDA: Malondialdehyde; PAI-1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor; VT: Vitronectin; SA: sialic acid; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagnostic efficacy of parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">index</th>
              <th align="center">Positive criteria</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity/%</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity/%</th>
              <th align="center">False negative /%</th>
              <th align="center">False positive/%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SA</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 89.7 (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 3.4 (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAI-1</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 67 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VT</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 254 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 2.67 (ug/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MDA</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 5.49 (mmol/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>
              <italic>OX-LDL: oxidation of low-density lipoprotein; MDA: Malondialdehyde; PAI-1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor; VT: Vitronectin; SA: sialic acid; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Combined assay of PAI-1, VT, OX-LDL, MDA, SA and hs-CRP</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity/%</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity/%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, SA, hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, SA, hs-CRP, VN</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL, VT, PAI-1, SA, hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VT, MDA, PAI-1, SA, hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, VT, SA, hs-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>
              <italic>OX-LDL: oxidation of low-density lipoprotein; MDA: Malondialdehyde; PAI-1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor; VT: Vitronectin; SA: sialic acid; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC analysis of VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, hs&#8209;CRP and SA. VN: vitronectin; MDA: malondialdehyde; OX-LDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; hs&#8209;CRP: high-sensitivity C&#8209;reactive protein; SA: sialic acid.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0667-90159-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve of combined assay. VN: vitronectin; MDA: malondialdehyde; OX-LDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; hs&#8209;CRP: high-sensitivity C&#8209;reactive protein; SA: sialic acid.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0667-90159-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Commonly, major risk factors causing atherosclerotic lesions in human coronary arteries comprise genetic factors, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, infections, hypertension or oxidative stress, with little correlation with patients&#8217; age and environmental factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It is noteworthy that this pathological process includes macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), with addition and deposition of lipids and extracellular matrix proteins, especially glycoprotein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Previous studies confirmed that serum levels of VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, hs-CRP and SA are significantly higher in CAD patients compared with healthy controls and positive correlation with severe diseases. A climb in these analyses in patients with CAD when compared to controls is already well distinguished in recent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The present study considerably assessed the prognostic value of glycoprotein, fibrinolysis, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers including VN, PAI-1, and OX-LDL, MDA, hs-CRP and SA in patients with CAD.</p>
      <p>Remarkably, VN is a multifunctional plasma glycoprotein with a multiple binding domain, which regulates processes such as platelet adhesion, aggregation and clotting. Besides, VN can be expressed and produced in the vessel wall, predominantly in atherosclerotic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Later studies showed that PAI-1 stimulates VN expression in SMCs by binding LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), and controls vascular VN expression in vivo. Therefore, autocrine regulation of vascular VN expression by PAI-1 may play important roles in vascular homeostasis and pathologic vascular remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Several studies have found a regulatory function for VN in the hemostatic response to vascular injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Also, VN binds PAI-1 and adjusts its action by stabilizing the active PAI-1 conformation, and potentially controls PAI-1 clearance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Serum levels of VN were found to be increased patients with CAD when compared with controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Derer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> suggested that VN is a clinically useful biomarker for unfavorable cardiovascular outcomes in patients following acute stenting undergoing coronary interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Therefore, VN may serve as a marker for CAD, and elevated levels may indicate its role in the diagnosis and/or progression of CAD. Notably, there is suggestion that high plasma PAI-1 concentrations are related with the progression of coronary syndromes and the development of myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Clinical and experimental studies demonstrated that PAI-1 deficiency in humans is accompanied by abnormal bleeding, whereas elevated PAI-1 plasma levels are associated with vascular thrombosis, indicating the crucial role of PAI-1 in hemostatic clot stabilization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Moreover, previous studies have shown that PAI-1 is significantly elevated in CAD patients in comparison to controls, and it has also a significant relationship with severity of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In addition, it was reported that PAI-1 is an independent predictor of coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Our results suggested that prominent levels of PAI-1 concentrations may predict and be a diagnosis marker for CAD.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, oxidative stress has an important role in the beginning and progression of atherosclerosis. OX-LDL is more atherogenic than the native LDL, and has been recognized to accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and coronary arteries of patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Additionally, MDA is produced from breakdown of lipids during peroxidation processes, and serum MDA is a reliable marker of oxidative damages. Previous findings also have confirmed the involvement of lipid peroxidation in CAD by referring to the plasma levels of MDA observed in CAD patients compared with healthy controls. More recent cross-sectional studies demonstrated a positive relationship between elevated levels of OX-LDL and MDA with severity of acute coronary syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Ehara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported that the plasma OX-LDL level in patients with CAD increases by approximately 3.5 fold than in control subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Remarkably, the findings in this study indicated that both oxidative stress parameters can be used as diagnosis markers of CAD, and the impact of this oxidative stress may progress to an atherosclerotic event. Impressively, in arterial injury accompanied by inflammatory response, inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of CAD and its impediments. Hence, SA and hs-CRP have gained importance as inflammatory markers and as indicators and predictors of the process of acute coronary syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Increased production of isolated acute phase reactants increases the SA levels. SA is associated with atherosclerosis independently of other cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Previous studies have reported total serum levels of SA that were high in patients with acute coronary syndrome when compared to healthy controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Specifically, Govindarajan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed that the total plasma SA level was significantly higher in patients with myocardial infarction than in those with unstable and stable angina. In a recent 17-year follow-up study, elevated serum levels of SA were found to be predictive of cardiovascular events in apparently healthy individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> In addition, several studies suggested a positive relation between hs-CRP and CAD among healthy individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Mahajan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> found a relation between inflammatory markers and coronary artery involvement on diabetic patients suffering from early onset CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In addition, many evidences have indicated that hs-CRP is a cautiously sensitive systemic marker for diagnosis of inflammation and a useful and potent predictive marker of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> This study has shown that serum hs-CRP and SA levels may be used as predictive or diagnosis biomarkers in patients with CAD.</p>
      <p>The findings in this study showed significant elevated serum levels of OX-LDL, MDA, PAI1-, VN, hs-CRP and SA in patients with CAD, when compared to healthy individuals. hs-CRP, SA and PAI-1 had the best sensitivity and specificity, suggesting the value of these biomarkers in patients with CAD diagnosis. ROC curve analysis showed satisfactory diagnostic power of all these six indexes, from highest to lowest: SA, hs-CRP, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, and VN.</p>
      <p>This study also considered the diagnostic value of combined assay for all indexes for the best confirmative diagnosis value, including hs-CRP, SA, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, and VN, resulting in elevated sensitivity and specificity values, without significant decrease of negative predictive value. These results supported the complementary role of combined assay in diagnosis of CAD.</p>
      <p>One of limitations of this study is the probability of a non-representative sample, in an attempt to select a random sample, since the hospital is a referral hospital and the patients approached this hospital in special days, which may lead to selection bias.</p>
      <p>Also, this study is only cross-sectional, which might not show temporal relationships, and thus the observed associations may not necessarily be causal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the present study, high serum concentrations of SA (&#8805;7/89 mg/dL), hs-CRP (&#8805;3.4 mg/dL), PAI-1 (&#8805;67 ng/mL) and increase in OX-LDL, MDA, and VN were found to be independent significant predictors of CAD in patients. In addition, the results suggested that using serum levels of hs-CRP, SA, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, and VN may be helpful in clinical monitoring. The combined assay of serum PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, and VN can improve the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing CAD, and can be used for population screening and for monitoring patients with CAD. Therefore, while we suggest the use of these biomarkers as a diagnostic apparatus for CAD patients, they need to be further explored to confirm this suggestion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>This study was funded Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number 91/2-3/5. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(2):934-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Finegold</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asaria</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>934</fpage>
          <lpage>945</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Itabe H, Obama T, Kato R. The dynamics of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis. J Lipids. 2011;2011:418313.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Itabe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obama</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The dynamics of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis</article-title>
          <source>J Lipids</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>2011</volume>
          <fpage>418313</fpage>
          <lpage>418313</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Derer W, Barnathan ES, Safak E, Agarwal P, Heidecke H, M&#246;ckel M, et al. Vitronectin concentrations predict risk in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(1):14-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Derer</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnathan</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safak</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agarwal</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidecke</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#246;ckel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vitronectin concentrations predict risk in patients undergoing coronary stenting</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Prasad K. C-Reactive protein (CRP)-lowering agents. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2006;24(1):33-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prasad</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-Reactive protein (CRP)-lowering agents</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Drug Rev</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Varma V, Varma M, Varma A, Kumar R, Bharosay A, Vyas S. Serum total sialic acid and highly sensitive C-reactive protein: Prognostic markers for the diabetic nephropathy. J Lab Physicians. 2016;8(1):25-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Varma</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bharosay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vyas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum total sialic acid and highly sensitive C-reactive protein: Prognostic markers for the diabetic nephropathy</article-title>
          <source>J Lab Physicians</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Vitulli P, Tanzilli G, Marullo AG, Peruzzi M, Zoccai GB. Inflammation and oxidative stress in acute coronary syndromes: a continuum from plaque vulnerability to thrombus formation. Enliven Clin Cardiol Res. 2014;1(1):1-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vitulli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanzilli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marullo</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peruzzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation and oxidative stress in acute coronary syndromes: a continuum from plaque vulnerability to thrombus formation</article-title>
          <source>Enliven Clin Cardiol Res</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Ferrari E, Lutgens E, Weber C, Gerdes N. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins focus on epigenetic modification and macrophage biology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2017;28(2):220-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutgens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins focus on epigenetic modification and macrophage biology</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>221</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Zhao X, Zhang HW, Xu RX, Guo YL, Zhu CG, Wu NQ, et al. Oxidized-LDL is a useful marker for predicting the very early coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcomes. Per Med. 2018;15(6):521-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>RX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>NQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidized-LDL is a useful marker for predicting the very early coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Per Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>529</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ekmek&#231;i &#214;B, Ekmek&#231;i H. Vitronectin in atherosclerotic disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;368(1-2):77-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekmek&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>&#214;B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekmek&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vitronectin in atherosclerotic disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>368</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ekmekci H, Sonmez H, Ekmekci OB, Ozturk Z, Domanic N, Kokoglu E. Plasma vitronectin levels in patients with coronary atherosclerosis are increased and correlate with extent of disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2002;14(3):221-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekmekci</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonmez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekmekci</surname>
              <given-names>OB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domanic</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kokoglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma vitronectin levels in patients with coronary atherosclerosis are increased and correlate with extent of disease</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Thrombolysis</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>221</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Yaghoubi A, Ghojazadeh M, Abolhasani S, Alikhah H, Khaki-Khatibi F. Correlation of serum levels of vitronectin, malondialdehyde and Hs-CRP with disease severity in coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2015;7(3):113-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yaghoubi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghojazadeh</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abolhasani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alikhah</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khaki-Khatibi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of serum levels of vitronectin, malondialdehyde and Hs-CRP with disease severity in coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Thorac Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Tj&#228;rnlund-Wolf A, Brogren H, Lo EH, Wang X. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2833-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tj&#228;rnlund-Wolf</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brogren</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lo</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2833</fpage>
          <lpage>2839</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Cesari M, Pahor M, Incalzi RA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): a key factor linking fibrinolysis and age-related subclinical and clinical conditions. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;28(5):e72-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cesari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pahor</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Incalzi</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): a key factor linking fibrinolysis and age-related subclinical and clinical conditions</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e72</fpage>
          <lpage>e91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Govindarajan S, Raghavan VM, Rao ACV. Plasma Myeloperoxidase and total sialic acid as prognostic indicators in acute coronary syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(8):BC09-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Govindarajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raghavan</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>ACV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma Myeloperoxidase and total sialic acid as prognostic indicators in acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Diagn Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>BC09</fpage>
          <lpage>BC13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Khaki-Khatibi F, Sadeghi Z, Yaghoubi A, Ashoori MR, Gharebaba RP. Relationship between serum levels of total sialic acid, mda-ldl, and hs-crp with extension of coronary artery disease, in nonsmoker and nondiabetic patients. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;5(2);294-305.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khaki-Khatibi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yaghoubi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashoori</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gharebaba</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between serum levels of total sialic acid, mda-ldl, and hs-crp with extension of coronary artery disease, in nonsmoker and nondiabetic patients</article-title>
          <source>World J Pharm Pharm Sci</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>305</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 G&#246;kmen SS, Kili&#231;li G, &#214;z&#231;elik F, G&#252;len S.. Serum total and lipid-bound sialic acid levels following acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38(12):1249-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#246;kmen</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kili&#231;li</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;z&#231;elik</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;len</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum total and lipid-bound sialic acid levels following acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem Lab Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1249</fpage>
          <lpage>1255</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. Increased plasma peroxides and serum oxidized low density lipoprotein antibodies in major depression: markers that further explain the higher incidence of neurodegeneration and coronary artery disease. J Affect Disord. 2010;125(1):287-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mihaylova</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kubera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uytterhoeven</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vrydags</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosmans</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased plasma peroxides and serum oxidized low density lipoprotein antibodies in major depression: markers that further explain the higher incidence of neurodegeneration and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Affect Disord</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>287</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Chen C, Khismatullin DB. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein contributes to atherogenesis via co-activation of macrophages and mast cells. PloS One. 2015;10(3):e0123088.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khismatullin</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidized low-density lipoprotein contributes to atherogenesis via co-activation of macrophages and mast cells</article-title>
          <source>PloS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0123088</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:165-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galkina</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ley</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Immunol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Khaki-Khatibi F, Mahmoodi N, Abolhasani S, Gharebaba RP. Correlation of fibrinolysis marker of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and oxidative stress parameters in occurrence and progression of coronary artery disease. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2014;3(7):27-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khaki-Khatibi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoodi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abolhasani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gharebaba</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of fibrinolysis marker of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and oxidative stress parameters in occurrence and progression of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Khaki-Khatibi F, Gharebaba RP, Yaghoubi A, Farajzade A, Mahmoodi N, Abolhasani S. Relationship between serum levels of fibronectin, leptin and hs-CRP with extension of coronary artery disease. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2014;3(7):40-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khaki-Khatibi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gharebaba</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yaghoubi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farajzade</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoodi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abolhasani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between serum levels of fibronectin, leptin and hs-CRP with extension of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Singh RB, Mengi SA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2002;7(1):40-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mengi</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arneja</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhalla</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process</article-title>
          <source>Exp Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(3A):3A-6A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>3A</issue>
          <fpage>3A</fpage>
          <lpage>6A</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Nigam PK, Narain VS, Chandra N, Puri VK, Saran RK, Dwived SK, et al. Serum and platelet sialic acid in acute myocardial infarction. Indian J Clin Biochem. 1995;10(2):106-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nigam</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narain</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandra</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saran</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dwived</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum and platelet sialic acid in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Indian J Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Dufourcq P, Louis H, Moreau C, Daret D, Boisseau M, Lamazi&#232;re JMD, et al. Vitronectin expression and interaction with receptors in smooth muscle cells from human atheromatous plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18(2):168-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dufourcq</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louis</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreau</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daret</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boisseau</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamazi&#232;re</surname>
              <given-names>JMD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vitronectin expression and interaction with receptors in smooth muscle cells from human atheromatous plaque</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>168</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Luo M, Ji Y, Luo Y, Li R, Fay WP, Wu J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates the vascular expression of vitronectin. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(12):2451-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ji</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fay</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates the vascular expression of vitronectin</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2451</fpage>
          <lpage>2460</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Cao DJ, Guo YL, Colman RW. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is involved in mediating the apoptotic effect of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen in human endothelial cells. Circ Res. 2004;94(9):1227-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colman</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is involved in mediating the apoptotic effect of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen in human endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1227</fpage>
          <lpage>1234</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Forood A, Malekpour-Afshar R, Mahdavi A. Serum level of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in addicted patients with coronary artery disease. Addict Health. 2014;6(3-4):119-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forood</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malekpour-Afshar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahdavi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum level of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in addicted patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Addict Health</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 B&#229;venholm P, De Faire U, Landou C, Efendic S, Nilsson J, Wiman B, et al. Progression of coronary artery disease in young male post-infarction patients is linked to disturbances of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism and to impaired fibrinolytic function. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(3):402-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>B&#229;venholm</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Faire</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landou</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Efendic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression of coronary artery disease in young male post-infarction patients is linked to disturbances of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism and to impaired fibrinolytic function</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>402</fpage>
          <lpage>410</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Naya M, Tsukamoto T, Inubushi M, Morita K, Katoh C, Furumoto T, et al. Elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 is an independent predictor of coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypertension. Circ J. 2007;71(3):348-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsukamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inubushi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katoh</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furumoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 is an independent predictor of coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Holvoet P, Mertens A, Verhamme P, Bogaerts K, Beyens G, Verhaeghe R, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(5):844-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holvoet</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertens</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhamme</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogaerts</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyens</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhaeghe</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>844</fpage>
          <lpage>848</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, Haze K, Itoh A, Otsuka M, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;103(15):1955-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ehara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naruko</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haze</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itoh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otsuka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1955</fpage>
          <lpage>1960</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Crook M, Lumb P, Andrews V, Swaminathan R. Serum total sialic acid, a reputed cardiovascular risk factor, and its relationship to lipids, plasma fasting insulin, blood pressure and body mass index in normal individuals. Clin Sci. 1998;95(1):53-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crook</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lumb</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swaminathan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum total sialic acid, a reputed cardiovascular risk factor, and its relationship to lipids, plasma fasting insulin, blood pressure and body mass index in normal individuals</article-title>
          <source>Clin Sci</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>53</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Serdar Z, Serdar A, Altin A, Eryilmaz U, Albayrak S. The relation between oxidant and antioxidant parameters and severity of acute coronary syndromes. Acta Cardiol. 2007;62(4):373-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serdar</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serdar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eryilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albayrak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relation between oxidant and antioxidant parameters and severity of acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Knuiman MW, Watts GF, Divitini ML. Is sialic acid an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A 17-year follow-up study in Busselton, Western Australia. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):627-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knuiman</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Divitini</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is sialic acid an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 17-year follow-up study in Busselton, Western Australia</article-title>
          <source>Ann Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>627</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Ghodke SS, Padalkar RK, Bhagat SS. hs-CRP: A" golden marker" of inflammation and coronary artery disease. Int J Health Sci Res. 2012;2(6):42-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghodke</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padalkar</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhagat</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>hs-CRP: A" golden marker" of inflammation and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Health Sci Res</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>42</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Sharma SB, Garg S, Veerwal A, Dwivedi S. hs-CRP and oxidative stress in young CAD patients: a pilot study Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008;23(4):334-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veerwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dwivedi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>hs-CRP and oxidative stress in young CAD patients: a pilot study Indian</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Mahajan N, Malik N, Bahl A, Sharma Y, Dhawan V. Correlation among soluble markers and severity of disease in non-diabetic subjects with pre-mature coronary artery disease. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;330(1-2):201-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahajan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhawan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation among soluble markers and severity of disease in non-diabetic subjects with pre-mature coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Biochem</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>330</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Arroyo-Espliguero R, Avanzas P, Cos&#237;n-Sales J, Aldama G, Pizzi C, Kaski JC. C-reactive protein elevation and disease activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(5):401-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arroyo-Espliguero</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avanzas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cos&#237;n-Sales</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aldama</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pizzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaski</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-reactive protein elevation and disease activity in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>401</fpage>
          <lpage>408</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Marcadores de Inflama&#231;&#227;o, Fibrin&#243;lise e Estresse Oxidativo na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9888-7508</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abolhasani</surname>
            <given-names>Sakhavat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shahbazloo</surname>
            <given-names>Shahnam Valizadeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saadati</surname>
            <given-names>Hossein Mozafar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mahmoodi</surname>
            <given-names>Neda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khanbabaei</surname>
            <given-names>Nafiseh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Biochemistry - Student Research Committee - School of Medicine - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Biochemistry - Faculty of Medicine - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology - School of Public Health and safety - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sakhavat Abolhasani,</bold> Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Yemen Street, Chamran Highway, Tehran - Ir&#227;, E-mail: <email>bio.sakhi@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Abolhasani S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mahmoodi N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Shahbazloo SV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Saadati HM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Abolhasani S, Khanbabaei N; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Khanbabaei N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tem sido h&#225; muito reconhecida como um problema de sa&#250;de global. Inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrin&#243;lise e estresse oxidativo desempenham um papel importante no acometimento das placas, levando &#224; DAC. Os marcadores que refletem esse mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico podem ter valor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas com valor progn&#243;stico significativo da prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), &#225;cido si&#225;lico (AS), vitronectina (VN), inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1 (PAI-1), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa (OX-LDL) e malondialde&#237;do (MDA) em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os marcadores inclusos, PCR-as, AS, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL e MDA, foram comparados entre 160 pacientes com DAC com diagn&#243;stico angiogr&#225;fico e 20 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo. Os sujeitos foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com os resultados da angiografia, e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre todos os fatores de risco da DAC foi estudada. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AS, VN, PAI-1 e OX-LDL foram medidos por ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA); MDA foi medido com base na rea&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBA); e o n&#237;vel de PCR-as foi estimado por imunoturbidimetria utilizando um kit comercial. O valor diagn&#243;stico dessas vari&#225;veis foi avaliado posteriormente pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para avaliar o poder diagn&#243;stico da combina&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, P&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as, AS, VN, PAI-1 e OX-LDL foram significativamente maiores nos grupos de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001). Usando ambos os pacientes normais e com DAC como sujeitos, a an&#225;lise ROC foi realizada. O ponto de corte para OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, VN, PCR-as e AS foi de 2,67 (ug/mL), 5,49 (mmol/mL), 67 (ng/mL), 254 (ng/mL), 3,4 (mg/dL) e 7/89 (mg/dL), respectivamente. Finalmente, a efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica completa foi classificada em: AS, PCR-as, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA e VN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AS, PCR-as, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL e MDA podem ser preditivos de desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Curiosamente, essas an&#225;lises podem ajudar como marcadores de diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrin&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Si&#225;licos</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitronectina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica (DAC) continua sendo um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de do mundo, respons&#225;vel por 12,7% da mortalidade global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Conforme sabemos, a aterosclerose &#233; conhecida como um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico que se inicia com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ou ativa&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio arterial. Al&#233;m disso, o dano endotelial e as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (e outros radicais livres) surgem como fatores principais em praticamente todas as vias que levam ao desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Fatores de risco identificados recentemente relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nica incluem aqueles associados a coagula&#231;&#227;o ou fibrin&#243;lise prejudicadas, remodelamento cardiovascular e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Notavelmente, o aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de marcadores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica tem sido reconhecido por desempenhar um papel importante tanto no in&#237;cio como na progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Esses marcadores progn&#243;sticos podem auxiliar na terapia para corresponder &#224; intensidade da doen&#231;a do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Notavelmente, a Vitronectina (VN) est&#225; presente no plasma, na matriz extracelular e nos gr&#226;nulos de plaquetas sangu&#237;neas. Ela consiste de glicoprote&#237;nas adesivas, que desempenham um papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o de processos como ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, agrega&#231;&#227;o e coagula&#231;&#227;o, via liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; integrina, ao inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio (PAI-1), ao receptor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio uroquinase (UPAR), e &#224; heparina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Apesar disso, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de VN mostraram-se significativamente aumentados em pacientes com DAC, mostrando tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a gravidade da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Notavelmente, o PAI-1 foi reconhecido como uma mol&#233;cula central ligada &#224; patog&#234;nese e a progress&#227;o de eventos vasculares tromb&#243;ticos, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de PAI-1 no plasma est&#227;o associados &#224; trombose vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Um estudo anterior sugeriu que altos n&#237;veis de PAI-1 na DAC est&#227;o associados ao risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e de aterosclerose prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O &#225;cido si&#225;lico (AS) &#233; derivado do &#225;cido neuram&#237;nico e compreende a por&#231;&#227;o terminal de a&#231;&#250;car da cadeia de oligossacar&#237;deos em glicolip&#237;deos e glicoprote&#237;nas, atuando como cofator em v&#225;rios receptores da superf&#237;cie celular, como o receptor de LDL. Sua ingest&#227;o de LDL se d&#225; predominantemente nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas dos vasos sangu&#237;neos, e est&#225; aumentada em v&#225;rios estados patol&#243;gicos e inflamat&#243;rios, como na aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Portanto, ap&#243;s uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria ou les&#227;o, a descama&#231;&#227;o ou secre&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas danificadas pode levar a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o elevada de AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m desempenham pap&#233;is vitais na patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada (OX-LDL) e comp&#243;sitos correlacionados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observados na forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es nos est&#225;gios mais tardios da aterosclerose. Assim, a OX-LDL poderia desempenhar um papel importante tanto nas complica&#231;&#245;es da aterog&#234;nese quanto nas da placa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o malonalde&#237;do (MDA) resulta da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, e sua medi&#231;&#227;o &#233; um marcador indiscut&#237;vel de dano oxidativo, fazendo do MDA um indicador e marcador adequado para identifica&#231;&#227;o e posterior avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Entre v&#225;rios marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, a prote&#237;na C-reativa altamente sens&#237;vel (PCR-as) foi estabelecida como significativa em pessoas com DAC. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a PCR-as est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Achados anteriores reportaram n&#237;veis elevados de VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, PCR-as e AS que estavam positivamente correlacionados com DAC. Embora os aspectos patol&#243;gicos desses fatores de risco tenham sido estudados, seu papel n&#227;o foi reconhecido no diagn&#243;stico precoce e preciso da aterosclerose em pacientes com DAC. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as concentra&#231;&#245;es com valor progn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as, AS, VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL e MDA em pacientes com DAC, todos os quais podem se manifestar na DAC, com o intuito de examinar a import&#226;ncia de combinar esses biomarcadores com o diagn&#243;stico de DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi de 180 sujeitos, com base em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia. Os sujeitos foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com os resultados da angiografia. O grupo controle foi um grupo sem estenose que incluiu 40 indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a n&#227;o significativa que n&#227;o tinham vasos oclu&#237;dos, mas sofriam de dor tor&#225;cica como angina pectoris; 40 com doen&#231;a de um vaso entupido (1VD), 40 com doen&#231;a de dois vasos oclu&#237;dos (2VD) e 40 indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos oclu&#237;dos (3VD). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo controle foi composto por indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sem qualquer apresenta&#231;&#227;o de DAC (n = 20). A coleta de sangue perif&#233;rico foi obtida ap&#243;s uma noite de jejum no hospital Shahid Madani, localizado no leste do Azerbaij&#227;o, no Ir&#227;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#201;tica</title>
          <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, o protocolo foi apresentado ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica independente da Medical Faculty of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (n&#250;mero de &#233;tica 91/2-3/5). Foi obtido um consentimento informado de todos os participantes. Todos os pacientes com doen&#231;a renal, dist&#250;rbios pulmonares, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a autoimune, doen&#231;as infecciosas e c&#226;ncer foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Todas as amostras de sangue foram obtidas de uma veia perif&#233;rica ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum durante a noite. O plasma e o soro subsequentes foram separados em 30 minutos, e as amostras foram armazenadas a -70&#176;C at&#233; os testes serem realizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros</title>
          <p>Procedimentos de ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) foram utilizados para determinar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OX-LDL (Glory Science Co. Ltd, N&#186; de Cat. 93614), os n&#237;veis de PAI-1 (Boster Science co. Ltd, N&#186; de Cat. EK0859) e os N&#237;veis de VN. (Glory Science co. Ltd, N&#186; de Cat. 11668). O AS tamb&#233;m foi medido por ELISA, usando um kit comercial (Crystal Day, China). O MDA s&#233;rico foi medido com base na rea&#231;&#227;o com &#193;cido Tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBA); a extra&#231;&#227;o foi acompanhada de butanol normal; a absor&#231;&#227;o foi medida por espectrofot&#244;metro e o valor foi calculado de acordo com uma curva padr&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as foram estimados pelo m&#233;todo de turbidimetria de alta sensibilidade usando o kit Biosystems (Barcelona, Espanha, COD 31927); o ensaio foi avaliado em um semi-autoanalisador (Alcyon 300, feito nos EUA) no laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, EUA). Todas as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagem. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pela curva normal (assimetria e desvio padr&#227;o da assimetria) do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Diferen&#231;as para grupos m&#250;ltiplos foram analisadas usando teste t independente e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional (ANOVA). Al&#233;m disso, o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas se a hip&#243;tese de normalidade dos res&#237;duos n&#227;o fosse atingida. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito diagn&#243;stico de VN, MDA, LDL-OX, PAI-1, PCR-as e AS pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi definida quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os indicadores progn&#243;sticos foram utilizados no presente estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos de estudo. As diferen&#231;as entre o grupo de pacientes e o controle com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o por idade e sexo foram submetidas a um teste t de amostras independentes. Os resultados mostraram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (p &lt; 0,3). No entanto, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo de pacientes e o controle (valor de p: 0,004, 0,01 e 0,02, respectivamente). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros dos grupos, obtidos a partir de uma an&#225;lise ANOVA unidirecional; os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros que foram comparados entre os subgrupos foram categorizados com base no n&#250;mero de vasos oclu&#237;dos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Diferen&#231;as significativas em todos os fatores de risco cardiovascular medidos foram encontrados em todos os subgrupos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles (p &lt; 0,001 para todos eles). Al&#233;m disso, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os subgrupos que n&#227;o foram mencionadas (previamente relatadas em outras refer&#234;ncias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os valores cr&#237;ticos dos n&#237;veis de VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, PCR-as e AS foram determinados pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC. Tanto a especificidade quanto a sensibilidade desses seis par&#226;metros em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAC foram comparadas. Um ensaio combinado foi ent&#227;o realizado, usando seis &#237;ndices. Al&#233;m disso, usando tanto indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quanto pacientes com DAC como sujeitos, foi realizada an&#225;lise ROC, que mostrou as &#225;reas sob a curva de LDL-OX, MDA, PAI-1, VN, PCR-as e AS (0,870, 0,804, 0,951, 0,799, 0,962 e 0,971, respectivamente). Todos os fatores de risco tiveram efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica satisfat&#243;ria para DAC. A classifica&#231;&#227;o geral de efic&#225;cia foi (de inferior para superior): VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, AS e PCR-as. O PAI-1, AS e PCR-as apresentaram validade particularmente alta no diagn&#243;stico da DAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Notavelmente, os crit&#233;rios das vari&#225;veis foram especificados com refer&#234;ncia aos n&#237;veis de ocorr&#234;ncia em pessoas normais e pacientes com DAC. O ponto de corte para OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, VN, PCR-as e AS foi 2,67 (ug/mL), 5,49 (mmol/mL), 67 (ng/mL), 254 (ng/mL), 3,4 (mg/dL), 7/89 (mg/dL), respectivamente. A sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 70% e 75%, 74% e 77%, 92% e 90%, 70% e 83%, 94% e 93%, 94% e 96%, respectivamente. PAI-1, AS e PCR-as tiveram a maior sensibilidade e especificidade do teste em compara&#231;&#227;o com o OX-LDL, MDA e VN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). A efic&#225;cia do ensaio combinado foi em seguida comparada utilizando seis par&#226;metros (OX-LDL, MDA, VN, PAI-1, AS e PCR-as). Esse ensaio combinado aumentou o valor preditivo da sensibilidade e da especificidade para 99% e 99%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). A &#225;rea sob curva ROC foi de 0,99 (IC95%: 0,975~1,005, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">Sem Estenose</th>
                <th align="center">1VD</th>
                <th align="center">2VD</th>
                <th align="center">3VD</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamanho da amostra</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia (DP))</td>
                <td align="center">57,5 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">58,80 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino / feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">17/3</td>
                <td align="center">21/19</td>
                <td align="center">31/9</td>
                <td align="center">30 /10</td>
                <td align="center">25/15</td>
                <td align="center">0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (n (%))</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (47,5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (n (%))</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (47,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (n (%))</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (27,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste do qui quadrado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre subgrupos categorizados com base no n&#250;mero de vasos oclu&#237;dos de pacientes com DAC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">3VD</th>
                <th align="center">2VD</th>
                <th align="center">1VD</th>
                <th align="center">Sem Estenose</th>
                <th align="center">Controle </th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">2,62 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,28 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">OX-LDL (ug/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">1</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">7,12 &#177; 1,21</td>
                <td align="center">6,39 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">5,25 &#177; 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">5,20 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">MDA (mmol/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">1</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">76,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">PAI-1 (ng/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">1</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">361 (95,75)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (100,75)</td>
                <td align="center">304 (184,25)</td>
                <td align="center">208 (61,75)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">VN (ng/mL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,23 (1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">7,53 (0,86) </td>
                <td align="center">5,21 (0,39)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 (1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">2,54 (0,78)</td>
                <td align="center">PCR-as (mg/dL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">169,9 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">138,3 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">108,6 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">AS (mg/dL)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">1</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>
                <italic>OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; PAI-1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; VN: vitronectina; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico; 1VD: Estenose em um dos vasos, 2VD: Estenose em dois dos vasos, 3VD: Estenose em tr&#234;s dos vasos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>
                <italic>m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>
                <italic>mediana (intervalo interquartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label/>
              <p>
                <italic>Realizado teste ANOVA.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Realizado teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rea sob Curva do ROC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel de teste</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">&#193;rea</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">SD<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<sup>b</sup></th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95% Assint&#243;tico</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">Limite inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Limite superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0.870</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.806</td>
                <td align="center">0.934</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MDA</td>
                <td align="center">0.804</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.738</td>
                <td align="center">0.869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAI-1</td>
                <td align="center">0.951</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.921</td>
                <td align="center">0.992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VN</td>
                <td align="center">0.799</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.729</td>
                <td align="center">0.869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS</td>
                <td align="center">0.962</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.921</td>
                <td align="center">0.998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">0.971</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">.000</td>
                <td align="center">0.953</td>
                <td align="center">0.995</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>
                <italic>Nota: <sup>a</sup>. Sob a hip&#243;tese n&#227;o param&#233;trica, <sup>b</sup>. Hip&#243;tese nula: &#225;rea verdadeira = 0. OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; PAI-1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; VN: vitronectina; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos par&#226;metros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">Crit&#233;rios positivos</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade/%</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade/%</th>
                <th align="center">Falso negativo/%</th>
                <th align="center">Falso positivo/%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 89,7 (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 3,4 (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAI-1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 67 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VN</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 254 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 2,67 (ug/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MDA</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 5,49 (mmol/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>
                <italic>OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; PAI-1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; VN: vitronectina; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ensaio combinado de PAI-1, VN, OX-LDL, MDA, AS e PCR-as</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade/%</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade/%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, AS, PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, AS, PCR-as, VN</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL, VN, PAI-1, AS, PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VN, MDA, PAI-1, AS, PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OX-LDL, MDA, PAI-1, VN, AS, PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>
                <italic>OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; PAI-1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; VN: vitronectina; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise ROC de VN, MDA, OX-LDL, PAI-1, PCR-as e AS. VN: vitronectina; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; PAI&#8209;1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0667-90159-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC do ensaio combinado. VN: vitronectina; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; OX-LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidativa; PAI-1: inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio-1; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; AS: &#225;cido si&#225;lico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-04-0667-90159-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Comumente, os principais fatores de risco que causam les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas compreendem fatores gen&#233;ticos, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, infec&#231;&#245;es, hipertens&#227;o ou estresse oxidativo, com pouca correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade dos pacientes e fatores ambientais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> &#201; importante ressaltar que este processo patol&#243;gico inclui macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso, com adi&#231;&#227;o e deposi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas da matriz extracelular, especialmente a glicoprote&#237;na.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Estudos anteriores confirmaram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de VN, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA, PCR-as e AS s&#227;o significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, e demonstram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com doen&#231;as severas. O aumento dessas an&#225;lises em pacientes com DAC quando comparados aos controles j&#225; est&#225; bem destacado em estudos recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O presente estudo avaliou consideravelmente o valor progn&#243;stico de biomarcadores de glicoprote&#237;na, fibrin&#243;lise, estresse oxidativo e inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo VN, PAI-1 e OX-LDL, MDA, PCR-as e AS em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        <p>Notavelmente, a VN &#233; uma glicoprote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica multifuncional com um dom&#237;nio de liga&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, que regula processos como ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, agrega&#231;&#227;o e coagula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a VN pode ser expressa e produzida na parede do vaso, predominantemente em les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Estudos posteriores mostraram que o PAI-1 estimula a express&#227;o de VN nas SMCs pela liga&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na-1 relacionada a receptor de LDL (LRP1) e controla a express&#227;o da VN vascular in vivo. Portanto, a regula&#231;&#227;o aut&#243;crina da express&#227;o da VN vascular pelo PAI-1 pode desempenhar pap&#233;is importantes na homeostase vascular e no remodelamento vascular patol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> V&#225;rios estudos encontraram uma fun&#231;&#227;o regulat&#243;ria para a VN na resposta hemost&#225;tica &#224; les&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a VN liga-se ao PAI-1 e ajusta sua a&#231;&#227;o estabilizando a conforma&#231;&#227;o do PAI-1 ativo, e potencialmente controla a depura&#231;&#227;o do PAI-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Foram encontrados n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de VN aumentados em pacientes com DAC quando comparados com os controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Derer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> sugeriram que a VN &#233; um biomarcador clinicamente &#250;til para desfechos cardiovasculares desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes ap&#243;s implante de <italic>stent</italic> submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Portanto, a VN pode servir como um marcador para DAC, e n&#237;veis elevados podem indicar seu papel no diagn&#243;stico e/ou progress&#227;o da DAC. Notavelmente, sugere-se que altas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de PAI-1 est&#227;o relacionadas com a progress&#227;o das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas e o desenvolvimento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais demonstraram que a defici&#234;ncia de PAI-1 em humanos &#233; acompanhada por sangramento anormal, enquanto que n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de PAI-1 est&#227;o associados &#224; trombose vascular, indicando o papel crucial do PAI-1 na estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de co&#225;gulos hemost&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores mostraram que os n&#237;veis de PAI-1 s&#227;o significativamente elevados em pacientes com DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles, e tamb&#233;m tem rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a gravidade da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que o PAI-1 &#233; um preditor independente de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Nossos resultados sugerem que n&#237;veis proeminentes de concentra&#231;&#245;es de PAI-1 podem ser preditores e marcadores de diagn&#243;stico para DAC.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estresse oxidativo tem um papel importante no in&#237;cio e na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. O OX-LDL &#233; mais aterog&#234;nico do que o LDL nativo, e se reconheceu que ele se acumula em les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na aorta e nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o MDA &#233; produzido a partir da quebra dos lip&#237;dios durante os processos de peroxida&#231;&#227;o, e o MDA s&#233;rico &#233; um marcador confi&#225;vel de danos oxidativos. Achados anteriores tamb&#233;m confirmaram o envolvimento da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica na DAC, referindo-se aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MDA observados em pacientes com DAC quando comparados com controles saud&#225;veis. Estudos transversais mais recentes demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis elevados de OX-LDL e MDA e a gravidade das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Ehara et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> relataram que o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de OX-LDL em pacientes com DAC aumenta em aproximadamente 3,5 vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Notavelmente, os resultados deste estudo indicaram que ambos os par&#226;metros de estresse oxidativo podem ser usados como marcadores de diagn&#243;stico de DAC, e o impacto desse estresse oxidativo pode progredir para um evento ateroscler&#243;tico. Impressionantemente, na les&#227;o arterial acompanhada de resposta inflamat&#243;ria, a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel fundamental na patog&#234;nese da DAC e seus impedimentos. Assim, AS e PCR-as ganharam import&#226;ncia como como marcadores inflamat&#243;rios indicadores e preditores do processo das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> O aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de reagentes isolados de fase aguda aumenta os n&#237;veis de AS. O AS est&#225; associado &#224; aterosclerose independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos anteriores relataram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos totais de AS elevados em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda quando comparados a controles saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Especificamente, Govindarajan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstraram que o n&#237;vel total de AS plasm&#225;tico foi significativamente maior em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do que naqueles com angina inst&#225;vel e est&#225;vel. Em um estudo recente com seguimento de 17 anos, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de AS foram preditivos de eventos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rios estudos sugeriram uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PCR-as e DAC em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Mahajan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e o envolvimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em pacientes diab&#233;ticos portadores de DAC precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, muitas evid&#234;ncias indicaram que a PCR-as &#233; um marcador sist&#234;mico cautelosamente sens&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de inflama&#231;&#227;o e um marcador preditivo &#250;til e potente de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Este estudo mostrou que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as e de AS podem ser usados como biomarcadores preditivos ou de diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        <p>Os achados deste estudo mostraram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de LDL-OX, MDA, PAI-1, VN, PCR-as e AS em pacientes com DAC quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. A PCR-as, o AS e o PAI-1 tiveram a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade, sugerindo o valor desses biomarcadores em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DAC. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC mostrou poder diagn&#243;stico satisfat&#243;rio de todos esses seis &#237;ndices, do maior para o menor: AS, PCR-as, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA e VN.</p>
        <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m considerou o valor diagn&#243;stico do ensaio combinado para todos os &#237;ndices para o melhor valor diagn&#243;stico confirmativo, incluindo PCR-as, AS, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA e VN, resultando em valores elevados de sensibilidade e especificidade, sem diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do valor preditivo negativo. Estes resultados embasaram o papel complementar do ensaio combinado no diagn&#243;stico da DAC.</p>
        <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo &#233; a probabilidade de uma amostra n&#227;o representativa na tentativa de selecion&#225;-la aleatoriamente, uma vez que o hospital &#233; um hospital de refer&#234;ncia e os pacientes procuravam esse hospital em dias especiais, o que pode levar ao vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, este estudo &#233; apenas transversal, o que pode n&#227;o mostrar rela&#231;&#245;es temporais e, portanto, as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas podem n&#227;o ser necessariamente causais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, altas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de AS (&#8805;7/89 mg/dL), PCR-as (&#8805;3,4 mg/dL), PAI-1 (&#8805;67 ng/mL) e aumento de OX-LDL, MDA, e VN foram encontrados para ser preditores significativos independentes de CAD em pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados sugeriram que o uso de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as, AS, PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA e VN pode ser &#250;til no monitoramento cl&#237;nico. O ensaio combinado de PAI-1, OX-LDL, MDA e VN s&#233;ricos pode melhorar a sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC, e pode ser usado para triagem populacional e para monitoramento de pacientes com DAC. Portanto, embora sugiramos o uso desses biomarcadores como um instrumento de diagn&#243;stico para pacientes com DAC, eles precisam ser mais explorados para confirmar essa sugest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo Comit&#234; de Pesquisa de Estudantes, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Medical Faculty of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 91/2-3/5. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
