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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BLkncVtn3m3PpNJVj7rdjRG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001000664</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190216</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Behavioral Economics and Innovation Uptake: Building New Capabilities to Overcome Barriers to Technology-Enabled Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0955-9225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Cirurgia Card&#237;aca - Rua das Larangeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.siciliano@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>664</fpage>
      <lpage>666</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/legislation and jurisprudence</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>National Health Science, Technology and Innovation Policy</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The Federal Medical Council (CFM) has recently published a new resolution on telemedicine in Brazil. The 2227/2018 resolution, establishing the criteria for the use of telemedicine, was published in <italic>Diario Oficial da Uni&#227;o</italic> (DOU, the official journal of the federal government of Brazil) on February 6, 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This new policy, aimed at defining telemedicine as a way of providing medical services by means of technology, is much more aggressive than the previous one published in 2002, which limited the use of telemedicine to medical consultations made by telephone or internet, and implied the presence of a health professional at both ends of the communication channel. The current resolution expanded the concept of telemedicine in providing technological solutions for remote patient monitoring and treatment (drug prescription and surgical interventions), and analysis of laboratory results. However, soon after its release, the new document caused an intense public debate on the theme dividing stakeholders for and against the incorporation of telemedicine into practice nationwide. The debate was so intense that the Federal Medical Council revoked the resolution, as published in the DOU on March 6, 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The revocation of the policy after intense societal debate indicates the significant challenges regarding the implementation of technology-enabled care in Brazil. Such debate should not be the end, but rather, the beginning of a social mobilization to reframe the use of connected technology in healthcare in the country. To tackle the barriers to the uptake of technology-enabled care in Brazil, one should better understand the stakeholder positions, and consider the political and cultural environment, the ethical and legal apparatus and the available technology infrastructure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A more comprehensive understanding of the contemporary scenario where technology-enabled care may fit into Brazilians&#8217; needs is critical to suggest approaches that might lead to societal benefit while being acceptable by physicians and other stakeholders.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>This is an exploratory paper, aiming to provide a personal overview of potential barriers to the incorporation and dissemination of telemedicine in Brazil. It is also an objective to discuss potential approaches to overcome these barriers.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>A) Analysis of the stakeholders</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A.1) The State and Telemedicine - The Government as a stakeholder</title>
          <p>From the political point of view, government initiatives concerning telemedicine have been led primarily by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and were designed to promote the use of telemedicine in the expansion and improvement of health services. The dimensions involved, however, are beyond the limits established by the Ministry of Health. An effective inter-ministerial action would be required to foster the economy (innovation and economic efficiency) and the social dimension (interest of the population and equality) to leverage telemedicine towards the expansion and improvement of healthcare.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A.2) Challenging the &#8220;status quo&#8221; - Providers as stakeholders: institutions, physicians and other practitioners</title>
          <p>Culture is another limiting factor in the dissemination of telemedicine from the perspective of institutions, physicians and other practitioners. From the need for adjusting to the new working process, to the challenging relationship between power structure and professional structure, the adoption of the latest technology may generate significant resistance. The resistance to change is strengthened by the risk aversion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and uncertainties that are commonly related to the introduction of a "new way of doing things". On the one hand, technology-enabled care may help overcome the obstacle of access posed by the distance (especially in a continental-dimension country like Brazil) with expected gains with the information and communication technologies, <italic>i.e</italic>., by increasing access and reducing costs. However, the interdependence between telemedicine and health services organization in guiding new investments may cause a shift in the arena of power. These complexities and uncertainties pose a substantial barrier to the dissemination of the new technologies.</p>
          <p>Likewise, telemedicine faces resistances from practitioners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Telemedicine involves multidisciplinary players, encompassing health practitioners of diverse disciplines, information and communication technology experts, managers and policy makers. The adoption of this technology requires the redesigning of work processes in their multiple aspects that generate tensions and conflicts. Physicians, in general, are not trained to be part of a &#8220;real team" and tend to behave more like a chairperson, which can increase the tension among team members. Moreover, telemedicine changes the typical doctor-patient relationship, requiring a process of acceptance, by all, of the technological mediation. Beyond that, physicians believe that these technologies may constitute an unsafe medical practice, in part due to the infeasibility in performing a remote physical examination. Overcoming institutional and professional cultural barriers is an essential step in the process of telemedicine dissemination and consolidation. Finally, reimbursement is another issue; physicians feel they will be pressured to care for more patients, dedicating less time to each patient, with lower reimbursement rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A.3) Patients: what do they want? Are they willing to trade off? Consumers as stakeholders</title>
          <p>From the patient perspective, although telemedicine may add distinct value to their needs and cheaper access to healthcare, as a health consumer, they may fail to buy the "innovative product" because it may require them to change their behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although it may be cheaper in financial terms, there are psychological costs associated with behavior changes: people irrationally overvalue benefits they currently possess relative to those they do not.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>B) Behavioral economics and innovation uptake</title>
        <p>The understanding of the psychology of gains and loss, and more deeply, the concepts of loss aversion, <italic>status quo</italic> bias, and the endowment effect,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> associated with why the adoption of innovation fails<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> may help propose specific solutions where telemedicine may be acceptable by providers and wanted by patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Examples of approaches regarding telemedicine that might lead to societal benefit while being fair to physicians are described below:</p>
        <p><bold>B.1) To make behaviorally compatible products:</bold> the development and incorporation of mobile health sensors may offer a sense of safety that is missing to remote physicians. If one can rely on such type of device for feedback of a "remote&#8221; physical examination, physicians would feel more secure in guiding and discussing about a patient&#8217;s condition using technology mediation. This may minimize physicians&#8217; resistance to telemedicine.</p>
        <p><bold>B.2) Seek out the deprived individuals (the ones with no access to healthcare):</bold> telemedicine has the potential of solving significant current health challenges. In addition to the Brazilian territorial extension, there are thousands of isolated, difficult-to-access locations where healthcare services are extremely scarce, and physicians are lacking. Some physicians are mandated to serve in remote areas (military physicians). Fostering the development of the required infrastructure for the establishment of telemedicine in remote areas will open the doors for communities to have access not only to healthcare but also to other resources (like education). This will promote secondary gains as enhancing local and regional economic progress and may attract physicians and their families to places that otherwise would not be the first choice to live.</p>
        <p><bold>B.3) Find believers (Millennials):</bold> According to Ripton,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> millennial generation has been changing healthcare by forcing a greater emphasis on technology solutions for healthcare delivery. The development of technology-enabled solutions targeting this population may speed up and sustain the adoption of telemedicine not only in Brazil but also in other countries. The millennials&#8217; demand will force physicians to adapt (and incorporate) to technology-enabled care, to be competitive in the market.</p>
        <p><bold>B.4) Strive for 10x improvements</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><bold>:</bold> telemedicine benefits should be so great that it would overcome physicians and patients&#8217; overweighing of potential losses. Besides adding efficiency and reducing costs, telemedicine has the potential to expand the actions of health practitioners, integrating them into healthcare services and systems. Also, one can explore the potential savings and share them with practitioners in a new type of employment relationship and reimbursement model that may improve acceptance of telemedicine among physicians while promoting societal benefits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C) Other considerations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>C.1) Ethics and legal issues in the digital age: is technology changing faster than expected?</title>
          <p>Besides what has been discussed above, there is also a lack of synchronization between the vast potential of these technologies and the prevailing ethical and legal apparatus. Contrary to a comprehensive national policy, there is a general scenario of fragmentation, characterized by different norms and standards issued by various bodies and with distinct focuses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Even though a single instrument would hardly reach these goals, the fragmentation is one more hurdle to overcome to achieve the potential of telemedicine.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C.2) Infrastructure - Are humans slower than expected?</title>
          <p>Also, mention should be made of the scarcity of resources and technical expertise, as well as infrastructure issues. Brazil has unequal geographic distribution concerning broadband availability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This means the infrastructure of the broadband data network is one of the most limiting factors to the expansion of telemedicine, particularly, in the countryside of Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C.3) Health services in Brazil</title>
          <p>Finally, it should be mentioned the precariousness of health services in Brazil, including primary care facilities, outpatient clinics, and even specialized hospital services. Scarce resources, management problems, lack of practitioners, inadequate compensation, outdated facilities, lack of equipment and consumables, among many other aspects, are repeatedly mentioned as the leading causes of such precariousness, witnessed by health professionals and users. This is even worse in remote and peripheral areas and is a significant barrier to the dissemination and consolidation of telemedicine in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, even with the implementation of all technological infrastructure required for telemedicine, which is typically an interdisciplinary activity, it would not guarantee an improved and more expanded access to healthcare.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The primary characteristic of telemedicine is its ability to make access to health services democratic. To accomplish that, legislative initiatives (economic and social) that support and encourage the use of this technology, a regulatory apparatus, mobilization of a core group of companies, and development of scientific capability are required. From the healthcare perspective, telemedicine is capable of promoting higher integration of the healthcare system, overcoming the still existing and deleterious fragmentation that prevents the access to full healthcare rights. Investments in infrastructure are mandatory to widespread adoption of telemedicine. Beyond that, other challenges that limit its development are most related to the stakeholder&#8217;s conflicts, interdependence, and demands. In this regard, understanding some of the concepts related to behavioral economy and innovation uptake failure may increase or create opportunities and approaches where the use of technology-enabled care might lead to societal benefit while being acceptable to physicians and other stakeholders.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Economia Comportamental e Ades&#227;o &#224; Inova&#231;&#227;o: Construindo Novas Habilidades para Superar Barreiras ao Cuidado Mediado pela Tecnologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0955-9225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Cirurgia Card&#237;aca - Rua das Larangeiras, 374. CEP 22240-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.siciliano@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/legisla&#231;&#227;o e jurisprud&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) publicou recentemente uma nova resolu&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso da telemedicina no Brasil. A resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero 2227 de 2018, que estabelece os crit&#233;rios para o uso da telemedicina, foi publicado no Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o (DOU) em 6 de fevereiro de 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essa nova resolu&#231;&#227;o, que definiu a telemedicina como uma maneira de oferecer servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos por meio da tecnologia, &#233; bem mais agressiva que a anterior publicada em 2002. Essa limitava o uso da telemedicina a consultas m&#233;dicas realizadas por telefone ou internet, e exigia a presen&#231;a de um profissional da sa&#250;de em cada uma das pontas do canal de comunica&#231;&#227;o. A resolu&#231;&#227;o atual expandiu o conceito da telemedicina em prover solu&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas para o monitoramento e tratamento remoto (prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos e interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas) dos pacientes, e an&#225;lise de resultados laboratoriais. Contudo, logo ap&#243;s sua divulga&#231;&#227;o, o novo documento causou intensa discuss&#227;o p&#250;blica sobre o tema, dividindo partes a favor e contra a pr&#225;tica da telemedicina em todo o pa&#237;s. O debate foi t&#227;o intenso, que o Conselho Federal de Medicina revogou a resolu&#231;&#227;o, conforme publicado do DOU em 6 de mar&#231;o de 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A revoga&#231;&#227;o da resolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s intensa discuss&#227;o da sociedade indica os grandes desafios acerca da implementa&#231;&#227;o no Brasil do cuidado em sa&#250;de mediado pela tecnologia. Esse debate n&#227;o deveria ser o fim, e sim o in&#237;cio de uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o social para remodelar o uso da tecnologia conectada na sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s. Para vencer as barreiras &#224; ades&#227;o do cuidado mediado por tecnologia no Brasil, deve-se compreender melhor a posi&#231;&#227;o das partes interessadas, bem como considerar o meio pol&#237;tico e cultura, as bases legais e &#233;ticas, e a infraestrutura de tecnologia dispon&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; fundamental um entendimento mais abrangente do cen&#225;rio atual para que o cuidado mediado pela tecnologia possa se ajustar &#224;s necessidades dos brasileiros, e abordagens criadas possam n&#227;o s&#243; beneficiar a sociedade como serem aceitas por m&#233;dicos e outras partes interessadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um artigo explorat&#243;rio, cujo objetivo &#233; apresentar uma vis&#227;o pessoal de potenciais barreiras para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o e dissemina&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina no Brasil. Outro objetivo &#233; discutir abordagens para superar tais barreiras.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A) An&#225;lise das partes interessadas (<italic>stakeholders</italic>)</title>
          <sec>
            <title>A.1) O Estado e a telemedicina - O governo como parte interessada</title>
            <p>Do ponto de vista pol&#237;tico, as iniciativas governamentais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; telemedicina foram tomadas principalmente pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e criadas para promover o seu uso na expans&#227;o e melhoria dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. No entanto, as dimens&#245;es envolvidas encontram-se al&#233;m dos limites estabelecidos pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma a&#231;&#227;o efetiva interministerial para estimular a economia (inova&#231;&#227;o e efici&#234;ncia econ&#244;mica) e a dimens&#227;o social (interesse da popula&#231;&#227;o e igualdade) para impulsionar a telemedicina em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; expans&#227;o e melhoria do cuidado em sa&#250;de.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>A.2) Desafiando o &#8220;<italic>status quo</italic>&#8221; - Fornecedores como parte interessada: institui&#231;&#245;es, m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais</title>
            <p>A cultura &#233; outro fator limitante na dissemina&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina do ponto de vista das institui&#231;&#245;es, m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais. Desde a necessidade de se ajustar ao novo processo de trabalho, &#224; desafiadora rela&#231;&#227;o entre estrutura de poder e estrutura profissional, a ado&#231;&#227;o de uma nova tecnologia pode gerar grande resist&#234;ncia. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; mudan&#231;a &#233; impulsionada pelos conceitos de avers&#227;o ao risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e incertezas comumente relacionadas &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o de uma &#8220;nova maneira de se fazer as coisas&#8221;. Por outro lado, o cuidado viabilizado pela tecnologia pode superar o obst&#225;culo de acesso imposto pela dist&#226;ncia (especialmente em um pa&#237;s de dimens&#227;o continental como o Brasil), com ganhos esperados com tecnologias da informa&#231;&#227;o e da comunica&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, aumentando o acesso e reduzindo-se os custos. No entanto, a interdepend&#234;ncia entre a telemedicina e a organiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de em direcionar novos investimentos pode causar uma mudan&#231;a na arena de poder. Tais complexidades e incertezas imp&#245;em uma barreira importante &#224; dissemina&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias.</p>
            <p>Ainda, existe uma resist&#234;ncia &#224; telemedicina por parte dos profissionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A telemedicina envolve agentes multidisciplinares, incluindo profissionais da sa&#250;de de v&#225;rias disciplinas, experts em tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o e comunica&#231;&#227;o, administradores e pol&#237;ticos. A ado&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia requer a reformula&#231;&#227;o dos processos de trabalho em seus m&#250;ltiplos aspectos que geram tens&#245;es e conflitos. Os m&#233;dicos, em geral, n&#227;o s&#227;o treinados para fazerem parte de um time e tendem a se comportar como chefes, o que pode aumentar a tens&#227;o entre os membros. Al&#233;m disso, a telemedicina muda a t&#237;pica rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente, o que demanda um processo de aceita&#231;&#227;o, por todos, da media&#231;&#227;o feita pela tecnologia. Mais que isso, os m&#233;dicos acreditam que essas tecnologias possam constituir uma pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica insegura, em parte pela inviabilidade de se realizar um exame f&#237;sico &#224; dist&#226;ncia. Superar barreiras culturais profissionais e institucionais &#233; um passo importante no processo de dissemina&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina. Finalmente, o reembolso &#233; outra quest&#227;o; os m&#233;dicos se sentir&#227;o pressionados a cuidar de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, dedicando menos tempo para cada paciente, e recebendo menor taxa de reembolso.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>A.3) Pacientes: o que eles desejam? Ser&#225; que est&#227;o dispostos a negociar? Consumidores como parte interessada</title>
            <p>Pela perspectiva do paciente, apesar de a telemedicina proporcionar um valor adicional &#224; sua necessidade, bem como um acesso &#224; sa&#250;de com menor custo, como consumidor da sa&#250;de, &#233; poss&#237;vel que se recuse a comprar o produto &#8220;inovador&#8221; por esse demandar uma mudan&#231;a de comportamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar do menor custo em termos financeiros, existem custos psicol&#243;gicos associados a mudan&#231;as de comportamento: as pessoas normalmente supervalorizam os benef&#237;cios que j&#225; possuem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que n&#227;o possuem, de maneira irracional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>B) Economia comportamental e a ado&#231;&#227;o da inova&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A compreens&#227;o da psicologia dos ganhos e perdas, e mais profundamente, dos conceitos de avers&#227;o &#224; perda, vi&#233;s do <italic>status quo</italic>, e o efeito de dota&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> associados ao porqu&#234; do fracasso da ado&#231;&#227;o da inova&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> pode ajudar na cria&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas em que a telemedicina seja aceita por fornecedores e desejada pelos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Exemplos de abordagens relacionadas &#224; telemedicina que possam promover benef&#237;cios &#224; sociedade e, ao mesmo tempo, serem justas para os m&#233;dicos est&#227;o descritos a seguir:</p>
          <p><bold>B.1) Desenvolver produtos que sejam compat&#237;veis em termos comportamentais:</bold> o desenvolvimento e a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de sensores m&#243;veis podem oferecer um senso de seguran&#231;a que esteja faltando nos m&#233;dicos &#224; dist&#226;ncia. Se o indiv&#237;duo pudesse confiar nesse tipo de dispositivo para dar <italic>feedback</italic> de um exame f&#237;sico &#8220;remoto&#8221;, os m&#233;dicos se sentiriam mais seguros em orientar e opinar sobre a condi&#231;&#227;o de um paciente por meio da tecnologia. Isso possivelmente minimizaria a resist&#234;ncia &#224; telemedicina pelos m&#233;dicos.</p>
          <p><bold>B.2) Buscar indiv&#237;duos carentes (sem acesso &#224; sa&#250;de):</bold> a telemedicina tem o potencial de solucionar importantes desafios atuais. Al&#233;m da extens&#227;o territorial do Brasil, existem milhares de localidades isoladas, de dif&#237;cil acesso, onde os servi&#231;os e profissionais de sa&#250;de s&#227;o extremamente escassos. Alguns m&#233;dicos s&#227;o enviados para trabalhar em &#225;reas remotas (m&#233;dicos militares). O incentivo ao desenvolvimento da infraestrutura necess&#225;ria para a implementa&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina em &#225;reas remotas abrir&#225; as portas para comunidades terem acesso n&#227;o somente &#224; sa&#250;de como tamb&#233;m a outros recursos, como a educa&#231;&#227;o. Isso promover&#225; ganhos secund&#225;rios como o progresso da economia local e regional, e poder&#225; atrair m&#233;dicos e seus familiares a viverem em lugares que, em outras circunst&#226;ncias, n&#227;o seriam seus lugares de escolha para morar.</p>
          <p><bold>B.3) Encontrar indiv&#237;duos que acreditam na telemedicina (<italic>Millenials</italic>, ou gera&#231;&#227;o Y):</bold> de acordo com Ripton,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a gera&#231;&#227;o Y est&#225; mudando o cuidado em sa&#250;de, ao exigir solu&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas para o provimento dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. O desenvolvimento de solu&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas voltadas a essa popula&#231;&#227;o poderia acelerar e sustentar a ado&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina n&#227;o s&#243; no Brasil como em outros pa&#237;ses. A demanda por parte da gera&#231;&#227;o Y faria com que os m&#233;dicos se adaptassem ao cuidado mediado por tecnologia (e o incorporassem) para se manterem competitivos no mercado.</p>
          <p><bold>B.4) Lutar por melhorias</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>: os benef&#237;cios promovidos pela telemedicina seriam t&#227;o significativos que superariam poss&#237;veis perdas temidas por m&#233;dicos e pacientes. Al&#233;m de conferir efici&#234;ncia e reduzir custos, a telemedicina tem o potencial de expandir as a&#231;&#245;es dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, integrando-as aos servi&#231;os e sistemas de sa&#250;de. Ainda, pode-se explorar as economias potenciais e compartilh&#225;-las com outros profissionais em um novo tipo de rela&#231;&#227;o de trabalho e modelo de reembolso que possam melhorar a aceita&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina entre os m&#233;dicos enquanto promove benef&#237;cios &#224; sociedade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C) Outras considera&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <sec>
            <title>C.1) Aspectos &#233;ticos e legais na era digital: a tecnologia est&#225; evoluindo mais r&#225;pido que o esperado?</title>
            <p>Al&#233;m do que foi discutido anteriormente, existe tamb&#233;m uma falta de sincroniza&#231;&#227;o entre o enorme potencial dessas tecnologias e o aparato &#233;tico e legal atual. Ao contr&#225;rio de uma pol&#237;tica nacional abrangente, h&#225; um cen&#225;rio de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o, caracterizado pela exist&#234;ncia de diferentes normas e padr&#245;es com diferentes focos, estabelecidos por variadas entidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Embora um &#250;nico instrumento dificilmente alcan&#231;aria esses objetivos, a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais um obst&#225;culo a ser superado para se atingir o potencial da telemedicina.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C.2) Infraestrutura - os humanos s&#227;o mais lentos que o esperado?</title>
            <p>Ainda, deve-se mencionar a escassez de recursos e compet&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica, bem como aspectos de infraestrutura. O Brasil possui uma distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica desigual de disponibilidade de banda larga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Isso significa que a infraestrutura da rede de banda larga &#233; um dos fatores mais limitantes para a expans&#227;o da telemedicina, especialmente nas zonas rurais do pa&#237;s.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C.3) Servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de no Brasil</title>
            <p>Finalmente, deve-se mencionar a precariedade dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de no Brasil, incluindo as instala&#231;&#245;es da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, ambulat&#243;rios, e mesmo servi&#231;os de hospitais especializados. A escassez de recursos, problemas na administra&#231;&#227;o, falta de profissionais, pagamento inadequado, instala&#231;&#245;es defasadas, falta de equipamentos e materiais de consumo, entre muitos outros aspectos, s&#227;o recorrentemente citados como as principais causas dessa precariedade, testemunhada pelos profissionais e pelos usu&#225;rios. Sabe-se que essa situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda pior em &#225;reas remotas e perif&#233;ricas, e se trata de uma barreira importante para a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, mesmo com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de toda infraestrutura tecnol&#243;gica necess&#225;ria para a telemedicina, a qual &#233; uma atividade tipicamente interdisciplinar, n&#227;o se garantiria um melhor e maior acesso &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A principal caracter&#237;stica da telemedicina &#233; sua capacidade de democratizar os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Para isso, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias iniciativas legislativas (econ&#244;micas e sociais) que apoiem e encorajem o uso dessa tecnologia, um aparato regulat&#243;rio, a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de empresas interessadas, e o desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico adequado. Do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de, a telemedicina &#233; capaz de aumentar a integra&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de, superando a ainda existente e delet&#233;ria fragmenta&#231;&#227;o que previne o acesso completo aos direitos &#224; sa&#250;de. Investimentos em infraestrutura s&#227;o mandat&#243;rios para expandir a ado&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina. Al&#233;m disso, outros desafios que limitam o desenvolvimento da telemedicina s&#227;o, em sua maioria, relacionados aos conflitos, interdepend&#234;ncia e demandas dos stakeholders. Nesse sentido, compreender alguns dos conceitos relacionados &#224; economia comportamental e a falha na ado&#231;&#227;o da inova&#231;&#227;o poderia aumentar ou criar oportunidades e abordagens nas quais o uso do cuidado mediado pela tecnologia promovesse benef&#237;cios &#224; sociedade e, ao mesmo tempo, fosse aceito por m&#233;dicos e outras partes interessadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
