<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y5DjVDH7tWkgfkTG5dndG4q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900438</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190195</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Immobile Tricuspid Valve: Incidental Finding in a Case of Terminal Cardiomyopathy Due to Thalassemia Major</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8485-0376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cilsal</surname>
            <given-names>Erman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Adana City Education and Research Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Adana</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana City Education and Research Hospital, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Erman Cilsal,</bold> Adana City Education and Research Hospital - Kisla Mh Mithat &#214;Zsan Bulv, Adana - Turquia. E-mail: <email>ermancilsal@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript abnd Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cilsal E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>438</fpage>
      <lpage>443</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-Thalassemia/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>delta-Thalassemia/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Tricuspid Valve/abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Thalassemia Major is an inherited disorder caused by impaired synthesis of the B globin chain and characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis that requires regular, lifelong transfusion therapy, which creates a state of iron overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Once reticuloendothelial stores saturate, iron deposition increases in myocardium such as other parenchymal tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Cardiac complications due to this deposition are the leading cause of death. After a silent first decade, iron deposits in the cardiac tissue lead to arrhythmias, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and congestive heart failure in the second or third decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In this case report, we present an adolescent girl who did not receive regular iron chelation therapy and had cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia and immobile tricuspid valve secondary to thalassemia major.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A 14-year-old Syrian girl with Thalassemia Major presented to the emergency room with a three-month history of increasing fatigue, dyspnea, and abdominal distension. Her medical history revealed that she had been diagnosed with Thalassemia Major at the age of one year old, and she received irregular erythrocyte transfusion and iron chelation therapy in her country. It was learned that the compliance for previous blood transfusion and chelation therapy was very poor. On general examination, she was undernourished with short stature (body weight &lt; 25 p, height &lt; 3p) and the physical examination revealed dyspnea with a typical facial thalassemic feature without cyanosis.</p>
        <p>Chest x-ray showed areas of consolidation on both sides of the lungs and increased cardiothoracic ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with 70/min heart rate and prolongation of QTc value with 0.46 seconds (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-A</xref>). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed both ventricle systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, left ventricle ejection fraction was 48% and fractional shortening was 24% were calculated with a mild left ventricle dilatation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Mild-moderate mitral regurgitation and trivial pericardial effusion were also observed. Right ventricular inflow view in systole showing thickened, immobile leaflets of tricuspid valve in a fixed open position, causing mal-coaptation and severe regurgitation without stenosis (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Video 1</xref>). Apical four-chamber view in diastole showed immobile leaflets of tricuspid valve in a fixed open position, as showed by the color Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Video 2</xref>) (See additional files <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Video 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">5</xref>). Right atrial, right ventricle dilatation and minimal pulmonary regurgitation with mild pulmonary hypertension were also observed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chest X-Ray of the patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiography of the patient. (A). Sinus rhythm with QTc prolongation (B). Atrial flutter (C). Atrioventricular dissociation and ventricular extra-systole (D). Holter monitorization revealed non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic measurements of the patient</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Data</th>
                <th align="center">Values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>M-Mode Measurements</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVID, cm</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection Fraction</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fractional shortening, %</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVID, cm</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doppler Measurements</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid E, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid A, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid E/A</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tissue Doppler Measurements (RV)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">12.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A' cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">7.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
                <td align="center">1.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S'</td>
                <td align="center">11.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVCT, ms</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVRT, ms</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV MPI</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>A: peak late diastolic velocity; A': late diastolic velocity; E: peak early diastolic velocity; E': early diastolic velocity; ET: ejection time; IVCT: isovolumic contraction time; IVRT: isovolumic relation time; LVIDd: Left ventricular internal diastolic diameter; MPI: myocardial performance index; RV: right ventricle; RVID: right ventricular internal diameter; S': systolic velocity; Tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid valve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the parasternal view by tilting transducer inferomedially exploring the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) inflow tract; immobile leaflets of the tricuspid valve (TV) leading to severe insufficiency.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the right ventricular inflow view in systole showing immobile leaflets of tricuspid valve in a fixed open position, causing mal-coaptation and severe regurgitation. To view the video click on the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Video 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the apical four-chamber by color Doppler view showed immobile leaflets of tricuspid valve in a fixed open position. To view the video click on the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Video 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the parasternal long axis view with color Doppler showing mild mitral regurgitation. To view the video click on the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Video 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the parasternal long axis view showing normal systolic function of the left ventricle and minimal pericardial effusion. To view the video click on the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Video 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography from the parastrenal short axis view showed enlargement of the right ventricle and pericardial effusion. To view the video click on the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After hospitalization in the intensive care unit, inotropes, diuretics and iron chelation treatment (Dopamine, Dobutamine, Furosemide infusion, Propranolol, Enalapril, Aldactone and Deferoxamine, Deferiprone therapy) started as soon as possible. Cardiac enzymes were sent to screen possible myocarditis, and D-dimer was sent to detect pulmonary thromboembolism. Results were found to be negative. On the seventh day of hospitalization, the electrocardiogram showed atrial flutter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-B</xref>). Therefore, digoxin and low molecular weight heparin treatment were also started. In the second week, the patient developed acute renal insufficiency and the electrocardiogram showed atrioventricular dissociation and ventricular extra-systole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-C</xref>). Immediately after the digoxin treatment had been stopped, amiodarone infusion has started. Holter monitorization revealed atrioventricular dissociation and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-D</xref>). Blood level of Digoxin was within normal reference values. Serial echocardiography was performed and no difference has been observed in the cardiac parameters during the hospitalization. Despite atrioventricular dissociation, we decided to follow-up her without pacemaker implantation due to hemodynamic stability. Although secondary prevention of implantable cardioverter defibrillator was decided after the patient was taken to control ventricular arrhythmias with amiodarone, she died due to ventricular tachycardia on the 22nd day of hospitalization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In thalassemia, cardiovascular system involvement is pivotal in the prognosis and quality of life. Iron overload cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality accounts up to 67% and 71% in thalassemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As iron overload, multiple factors such as chronic anemia, hypersplenism, non-progressive restrictive lung disease also lead to cardiac complications in Thalassemia Major.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Iron is mainly stored in myocytes and other cells in the form of free iron, also ferritin and hemosiderin. Free iron, which is referred to as labile cellular iron, is the most toxic form of iron and also the most accessible form for chelation. The goal of iron chelation therapy is to reduce the iron deposition especially in plasma and other tissues. In some cases, these heart complications were reported as reversible with early detection of iron overload and response to regular iron chelation therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for detecting myocardial iron deposition. In our case, cardiac MRI was not performed due to lack of experienced staff in our hospital. Progressive increase of brain natriuretic peptide assay is highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of heart failure. In our patient, brain natriuretic peptide levels were markedly elevated.</p>
      <p>Conventional standard echocardiography exhibits pathologic findings at advanced stages of cardiac involvement. The assessment of the ventricular function involves two different phenotypes. The first one is &#8216;dilated cardiomyopathy&#8217; phenotype revealed by with left-right ventricular dilatation and reduced contractility, which cause congestive heart failure. The second one is &#8216;restrictive cardiomyopathy&#8217; phenotype revealed by restrictive left-right ventricular filling resulting in pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular dilatation, and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this report, our patient had impaired cardiac functions similar to both dilated and restrictive patterns of cardiomyopathy. Right, and left ventricle contractility was reduced which led to congestive heart failure. Both ventricle diastolic dimensions were increased. Assessment with pulsed and pulsed tissue Doppler demonstrated left and right ventricle diastolic dysfunction. Factors that may cause pulmonary hypertension in patients with thalassemia include elevated pulmonary resistance due to high volume of blood flow, elevated shear forces, hypercoagulable state secondary to splenectomy and nitric oxide formation after chronic hemolysis. Although right heart failure may develop secondary to pulmonary hypertension, in thalassemic patients, it may also develop in the absence of elevated pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our case, typical stenotic changes and doming that seen in rheumatic diseases were not present in the tricuspid leaflet. Uniformly, mildly thickened tricuspid leaflets were present with a relatively fixed valve orifice without stenosis. Cardiac carcinoid usually affects the right cardiac chamber of the heart and results in a similar presentation. However, it is not reported in the pediatric age group in the literature. Nevertheless, carcinoid tumor should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in isolated advanced tricuspid valve involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In our case in contrast to the carcinoid tumor, the tricuspid valve did not exhibit very bright echoes secondary to fibrous plaques that are deposited on the endocardium of the leaflets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Biogenic amine levels in plasma and urine samples were found to be in the normal range that excluded diagnosis of carcinoid tumor. The related literature indicates similar findings in patients with thalassemia; however, illustration of echocardiograms in children is not satisfactory. Aessopos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported valvular involvement including leaflet thickening (48%), endocardial calcification (20%), and left-sided valve regurgitation in adult patients with thalassemia intermedia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In our case, the patient had serious dysrhythmias due to endocardial involvement, contraction and relaxation dysfunction due to myocardial involvement, and severe leaflet disorder due to valvular involvement. We herein report an extraordinary thalassemia major patient with immobile and non-stenotic tricuspid valve that emerges as a part of the terminal phase of the cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Thalassemia major patients, especially those who do not receive regular chelation therapy, are under great risk of cardiac involvement. Early detection and regular treatment regimen enhance their survival and quality of life. We firstly present an immobile tricuspid valve in an adolescent girl. This very rare case of severe cardiac findings due to iron deposition is associated with endocardial, myocardial and valvular involvement. In patients with thalassemia, these end-stage complications of the cardiovascular system are irreversible despite treatment.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Pennell DJ, Udelson JE, Arai AE, Bozkurt B, Cohen AR, Galanello R, et al. Cardiovascular function and treatment in beta-thalassemia major: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(3):281-308.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pennell</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Udelson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arai</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galanello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular function and treatment in beta-thalassemia major: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>308</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Wood JC, Enriquez C, Ghugre N, Otto-Duessel M, Aguilar M, Nelson MD, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of iron cardiomyopathy in thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:386-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghugre</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto-Duessel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physiology and pathophysiology of iron cardiomyopathy in thalassemia</article-title>
          <source>Ann N Y Acad Sci</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>1054</volume>
          <fpage>386</fpage>
          <lpage>395</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Porter J, Taher A, Viprakasit V, eds. Guidelines for the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia (TDT). 3rd ed. Nicosia (CY): Thalassaemia International Federation; 2014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Cappellini</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viprakasit</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guidelines for the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia (TDT)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <edition>3rd ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Nicosia (CY)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Thalassaemia International Federation</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Pennell DJ, Berdoukas V, Karagiorga M, Ladis V, Piga A, Aessopos A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis. Blood. 2006;107(9):3738-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pennell</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berdoukas</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karagiorga</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladis</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piga</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aessopos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>3738</fpage>
          <lpage>3744</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Wood JC. Cardiac complications in thalassemia major. Hemoglobin. 2009;33(Suppl1):S81-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac complications in thalassemia major</article-title>
          <source>Hemoglobin</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl1</supplement>
          <fpage>S81</fpage>
          <lpage>S86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Aessopos A, Farmakis D, Karagiorga M, Voskaridou E, Loutradi A, Hatziliami A, et al. Cardiac involvement in thalassemia intermedia: a multicenter study. Blood. 2001;97(11):3411-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aessopos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farmakis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karagiorga</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voskaridou</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loutradi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatziliami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac involvement in thalassemia intermedia: a multicenter study</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>3411</fpage>
          <lpage>3416</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Kremastinos DT, Farmakis D, Aessopos A, Hahalis G, Hamodraka E, Tsiapras D, et al. Beta-thalassemia cardiomyopathy: history, present considerations, and future perspectives. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(3):451-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kremastinos</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farmakis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aessopos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahalis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamodraka</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsiapras</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-thalassemia cardiomyopathy: history, present considerations, and future perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>458</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Hahalis G, Manolis AS, Gerasimidou I, Alexopoulos D, Sitafidis G, Kourakli A, et al. Right ventricular diastolic function in beta-thalassemia major: echocardiographic and clinical correlates. Am Heart J. 2001;141(3):428-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hahalis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manolis</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerasimidou</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitafidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kourakli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right ventricular diastolic function in beta-thalassemia major: echocardiographic and clinical correlates</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Lang RM, American Society of Echocardiography. Dynamic echocardiography. 1st ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier; 2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>American Society of Echocardiography</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Dynamic echocardiography</source>
          <edition>1st ed.</edition>
          <publisher-loc>St. Louis, Mo.</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Saunders/Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Taber M, Askenazi J, Ribner H, Kumar S, Lesch M. The tricuspid valve in carcinoid syndrome. An echocardiographic study. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143(5):1033-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taber</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Askenazi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The tricuspid valve in carcinoid syndrome. An echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1033</fpage>
          <lpage>1034</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>V&#225;lvula Tric&#250;spide Im&#243;vel: Achado Incidental em um Caso de Cardiomiopatia Terminal Devido &#224; Talassemia Major</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8485-0376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cilsal</surname>
            <given-names>Erman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Adana City Education and Research Hospital, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Erman Cilsal,</bold> Adana City Education and Research Hospital - Kisla Mh Mithat &#214;Zsan Bulv, Adana - Turquia. E-mail: <email>ermancilsal@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cilsal E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Talassemia beta/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Talassemia delta/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Tric&#250;spide/anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A talassemia major &#233; um dist&#250;rbio heredit&#225;rio causado pela s&#237;ntese deficiente da cadeia de hemoglobina B e caracterizada por eritropoiese ineficaz que requer terapia transfusional regular durante toda a vida, o que cria um estado de sobrecarga de ferro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma vez saturadas as reservas reticuloendoteliais, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro aumenta no mioc&#225;rdio, assim como em outros tecidos parenquimatosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas decorrentes dessa deposi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o a principal causa de morte. Ap&#243;s uma primeira d&#233;cada silenciosa, os dep&#243;sitos de ferro no tecido card&#237;aco levam a arritmias, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva na segunda ou terceira d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Neste relato de caso, apresentamos uma adolescente que n&#227;o recebeu terapia quelante de ferro regular e apresentou cardiomiopatia, arritmia e valva tric&#250;spide im&#243;vel secund&#225;ria &#224; talassemia major.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
          <p>Uma menina s&#237;ria de 14 anos de idade, portadora de Talassemia Major, compareceu ao pronto-socorro com um hist&#243;rico de tr&#234;s meses de aumento de fadiga, dispneia e distens&#227;o abdominal. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico revelou que ela tinha sido diagnosticada com Talassemia Major com um ano de idade, e recebeu transfus&#227;o irregular de eritr&#243;citos e terapia quelante de ferro em seu pa&#237;s. Verificou-se que a ades&#227;o &#224; transfus&#227;o de sangue e terapia quelante pr&#233;vias tinha sido muito deficiente. No exame geral, ela estava desnutrida, com baixa estatura (peso corporal &lt;25p, estatura &lt;3p) e o exame f&#237;sico revelou dispneia com caracter&#237;stica de talassemia facial t&#237;pica, sem cianose.</p>
          <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou &#225;reas de consolida&#231;&#227;o em ambos os lados dos pulm&#245;es e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o cardiotor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>). O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 70 batimentos/min e prolongamento do valor do QTc de 0,46 segundos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2-A</xref>). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 48% e encurtamento fracional de 24% foram calculados com dilata&#231;&#227;o leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve a moderada e efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica trivial tamb&#233;m foram observados. A visualiza&#231;&#227;o do influxo do ventr&#237;culo direito na s&#237;stole mostra folhetos da valva tric&#250;spide im&#243;veis e espessados em posi&#231;&#227;o aberta e fixa, causando m&#225; coapta&#231;&#227;o e regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave sem estenose (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">V&#237;deo 1</xref>). A vista apical de quatro c&#226;maras na di&#225;stole mostrou folhetos im&#243;veis da valva tric&#250;spide em posi&#231;&#227;o aberta e fixa, como mostrado pelo Doppler colorido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">V&#237;deo 2</xref>) (Ver arquivos adicionais, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">V&#237;deo 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">5</xref>). Tamb&#233;m foram observados dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito e ventr&#237;culo direito e regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar m&#237;nima com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar leve.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax da paciente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Eletrocardiografia da paciente. (A). Ritmo sinusal com prolongamento do QTc (B). Flutter atrial (C). Dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e extra-s&#237;stole ventricular (D). Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter revelou taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da paciente</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados</th>
                  <th align="center">Valores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medidas no Modo M</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDIVE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Encurtamento fracion&#225;rio,%</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVD, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medidas por Doppler</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tric&#250;spide E, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tric&#250;spide A, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tric&#250;spide E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medidas de Doppler Tecidual (VD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A' cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S'</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TCIV, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TRIV, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IPM VD</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>A: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica final; A': velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia; E: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial; E': velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o; TCIV: IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; DIVD: di&#226;metro interno do ventr&#237;culo direito; S': velocidade sist&#243;lica; imagem por Doppler tecidual da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com vista paraesternal atrav&#233;s da inclina&#231;&#227;o inferomedial do transdutor, explorando o &#225;trio direito (AD) e o trato de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD); folhetos im&#243;veis da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (VT) levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito na s&#237;stole, mostrando folhetos im&#243;veis da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide em posi&#231;&#227;o aberta fixa, causando m&#225; coapta&#231;&#227;o e regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave. Acesse o v&#237;deo atrav&#233;s do link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da c&#226;mara apical de quatro c&#226;maras por Doppler colorido mostrou folhetos im&#243;veis da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide em posi&#231;&#227;o aberta fixa. Acesse o v&#237;deo atrav&#233;s do link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da vista paraesternal do eixo longo com Doppler colorido mostrando leve insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Acesse o v&#237;deo atrav&#233;s do link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f15">
              <label>V&#237;deo 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da vista do eixo longo paraesternal, mostrando fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e derrame peric&#225;rdico m&#237;nimo. Acesse o v&#237;deo atrav&#233;s do link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f16">
              <label>V&#237;deo 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da vista do eixo curto parastrenal mostrou aumento do ventr&#237;culo direito e derrame peric&#225;rdico. Acesse o v&#237;deo atrav&#233;s do link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX">https://bit.ly/2lTc6iX</ext-link>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0438-90195-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva, foi iniciada a administra&#231;&#227;o de inotr&#243;picos, diur&#233;ticos e tratamento quelante de ferro assim que poss&#237;vel (dopamina, dobutamina, infus&#227;o de furosemida, propranolol, enalapril, aldactone e deferoxamina, terapia com deferiprona). As enzimas card&#237;acas foram enviadas para identificar uma poss&#237;vel miocardite e o d&#237;mero D para detectar tromboembolismo pulmonar. Os resultados foram negativos. No s&#233;timo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, o eletrocardiograma mostrou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2-B</xref>). Portanto, tamb&#233;m foi iniciada a administra&#231;&#227;o de digoxina e o tratamento com heparina de baixo peso molecular. Na segunda semana, a paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e o eletrocardiograma mostrou dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e extra-s&#237;stole ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2-C</xref>). Imediatamente ap&#243;s a descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com digoxina, iniciou-se a infus&#227;o de amiodarona. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter revelou dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2-D</xref>). O n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo de digoxina estava dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia normais. A ecocardiografia seriada foi realizada e nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Apesar da dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, decidimos acompanh&#225;-la sem implante de marca-passo devido &#224; estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Embora a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel tenha sido decidida ap&#243;s a paciente ter as arritmias ventriculares controladas com amiodarona, ela morreu devido &#224; taquicardia ventricular no 22&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na talassemia, o envolvimento do sistema cardiovascular &#233; fundamental no progn&#243;stico e na qualidade de vida. A cardiomiopatia por sobrecarga de ferro &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade em 67% a 71% dos casos de talassemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como a sobrecarga de ferro, m&#250;ltiplos fatores, como a anemia cr&#244;nica, o hiperesplenismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar restritiva n&#227;o-progressiva tamb&#233;m levam a complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na Talassemia Major.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O ferro &#233; armazenado principalmente nos mi&#243;citos e outras c&#233;lulas na forma de ferro livre e tamb&#233;m ferritina e hemossiderina. O ferro livre, que &#233; chamado de ferro celular l&#225;bil, &#233; a forma mais t&#243;xica do ferro e tamb&#233;m a forma mais acess&#237;vel para quela&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo da terapia quelante de ferro &#233; reduzir a deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro, especialmente no plasma e outros tecidos. Em alguns casos, essas complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foram relatadas como sendo revers&#237;veis com a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de sobrecarga de ferro e resposta &#224; terapia quelante de ferro regular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RM) &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para a detec&#231;&#227;o da deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro no mioc&#225;rdio. Em nosso caso, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi realizada devido &#224; falta de pessoal experiente em nosso hospital. O aumento progressivo dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) &#233; altamente sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico no diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em nossa paciente, os n&#237;veis de BNP estavam significativamente elevados.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia padr&#227;o convencional mostra achados patol&#243;gicos em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de comprometimento card&#237;aco. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular envolve dois fen&#243;tipos diferentes. O primeiro &#233; o fen&#243;tipo de "cardiomiopatia dilatada", demonstrado por dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e direita e contratilidade reduzida, causando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. O segundo &#233; o fen&#243;tipo de "cardiomiopatia restritiva" demonstrado pelo enchimento ventricular restritivo esquerdo e direito, resultando em hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste relato, nossa paciente apresentou fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas deficientes semelhantes aos padr&#245;es de cardiomiopatia dilatada e cardiomiopatia restritiva. A contratilidade dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito estava reduzida, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. As dimens&#245;es diast&#243;licas de ambos os ventr&#237;culos estavam aumentadas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o com Doppler pulsado e tecidual demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e direita. Os fatores que podem causar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com talassemia incluem: resist&#234;ncia pulmonar elevada devido ao alto volume de fluxo sangu&#237;neo, for&#231;as de cisalhamento elevadas, estado de hipercoagulabilidade secund&#225;rio &#224; esplenectomia e forma&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico ap&#243;s hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica. Embora a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita possa se desenvolver secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, em pacientes talass&#234;micos ela tamb&#233;m pode se desenvolver na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No nosso caso, les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas t&#237;picas e formatos de c&#250;pulas que aparecem nas doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas n&#227;o estavam presentes no folheto tric&#250;spide. De maneira uniforme, folhetos tric&#250;spides levemente espessados estavam presentes com um orif&#237;cio valvar relativamente fixo, sem estenose. O tumor carcin&#243;ide card&#237;aco geralmente afeta a c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita do cora&#231;&#227;o e resulta em uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o similar. No entanto, o mesmo n&#227;o &#233; relatado na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica na literatura. Entretanto, o tumor carcinoide tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado como um diagn&#243;stico diferencial no envolvimento isolado avan&#231;ado da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em nosso caso, em contraste com o tumor carcinoide, a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide n&#227;o exibiu ecos muito claros secund&#225;rios &#224;s placas fibrosas que s&#227;o depositadas no endoc&#225;rdio dos folhetos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os n&#237;veis de aminas biog&#234;nicas nas amostras de plasma e urina estavam dentro da faixa normal, o que excluiu o diagn&#243;stico de tumor carcin&#243;ide. A literatura relacionada indica achados semelhantes em pacientes com talassemia; entretanto, as imagens dos ecocardiogramas em crian&#231;as n&#227;o s&#227;o satisfat&#243;rias. Aessopos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> relataram envolvimento valvar, incluindo espessamento de folhetos (48%), calcifica&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica (20%) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar no lado esquerdo em pacientes adultos com talassemia intermedi&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em nosso caso, a paciente apresentava disritmias graves devido ao envolvimento endoc&#225;rdico, disfun&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento por envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico e anormalidade grave dos folhetos devido ao comprometimento valvar. Relatamos um caso importante de paciente com uma talassemia major, apresentando v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide im&#243;vel e n&#227;o esten&#243;tica que surge como parte da fase terminal da cardiomiopatia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os pacientes com talassemia major, especialmente aqueles que n&#227;o recebem terapia quelante regular, est&#227;o sob grande risco de envolvimento card&#237;aco. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e o regime de tratamento regular aumentam sua sobrevida e qualidade de vida. Primeiramente, apresentamos uma v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide im&#243;vel em uma adolescente. Este caso muito raro de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas graves devido &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro, est&#225; associado ao envolvimento endoc&#225;rdico, mioc&#225;rdico e valvular. Em pacientes com talassemia, essas complica&#231;&#245;es do est&#225;gio terminal do sistema cardiovascular s&#227;o irrevers&#237;veis, apesar do tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
