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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3dHZmq9kH84ZSFFVNyT6L5t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190183</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of Sympathetic System as a Therapeutic Option in the Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Botucatu</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff,</bold> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>409</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Stress, Mechanical</kwd>
        <kwd>Simpathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypothalamo-Hpophyseal System</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathectomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality and the most resource-consuming health pathology in industrialized countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the United States, it is believed that more than 12 million individuals have ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It is estimated that approximately 1 million cases of acute coronary syndrome occur annually in the United States, demonstrating that this syndrome occurs in epidemic proportions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Few pathologies have evolved as radically as AMI, with a marked reduction in mortality as a result of changes in treatment over the past 30 years, particularly cardiac reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In fact, with the introduction of myocardial reperfusion, 30-day mortality has been reduced from about 14% to about 3% in several clinical trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition to this benefit, early and sustained reperfusion results in lower cardiac morbidity, lower incidence of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia, conduction disorders and less development of congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Despite the unequivocal benefit, an undesirable event of this strategy is the phenomenon of reperfusion injury. This phenomenon is defined as the injury that occurs as a direct result of coronary blood flow restoration. This phenomenon may have important clinical implications, because it may be responsible for 30-50% of the final infarct size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, several strategies have been studied with the objective of attenuating the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury phenomenon.</p>
    <p>In this issue of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Imani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> assessed the cardioprotective effects of acute physical stress against I/R injury, through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. They used the isolated heart preparation, with the Langendorff apparatus. The hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Physical stress prior to the I/R improved left ventricular developed pressure and reduced infarct size when compared with the I/R alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In addition, chemical sympathectomy before physical stress eliminated the protective effect of physical stress on I/R-induced cardiac damages. The authors concluded that the presence of the sympathetic nervous system is necessary for the beneficial effects of acute physical stress on I/R injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It is important to emphasize that knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in I/R injury is critical, as this allows the creation of therapeutic strategies to attenuate or prevent cardiac damage. On the other hand, we must consider that cardioprotection strategies in I/R models are the main model used to exemplify the difficulties of translational medicine, since positive results from experimental studies are obfuscated by the fact that to date, cardioprotection strategies in clinical studies have shown negative results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Therefore, although provocative, the role of the sympathetic system as a therapeutic option in the I/R injury remains to be confirmed in future studies.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Acute Physical Stress Preconditions the Heart Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel do Sistema Simp&#225;tico como uma Op&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica na Les&#227;o de Isquemia/Reperfus&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff,</bold> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estresse Mec&#226;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Hipot&#225;lamo Hipofis&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Simpatectomia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade e a patologia de sa&#250;de que mais consome recursos nos pa&#237;ses industrializados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos Estados Unidos, acredita-se que mais de 12 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos tenham cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estima-se que aproximadamente 1 milh&#227;o de casos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ocorram anualmente nos Estados Unidos, demonstrando que essa s&#237;ndrome ocorre em propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Poucas patologias evolu&#237;ram t&#227;o radicalmente quanto o IAM, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada na mortalidade como resultado de mudan&#231;as no tratamento nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, particularmente a reperfus&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>De fato, com a introdu&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a mortalidade em 30 dias foi reduzida de cerca de 14% para cerca de 3% em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m desse benef&#237;cio, a reperfus&#227;o precoce e sustentada resulta em menor morbidade card&#237;aca, menor incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e taquicardia ventricular, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e menor desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar do benef&#237;cio inequ&#237;voco, um evento indesej&#225;vel dessa estrat&#233;gia &#233; o fen&#244;meno da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; definido como a les&#227;o que ocorre como resultado direto da restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano. Esse fen&#244;meno pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes, pois pode ser respons&#225;vel por 30 a 50% do tamanho final do infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assim, diversas estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido estudadas com o objetivo de atenuar o fen&#244;meno da les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o (I/R).</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Imani et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliaram os efeitos cardioprotetores do estresse f&#237;sico agudo na les&#227;o de I/R, atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico. Eles usaram a prepara&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado com o aparelho Langendorff. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos a 30 minutos de isquemia, seguidos de 120 minutos de reperfus&#227;o. O estresse f&#237;sico antes da I/R melhorou a press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e reduziu o tamanho do infarto quando comparado com a I/R isoladamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a simpatectomia qu&#237;mica antes do estresse f&#237;sico eliminou o efeito protetor do estresse f&#237;sico sobre os danos card&#237;acos induzidos pela I/R. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a presen&#231;a do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico &#233; necess&#225;ria para os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do estresse f&#237;sico agudo na les&#227;o de I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na les&#227;o de I/R &#233; fundamental, pois permite a elabora&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para atenuar ou prevenir o dano card&#237;aco. Por outro lado, devemos considerar que as estrat&#233;gias de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o em modelos de I/R s&#227;o o principal modelo utilizado para exemplificar as dificuldades da medicina translacional, uma vez que resultados positivos de estudos experimentais s&#227;o ofuscados pelo fato de que, at&#233; o momento, as estrat&#233;gias de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o em estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado resultados negativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Portanto, apesar de provocativo, o papel do sistema simp&#225;tico como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica na les&#227;o de I/R ainda precisa ser confirmado em estudos futuros.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Estresse F&#237;sico Agudo Precondiciona o Cora&#231;&#227;o Contra a Inj&#250;ria por Isquemia/Reperfus&#227;o Atrav&#233;s da Ativa&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
