<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jy4j4yPJ7NMBKs9YyVmVSKR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900400</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190186</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Salt Appetite and Aging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Disciplina de Cardiologia da UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Celso Amodeo,</bold> Rua Abilio Soares, 233, conjunto 51. Postal Code 04005-000, Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>camodeo@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>400</fpage>
      <lpage>400</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Salt Tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>Food Preferences</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The Villela et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> study showed greater preference and salt intake by hypertensive individuals over the normotensives one regardless of age.</p>
    <p>A relationship between higher salt preference and male gender and alcohol consumption was observed. Most sensitivity to salt is the elderly and afro-descendant hypertensive people.</p>
    <p>Salt sensitivity increase with advancing age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> One of the reason is that the kidney is less able to either conserve sodium in response to dietary restriction or remove sodium after excess intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Both aging rats and humans have a blunted ability to excrete an acutely administered sodium load.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It has long been recognized that reducing dietary salt content has better blood pressure control. Also, it is now known that there are different degrees of salt sensitivity in the hypertensive and normotensive population. Therefore, in non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension, salt reduction is one of the most important interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, diets restricted in salt are not well tolerated by most patients. Many attempts to substitute salt for other substances have been employed. The addition of oregano to the foods in the Villella&#8217;s study resulted in the preference for the lower salt samples in all groups studied.</p>
    <p>Just as hypertension is a multifactorial disease, the phenomenon of salt sensitivity is also multifactorial involving genetic, environmental and aging-related aspects. Therefore, salt sensitivity also increases with age and is more marked in African Americans, obese, and patients with metabolic syndrome and/or chronic kidney disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, excess salt intake over many years may probably play a greater role in the development of hypertension in these groups. Salt-sensitive normotensives may be more likely to develop hypertension.</p>
    <p>The mechanisms of salt sensitivity are not yet fully understood. The lower activation of the renin-aldosterone mechanism may explain the greater fall in BP with reduced sodium intake among the elderly, African Americans, and patients with CKD. Impairment of renal sodium excretion may initially lead to volume expansion and then hypertension.</p>
    <p>Multiple genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, including those that regulate sodium absorption, which should undoubtedly participate in the phenomenon of salt sensitivity.</p>
    <p>Therefore, the conclusions of the study by Villela et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> bring new information about the salt preferences of different extracts of our population as well as the possibility of decreasing the salt content in foods with substitution by other spices such as oregano.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Salt Preference is Linked to Hypertension and not to Aging</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apetite ao Sal e Envelhecimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Disciplina de Cardiologia da UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Celso Amodeo,</bold> Rua Abilio Soares, 233, conjunto 51. CEP 04005-000, Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>camodeo@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Toler&#226;ncia ao Sal</kwd>
        <kwd>Prefer&#234;ncias Alimentares</kwd>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio na Dieta /efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O estudo de Villela et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> mostrou maior prefer&#234;ncia e consumo de sal por hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos, independentemente da idade.</p>
      <p>Foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre maior prefer&#234;ncia por sal e sexo masculino e consumo de &#225;lcool. A popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e afrodescendente hipertensa apresentam a maior sensibilidade ao sal.</p>
      <p>A sensibilidade ao sal aumenta com o avan&#231;o da idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma das raz&#245;es &#233; que o rim &#233; menos capaz de conservar s&#243;dio em resposta &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica ou de remover o s&#243;dio ap&#243;s o consumo excessivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Tanto os ratos quanto os humanos idosos t&#234;m uma capacidade limitada de excretar uma carga de s&#243;dio administrada de forma aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225; muito tempo se reconhece que a redu&#231;&#227;o do teor de sal na dieta possibilita um melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se agora que existem diferentes graus de sensibilidade ao sal na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa e normotensa. Portanto, no tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o de sal &#233; uma das interven&#231;&#245;es mais importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, dietas com restri&#231;&#227;o de sal n&#227;o s&#227;o bem toleradas pela maioria dos pacientes. Muitas tentativas de substituir o sal por outras subst&#226;ncias foram empregadas. A adi&#231;&#227;o de or&#233;gano aos alimentos, no estudo de Villella, resultou na prefer&#234;ncia pelas amostras com menor teor de sal em todos os grupos estudados.</p>
      <p>Assim como a hipertens&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, o fen&#244;meno da sensibilidade ao sal tamb&#233;m &#233; multifatorial, envolvendo aspectos gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e relacionados ao envelhecimento. Portanto, a sensibilidade ao sal tamb&#233;m aumenta com a idade, sendo mais acentuada em afrodescendentes, obesos e pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e/ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Portanto, o excesso de ingest&#227;o de sal durante muitos anos provavelmente desempenha um papel significativo no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o nesses grupos. Os normotensos sens&#237;veis ao sal podem ter maior probabilidade de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos relativos &#224; sensibilidade ao sal ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos. A menor ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-aldosterona pode explicar a maior queda na PA com ingest&#227;o reduzida de s&#243;dio em idosos, afrodescendentes e pacientes com DRC. O comprometimento da excre&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio pode inicialmente levar &#224; expans&#227;o do volume e, em seguida, &#224; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>M&#250;ltiplos genes t&#234;m sido implicados na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o, incluindo aqueles que regulam a absor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, os quais devem, sem d&#250;vida, participar do fen&#244;meno da sensibilidade ao sal.</p>
      <p>Portanto, as conclus&#245;es do estudo de Villela et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> trazem novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as prefer&#234;ncias relacionadas ao sal de diferentes extratos de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, bem como a possibilidade de diminuir o teor de sal nos alimentos com substitui&#231;&#227;o por outras especiarias, como o or&#233;gano.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Prefer&#234;ncia ao Sal est&#225; Relacionada &#224; Hipertens&#227;o e n&#227;o ao Envelhecimento</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
