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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BRbKDfKCDYCHjDqjThpFFgL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900374</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190175</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stress and Food Consumption Relationship in Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9329-1879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dalmazo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fetter</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldmeier</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9092-3882</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0728-3739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Os&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Ruttke Dillenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica (LIC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade FEEVALE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Novo Hamburgo</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade FEEVALE, Novo Hamburgo, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Aline Lopes Dalmazo &#8226;</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica (LIC) - Rua Santana, 1237, segundo andar. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>aline@dalmazo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dalmazo AL, Goldmeier S, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Os&#243;rio DRD; Acquisition of data: Dalmazo AL, Goldmeier S, Os&#243;rio DRD; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Goldmeier S, Pellanda LC, Barbosa ECD, Os&#243;rio DRD; Statistical analysis: Fetter C, Moreira TR; Obtaining financing: Irigoyen MC; Writing of the manuscript: Dalmazo AL, Fetter C, Moreira TR, Os&#243;rio DRD; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fetter C, Goldmeier S, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Barbosa ECD, Moreira TR, Os&#243;rio DRD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Stress is a state of threat to the balance of the organism, which can cause biological and psychological changes. In hypertensive patients, stress can interfere with blood pressure levels, influence on food choices and neglect of the diet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aims to describe the relationship between stress and dietary intake of hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A transversal study was carried out at the Arterial Hypertension Clinic of the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The participants were aged &#8805; 18 years and hypertensive. Blood pressure, food consumption and anthropometric measurements were collected. The variables related to stress were evaluated by the Lipp&#8217;s Stress Symptoms Inventory (LSSI) for adults. Significance level of 5% has been considered for all analyzed data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The number of participants was 100. There was a higher prevalence of the female sex (67%), the mean age of the study population was 55.87 &#177; 12.55 years. Among the participants, 86% were classified in some of the stress phases, on which 57% were in the resistance phase. It was observed that there was no correlation between the presence of stress (as well as their actions), pressure levels and food consumption. The consumption of foods rich in lipids and individuals with a prevalence of psychological symptoms of stress displayed a significant association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Rich in fat dietary has been the first choice in patients with psychological symptoms of stress. Further studies regarding remodeled dietary intake and blood pressure levels in relation to the stress phases are suggested. These findings are important to contribute to the development of prevention and treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Food Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Physiological</kwd>
        <kwd>Dietary Fats/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weights and Measures</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Stress is considered any force or experience that breaks the psychological homeostatic balance of an organism by activating a chain reactions cascade that increases blood flow through adrenaline release by adrenal glands and stimulates tachycardia, dilation of muscles and brain blood vessels and constricts blood vessels that supply the organs of digestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization, stress affects more than 90% of the world's population and about 70% of Brazilians. Stress is a special situation where the development of considerable blood pressure changes may occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exposure to stress can lead to qualitative and quantitative changes in food consumption pattern,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with higher and easier consumption of hyperpalatable foods. They have high-calorie density and are rich in fats and sugars, providing not only weight gain, but also contributing to the increase of chronic non-communicable diseases. Most of the time, stress promotes an increase in the consumption of this type of food, consequently decreasing the intake of fruits and vegetables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Emotional feeding may be related to behavioral and metabolic changes in the stress response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The effect of stress on a diet seems to modify the metabolism of various nutrients, such as B complex vitamins, C vitamin, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Furthermore, when stress affects the patient, there is a tendency of neglecting the diet, aggravating pathological conditions by inadequate intake of nutrients. Among nutritional deficiencies, it stands out that mineral deficiencies are connected to a wide variety of metabolic dysfunctions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>If the stress is continuous and intense, besides causing damage to the endocrine and immune system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> it may lead to changes in lipid metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate, increased myocardial oxygen consumption and, as a consequence, reduction in peripheral vascular resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Progressively these problems lead to an increase in cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There is evidence that the major triggering factor for hypertension is precisely the stress exerted in moments of stress and anxiety that alter the entire hormonal and systemic configuration of the organism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between stress, food choices and food consumption in hypertensive patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A cross-sectional study took place at Arterial Hypertension Clinic of the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2013 and 2015. Hypertensive patients of both genders, older than 18 years old, from Basic Health Units, with uncontrolled hypertension, in current use of antihypertensive medication and with an average diagnosis of hypertension of five years. Exclusion criteria were patients with secondary hypertension, congenital heart disease, surgical and acute myocardial infarction, as evidenced by the clinical file. The flowchart of patients invited to participate in the study is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of Participants. LSSI: Lipp stress symptoms inventory.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0374-90175-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In order to obtain the sample number to perform the study, the calculation was performed with 80% power, 95% confidence level and an expected correlation of r = 0.25 between the phases of stress and food consumption, totalizing a sample composed of 97 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients were invited to participate in the study after explaining the objectives, justification and methods that would be used in the data collection. After the acceptance, the patients signed two copies of the Free and Informed Consent Form, which was approved by the IC / FUC Research Ethics Committee, under No. 4843/13. It is important noticing that the study protocol complied with all ethical guidelines recommended by the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>The data collection was conducted by training professionals in the Cardiology Institute settings during a single scheduled consultation in the multidisciplinary outpatient clinic of Systemic Arterial Hypertension. Variables of age, gender, blood pressure, anthropometry, food consumption and stress symptoms were collected.</p>
      <p>The nurse team performed measures of blood pressure in accordance with the VII Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Anthropometric measurements were taken by the nutritionist. Weight and height variables were collected using an anthropometric scale (Welmy&#174;), with a capacity of 200 kg and with anthropometric ruler coupled up to 2 meters. For weighing, all patients were instructed to be barefoot to remove objects from their pockets, watches and excess clothing. The patient was placed in the center of the platform, with arms extended along the body. For height measurement, the patient remained barefoot and standing upright, with his head held high, arms hanging at his side, heels and back against the vertical plane of the rod. In sequence, the patient was instructed not to shrink when the stem was placed on the head, the support of which remained on the scalp, avoiding contact only on the hair. Weight and height data were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) and the following cutoff points were used for adults: Low weight &lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Eutrophic 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Overweight 25 - 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and Obesity &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and for elderly: Low weight: &lt; 22 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Eutrophic: 22 - 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and Excess weight:&gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> according to Lipschitz (1994).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For the qualitative evaluation of food consumption, food frequency questionnaire adapted from Ribeiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> was applied in order to analyze the frequency of food consumption. The interpretation of this questionnaire was carried out through the stratification of the consumed food groups, being evaluated the following groups: ultra-processed foods, <italic>in natura</italic> foods, rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.</p>
      <p>Lipp's stress symptoms inventory (LSSI) for adults was applied by a psychologist to evaluate the symptoms of stress. This inventory is an objective measure of stress symptomatology in individuals over 15 years of age. LSSI is composed of 37 somatic and 19 psychological items whose symptoms, if repeated, differ only in intensity and severity. This instrument is divided into 3 sets: the 1st with 15 items refers to the physical or psychological symptoms that the patient has experienced in the last 24 hours; the second, composed of ten physical and five psychological symptoms, and is related to the symptoms experienced in the previous week; the third, with 12 physical and 11 psychological symptoms, refer to the situation of the previous month.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data tabulation was performed in the Microsoft Excel 2013 for Windows. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0. Variables with normal distribution were described in mean &#177; standard deviation. Variables with normal distribution were described in mean &#177; standard deviation and variables with asymmetric distributions such as median and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile).</p>
        <p>In order to correlate dietary intake of different food groups (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, <italic>in natura</italic> and ultra-processed foods) with the stress phases, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used.</p>
        <p>For the comparison of continuous variables concerning the presence or absence of stress, the Mann-Whitney test (food intake) and Student's t-test (blood pressure) were used for independent samples. In regards to the types of stress symptoms (physical/psychological/mixed) the tests used were Kruskal Wallis (food consumption) and ANOVA One-way (blood pressure). Significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05) was considered.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 100 patients with a mean age of 55.87 &#177; 12.55 years and 67% (n = 67) were females. The mean values of blood pressure were 182.38 &#177; 28.01 mmHg for systolic and 94.95 &#177; 12.42 mmHg for diastolic. Regarding the stress variable, 86% (n = 86) of the participants were included in some of the phases, of which 57% were in the resistance phase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">CARACTER&#205;STICAS</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean &#177; standard deviation)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">55.87 &#177;12.55</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(minimum- maximum)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">(19 a 80)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BLOOD PRESSURE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">182.38 &#177; 28.01</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">94.95 &#177; 12.42</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ESTRESSE &#8211; LSSI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alert</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resistence</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">57%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Almost exhaustion</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exhaustion</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">16%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No stress</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">14%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutritional State &#8211; BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eutrophic</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">31%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">69%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>LSSI: Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No correlation was observed between the different stages of stress, blood pressure and food consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation of the Stress phases with food consumption and blood pressure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">LSSI Phases</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">SBP</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">DBP</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.023 (p = 0.821)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.134 (p = 0.185)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.449 (p &gt; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ultraprocessed</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.059 (p = 0.563)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.003 (p = 0.980)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.070 (p = 0.490)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carbohidrates</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.008 (p = 0.938)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.074 (p = 0.467)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.115 (p = 0.253)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proteins</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.154 (p = 0.125)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.044 (p = 0.663)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.064 (p = 0.524)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In natura</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.002 (p = 0.987)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.113 (p = 0.262)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.083 (p = 0.413)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.160 (p = 0.313)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.193 (p = 0.220)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.003 (p = 0.987)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>Spearman Correlation Coefficient - correlation between stress phases (alert, resistance, near exhaustion and exhaustion) with food consumption (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ultra-processed and in natura foods) p &lt; 0.05. LSSI: Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the comparison of the food consumption profile with the presence or absence of stress and blood pressure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Food consumption and blood pressure according to the classification of present or absent Stress</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">LSSI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Absent</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Present</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ultraprocessed</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.1; 3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (0.7; 3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carbohydrates</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.3 (0.2; 0.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.3; 2.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prote&#237;ns</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 (2; 3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (1.7; 3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>In natura</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.5 (2.7; 3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 (2.7; 4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.761</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (3.5; 6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.6; 7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.367</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">168.07 &#177; 27.31</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">174.36 &#177; 26.58</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.416</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">90.93 &#177; 15.83</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">93.51 &#177; 15.56</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>Mann-Whitney and SBP (systolic blood pressure) and PAD (diastolic blood pressure) were used for food consumption (consumption on days of the week). Test T. LSSI: Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory for Adult.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the food groups investigated, there was a significant association with foods rich in lipids and psychological symptoms of stress, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of frequency of food consumption and blood pressure in relation to the types of stress symptoms</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Outcomes</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">LSSI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center">Physical</th>
              <th align="center">Psychological</th>
              <th align="center">Mixed</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ultraprocessed</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (0.5; 2.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 (1.3; 4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (0.8; 2.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carbohidrates</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.3; 2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.3; 1.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 (0.2; 2.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.573<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proteins</td>
              <td align="center">2.3 (1.6; 3)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (1.7; 3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (1.6; 3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.848<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>In natura</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">3.3 (2.6; 4)</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 (2.9; 4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 (2.6; 4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.608<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.5; 7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (7; 7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.3; 7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.026<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">170.66 &#177; 27.1</td>
              <td align="center">182.38 &#177; 28.01</td>
              <td align="center">177.92 &#177; 23.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.226<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">91.92 &#177; 15.74</td>
              <td align="center">94.95 &#177; 12.42</td>
              <td align="center">100.15 &#177; 18.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.226<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Kruskal Wallis Test &#8211; Values presented as mediana/interquartile interval.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>ANOVA &#8211; Values presented as Mean (M) &#177; Standard Deviation (SD).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>
              <italic>LSSI: Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study aimed to describe the relationship between stress and food consumption in hypertensive patients. Analyzing the consumption of foods rich in lipids in individuals with stress and predominance of psychological symptoms, we found a significant association between the variables.</p>
      <p>Regarding the predominance of women, it is believed that a more significant number of them seek care assistance and show higher health concerns when compared to the men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a review of stress-induced eating, Greeno and Wing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have shown that different stress stimuli cause different reactions, taking into account the individuality of the patients, but stress can affect the quality of food choice.</p>
      <p>Nguyen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstrated in his study on stress-induced eating with 517 students that perceived stress was a significant correlate of "emotional eating" and also added in their results that this factor is independent of BMI, suggesting there is no relation between stress-induced eating; and people who are overweight and obese.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we did not observe a significant positive relationship between food consumption in different stages of stress with the presence or absence of stress. The divergences found in this study concerning those mentioned above can be attributed to the diversity of the analyzed variables, which suggests a more detailed investigation, as it is well documented by Sousa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> that the stimuli and physiological responses differ in each phase of the stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding stress, in the resistance phase (57%), it is in agreement with the results obtained by Wottrich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> in which the predominance of the individuals evaluated was predominant in the endurance phase. These findings are in agreement with data from the study described by Malagris<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and Rosseti <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> whose results were similar in their research.</p>
      <p>Lipp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> also emphasizes that the resistance phase is associated with excessive fatigue, memory problems and doubts about oneself, which can significantly compromise the individual's quality of life.</p>
      <p>Pecoraro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and Zellner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> stated that in order to minimize stress symptoms, it is common to eat tasty foods, mostly high in fat, as a form of comfort and "self-medication". In another study with adolescents conducted in London, it was found that a high degree of perceived stress was related to high intakes of fat and large amounts of unhealthy meals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this study, a positive association between the consumption of rich foods in lipids in patients classified with some level of stress, with a predominance of psychological symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is important to point out that fat in the food promotes greater palatability being also more caloric. The fact that psychological symptoms are predominant may reveal that the individuals were worried, with low self-esteem and irritated, therefore, with their psychological conditions compromised, seeking for some compensation and well-being in food. It is known that emotions can determine food choices and preferences and foods are associated with the emotional context in which they are usually consumed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that primary prevention of blood pressure elevation can be achieved by controlling risk factors including changes in lifestyle, multimodal interventions are indicated to integrate education on healthy lifestyle and medical resources, physical activity, stress management and counseling on psychosocial risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study presented some limitations, we highlight the application of the questionnaire of the frequency of food consumption. This method requires greater precision to remember the foods consumed in the different frequencies evaluated, which could potentially be considered a memory bias. However, among the types of validated food consumption protocols, this is considered to be more reliable and representative of food when compared to the 24-hour food recall or food diary. Another difficulty observed was the small number of scientific studies on the subject, which made it difficult to deepen the discussion of the data.</p>
      <p>In the population of hypertensive patients, it is necessary to explore team strategies for better management of stress, as well as to prescribe a reduction in the intake of fatty foods and to accompany them, which will imply the effectiveness of disease control, risk control related to comorbidities and better quality of life.</p>
      <p>As future work, we intend to evaluate the relationship between altered dietary intake and blood pressure levels regarding specific stages of stress. Indeed, the analysis of this study shows itself useful for hypothesis assessment for future researchers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Changes in dietary choices were evidenced by higher consumption of high-fat foods in individuals with a prevalence of psychological symptoms. However, more studies are needed the alteration of food consumption and blood pressure levels in relation to certain stages of stress. Because hypertension is a multifactorial disease, it requires a multi-area treatment approach to achieve better results. These findings are essential to contribute to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of diseases, thus minimizing the risk factors for the progression of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of final graduation submitted by Aline Lopes Dalmazo, from Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the IC-FUC under the protocol number 4843/13. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse e Consumo Alimentar em Pacientes Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9329-1879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dalmazo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fetter</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldmeier</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9092-3882</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0728-3739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Os&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Ruttke Dillenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica (LIC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade FEEVALE, Novo Hamburgo, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Aline Lopes Dalmazo &#8226;</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica (LIC) - Rua Santana, 1237, segundo andar. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>aline@dalmazo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dalmazo AL, Goldmeier S, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Os&#243;rio DRD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dalmazo AL, Goldmeier S, Os&#243;rio DRD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Goldmeier S, Pellanda LC, Barbosa ECD, Os&#243;rio DRD; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fetter C, Moreira TR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento:Irigoyen MC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dalmazo AL, Fetter C, Moreira TR, Os&#243;rio DRD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fetter C, Goldmeier S, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Barbosa ECD, Moreira TR, Os&#243;rio DRD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O estresse &#233; um estado de amea&#231;a ao equil&#237;brio do organismo, podendo causar altera&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas e psicol&#243;gicas. No paciente hipertenso o estresse pode interferir nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e gerar influ&#234;ncia nas escolhas alimentares e neglig&#234;ncia da dieta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estresse e consumo alimentar de pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, desenvolvido no Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram da pesquisa indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com idade &gt; 18 anos. Foram coletados dados de press&#227;o arterial, consumo alimentar e medidas antropom&#233;tricas. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estresse foram avaliadas pelo <italic>invent&#225;rio</italic> de sintomas de <italic>stress</italic> para adultos de <italic>Lipp (ISSL)</italic>. Em todas as an&#225;lises foi considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de participantes foi de 100. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia no sexo feminino (67%), a idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 55,87 &#177; 12,55 anos. Dos participantes, 86% se classificaram em alguma das fases do estresse, sendo que destes, 57% estavam na fase de resist&#234;ncia. Observou-se que n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de estresse (bem como suas fases), n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e consumo alimentar. O consumo de alimentos ricos em lip&#237;dios em hipertensos com sintomas de estresse apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os alimentos ricos em gordura prevaleceram entre as escolhas alimentares nos pacientes com sintomas psicol&#243;gicos de estresse. Sugere-se mais estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o a altera&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s fases do estresse.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Fisiol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesos e Medidas Corporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estresse &#233; qualquer for&#231;a ou experi&#234;ncia que rompe o equil&#237;brio psicol&#243;gico, portanto homeost&#225;tico de um organismo, pois ativa uma cascata de rea&#231;&#245;es em cadeia que aumentam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de adrenalina pelas gl&#226;ndulas suprarrenais e estimulam a taquicardia, dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos sangu&#237;neos dos m&#250;sculos e do c&#233;rebro e contraem os vasos sangu&#237;neos que irrigam os &#243;rg&#227;os da digest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, o estresse afeta mais de 90% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e cerca de 70% dos brasileiros. O estresse &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o especial onde pode ocorrer o desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas consider&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse pode provocar altera&#231;&#245;es qualitativas e quantitativas no padr&#227;o alimentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Atualmente h&#225; uma maior disponibilidade e facilidade para o consumo de alimentos hiperpalat&#225;veis. S&#227;o os quais possuem uma densidade cal&#243;rica elevada e ricos em gorduras e a&#231;&#250;cares, propiciando n&#227;o s&#243; o ganho de peso, mas tamb&#233;m contribuindo para o aumento das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Na maioria das vezes o estresse promove um aumento do consumo deste tipo de alimento, consequentemente diminuindo a ingest&#227;o de frutas e vegetais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A alimenta&#231;&#227;o emocional poder&#225; estar relacionada com altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais e metab&#243;licas da resposta ao estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O efeito do estresse na alimenta&#231;&#227;o parece modificar o metabolismo de v&#225;rios nutrientes, tais como vitaminas do complexo B, vitamina C, c&#225;lcio, magn&#233;sio, ferro e zinco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, quando o estresse acomete o indiv&#237;duo, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de negligenciar a dieta, agravando condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas pela ingest&#227;o inadequada de nutrientes. Dentre as defici&#234;ncias nutricionais, destaca-se a defici&#234;ncia de minerais, que est&#225; ligada a uma grande variedade de disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Se o estresse &#233; cont&#237;nuo e intenso, al&#233;m de gerar preju&#237;zo para o sistema end&#243;crino e imunol&#243;gico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> poder&#225; levar a altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de lip&#237;deos, da press&#227;o arterial, dos batimentos card&#237;acos, ao maior consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio e como consequ&#234;ncia, redu&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco diminuindo a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Progressivamente esses problemas levam ao aumento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o grande fator desencadeante da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; exatamente a tens&#227;o exercida em momentos de estresse e ansiedade que alteram toda a configura&#231;&#227;o hormonal e sistem&#225;tica do organismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desta forma o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse, escolhas alimentares e consumo alimentar em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, desenvolvido no Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, com coleta de dados realizada entre 2013 e 2015. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes hipertensos, de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade superior a 18 anos, oriundos de Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, em uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas e com diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dio de hipertens&#227;o de cinco anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, cir&#250;rgicos e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio comprovado pelo prontu&#225;rio cl&#237;nico. O fluxograma dos pacientes convidados a participar do estudo encontra-se descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do estudo. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; ISSL: Invent&#225;rio de sintomas de stress para adultos de LIPP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0374-90175-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero amostral para realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, realizou-se o c&#225;lculo com o poder de 80%, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e uma correla&#231;&#227;o esperada de r = 0,25 entre as fases do estresse e o consumo alimentar, totalizando uma amostra composta por 97 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo ap&#243;s a explana&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos, justificativa e m&#233;todos que seriam empregados na coleta de dados. Ap&#243;s o aceite, os pacientes assinaram duas vias do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido que foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do IC/FUC, sob o n&#186; 4843/13. Cabe salientar que o protocolo do estudo cumpriu com todas as diretrizes &#233;ticas preconizadas pela Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu nas depend&#234;ncias do Instituto de Cardiologia durante as consultas agendadas no ambulat&#243;rio multidisciplinar da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, durante uma &#250;nica consulta. A coleta de dados foi realizada por profissionais capacitados. Foram coletadas vari&#225;veis de idade, g&#234;nero, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, antropometria, consumo alimentar e sintomas de estresse.</p>
        <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foi realizada pelo enfermeiro da equipe, conforme o m&#233;todo descrito na VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram aferidas pelo nutricionista, onde foram coletadas as vari&#225;veis de peso e estatura, com aux&#237;lio de uma balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica, da marca <italic>Welmy&#174;,</italic> com capacidade de 200 kg e com r&#233;gua antropom&#233;trica acoplada de at&#233; 2 metros. Para a pesagem, todos os pacientes foram orientados a ficarem descal&#231;os a retirar objetos dos bolsos, rel&#243;gio e roupas em excesso. O paciente foi colocado em p&#233;, no centro da plataforma da balan&#231;a, com os bra&#231;os estendidos ao longo do corpo. Na verifica&#231;&#227;o da estatura, ao subir na balan&#231;a, o paciente manteve-se descal&#231;o e em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, com a cabe&#231;a erguida, bra&#231;os pendentes ao lado do corpo, calcanhares e dorso encostados no plano vertical da haste. Em sequ&#234;ncia, orientou-se para que o paciente n&#227;o se encolhesse, quando a haste encostasse na cabe&#231;a, cujo apoio desta se mantivesse sobre o couro cabeludo evitando apenas o contato sobre o cabelo. Com os dados de peso e altura foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e foi adotado os seguintes pontos de corte para adultos: Baixo peso &lt; 18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Eutrofia 18,5 - 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Sobrepeso 25 - 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e Obesidade &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Para idoso foi utilizado, Baixo peso: &lt; 22 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; Eutrofia: 22 - 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e Excesso de peso: &gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> conforme Lipschitz (1994).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa do consumo alimentar foi aplicado o question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar adaptado de Ribeiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a fim de analisar a frequ&#234;ncia de consumo dos alimentos. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do referido question&#225;rio foi conduzida atrav&#233;s da estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos alimentares consumidos, sendo avaliados os seguintes grupos: alimentos ultraprocessados, alimentos <italic>in natura,</italic> ricos em carboidratos, prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de estresse foi aplicado o Invent&#225;rio de sintomas de stress para adultos de LIPP (ISSL), pela psic&#243;loga da equipe. Este invent&#225;rio &#233; uma medida objetiva da sintomatologia do estresse em indiv&#237;duos acima de 15 anos. O ISSL &#233; composto por 37 itens de natureza som&#225;tica e 19 psicol&#243;gicas cujos sintomas, eventualmente repetidos, diferem somente em intensidade e gravidade. Este instrumento, dividido em 3 conjuntos: o primeiro, com 15 itens refere-se aos sintomas f&#237;sicos ou psicol&#243;gicos que o paciente tenha experimentado nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas; o segundo, composto de dez sintomas f&#237;sicos e cinco psicol&#243;gicos, e relaciona-se aos sintomas experimentados na &#250;ltima semana; o terceiro, com 12 sintomas f&#237;sicos e 11 psicol&#243;gicos, refere-se &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo m&#234;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A tabula&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi executada no Programa <italic>Excel&#174;</italic> para Windows. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), na vers&#227;o 22.0. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (percentil 25 e 75).</p>
          <p>Para correlacionar consumo alimentar de diferentes grupos alimentares (carboidratos, lip&#237;dios, prote&#237;nas, alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> e os ultraprocessados) com as fases do estresse foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic>.</p>
          <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em rela&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estresse foi utilizado o teste de <italic>Mann-Whitney (</italic>consumo alimentar) e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (n&#237;veis de press&#227;o) para amostras independentes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tipos de sintomas de estresse (f&#237;sico/psicol&#243;gico/misto) os testes utilizados foram, <italic>Kruskal Wallis</italic> (consumo alimentar) e ANOVA <italic>One-way (n&#237;veis de press&#227;o)</italic>.</p>
          <p>Em todas as an&#225;lises foi considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta por 100 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 55,87 &#177; 12,55 anos e 67% (n = 67) era do g&#234;nero feminino. Os valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial foram de 182,38 &#177; 28,01 mmHg para sist&#243;lica e 94,95 &#177; 12,42 mmHg para diast&#243;lica. Referente a vari&#225;vel estresse, 86% (n = 86) dos participantes estavam inclu&#237;dos em alguma das fases, sendo que destes, 57% estavam na fase de resist&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">CARACTER&#205;STICAS</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>G&#202;NERO</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDADE (md &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">55,87 &#177;12,55</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(min-m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(19 a 80)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PRESS&#195;O ARTERIAL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (M&#233;dia desvio-padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">182,38 &#177; 28,01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (M&#233;dia desvio-padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">94,95 &#177; 12,42</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ESTRESSE &#8211; ISSL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alerta</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">57%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quase exaust&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exaust&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">16%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem estresse</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">14%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado Nutricional &#8211; IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">31%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>ISSL: Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes fases do estresse, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e o consumo alimentar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o das fases do Estresse com consumo alimentar e press&#227;o arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ISSL Fases</th>
                <th align="center">PAS</th>
                <th align="center">PAD</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,023 (p = 0,821)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,134 (p = 0,185)</td>
                <td align="center">0,449 (p &gt; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Ultra processados</td>
                <td align="center">-0,059 (p = 0,563)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003 (p = 0,980)</td>
                <td align="center">0,070 (p = 0,490)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_carboidratos</td>
                <td align="center">0,008 (p = 0,938)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,074 (p = 0,467)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,115 (p = 0,253)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Prote&#237;nas</td>
                <td align="center">-0,154 (p = 0,125)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,044 (p = 0,663)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,064 (p = 0,524)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_<italic>in natura</italic></td>
                <td align="center">-0,002 (p = 0,987)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,113 (p = 0,262)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,083 (p = 0,413)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Lip&#237;dios</td>
                <td align="center">0,160 (p = 0,313)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,193 (p = 0,220)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 (p = 0,987)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>
                <italic>Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman &#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre fases do estresse (alerta, resist&#234;ncia, quase exaust&#227;o e exaust&#227;o) com consumo alimentar (carboidratos, prote&#237;nas, lip&#237;dios, ultra processados e alimentos in natura). p &lt; 0,05. ISSL: Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para adultos de Lipp; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, encontra-se a compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil do consumo alimentar com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estresse e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Consumo alimentar e press&#227;o arterial de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Estresse presente ou ausente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">ISSL</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">Ausente</th>
                <th align="center">Presente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Ultra processados</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,1 ; 3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (0,7 ; 3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Carboidratos</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,2 ; 0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,3 ; 2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Prote&#237;nas</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (2 ; 3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,7 ; 3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_<italic>in natura</italic></td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (2,7 ; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (2,7 ; 4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,761</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Lip&#237;dios</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (3,5 ; 6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,6 ; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,367</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">168,07 &#177; 27,31</td>
                <td align="center">174,36 &#177; 26,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,93 &#177; 15,83</td>
                <td align="center">93,51 &#177; 15,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>
                <italic>Para consumo alimentar (consumo em dias da semana) foi utilizado o Mann-Whitney e para PAS (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica) e PAD (press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) o Teste T. Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para adultos de Lipp (ISSL)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dentre os grupos alimentares investigados, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com alimentos ricos em lip&#237;dios e sintomas psicol&#243;gicos de estresse, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de consumo alimentar e dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tipos de sintomas de estresse</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">ISSL</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">F&#237;sicos</th>
                <th align="center">Psicol&#243;gicos</th>
                <th align="center">Mistos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Ultraprocessados</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,5 ; 2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (1,3 ; 4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (0,8 ; 2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Carboidratos</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,3 ; 2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,3 ; 1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,2 ; 2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,573<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Prote&#237;nas</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,6 ; 3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,7 ; 3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,6 ; 3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,848<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_in natura</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (2,6 ; 4)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (2,9 ; 4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (2,6 ; 4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,608<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo_Lip&#237;dios</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,5 ; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7 ; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,3 ; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">170,66 &#177; 27,1</td>
                <td align="center">182,38 &#177; 28,01</td>
                <td align="center">177,92 &#177; 23,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,226<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">91,92 &#177; 15,74</td>
                <td align="center">94,95 &#177; 12,42</td>
                <td align="center">100,15 &#177; 18,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,226<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste Kruskal Wallis - Valores apresentados como mediana/intervalo interquart&#237;lico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>ANOVA &#8211; valores apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>
                <italic>ISSL: Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para adultos de Lipp; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo procurou-se descrever a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estresse e o consumo alimentar de pacientes hipertensos. Ao analisarmos o consumo de alimentos ricos em lip&#237;dios em indiv&#237;duos com estresse e predom&#237;nio de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos, encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; predomin&#226;ncia do g&#234;nero feminino acredita-se que um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres procuram o aux&#237;lio assistencial e demonstram maiores preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a sa&#250;de, quando comparados ao g&#234;nero masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo estresse Greeno,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> destaca-se que diferentes est&#237;mulos de estresse provocam rea&#231;&#245;es distintas, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a individualidade dos pacientes, por&#233;m o estresse pode afetar a qualidade da escolha alimentar.</p>
        <p>Nguyen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstraram em seu estudo sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o induzida por estresse com 517 estudantes que o estresse percebido foi um correlato significativo da &#8220;alimenta&#231;&#227;o emocional&#8221; e tamb&#233;m agregou em seus resultados que este fator independe do IMC, sugerindo que a alimenta&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo estresse n&#227;o est&#225; vinculada a pessoas que tem excesso de peso e obesidade.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o observamos rela&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre consumo alimentar nas diferentes fases do estresse com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estresse. As diverg&#234;ncias encontradas neste estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos citados podem ser atribu&#237;das a diversidade das vari&#225;veis analisadas, o que sugere uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, pois est&#225; bem documentado por Sousa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que os est&#237;mulos e respostas fisiol&#243;gicas diferem em cada fase do estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao estresse, na fase de resist&#234;ncia (57%), vai ao encontro com os resultados obtidos por Wottrich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> no qual identificou predomin&#226;ncia na fase de resist&#234;ncia dos indiv&#237;duos avaliados. Estes achados v&#227;o ao encontro com dados do estudo descrito por Malagris Fiorito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e Rosseti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> cujos resultados se assemelhavam em suas pesquisas.</p>
        <p>Lipp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> tamb&#233;m enfatizam que a fase de resist&#234;ncia est&#225; associada ao cansa&#231;o excessivo, problemas de mem&#243;ria e d&#250;vidas quanto a si pr&#243;prio, o que pode comprometer sobremaneira a qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        <p>Pecoraro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e Zellner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> afirmaram que para minimizar os sintomas do estresse, &#233; comum o consumo alimentos saborosos, na sua maioria ricos em gorduras, como forma de conforto e &#8220;automedica&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. Em um outro estudo, com adolescentes realizado em Londres, foi constatado que um alto grau de estresse percebido foi relacionado com alto consumo de gordura e de grandes quantidades de refei&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Neste estudo foi demonstrada associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre consumo de alimentos ricos em lip&#237;dios em pacientes classificados com algum n&#237;vel de estresse, com predomin&#226;ncia de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante salientar que a gordura no alimento promove maior palatabilidade, sendo tamb&#233;m um alimento mais cal&#243;rico. Destaca-se o fato de haver predomin&#226;ncia de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos podendo revelar que os indiv&#237;duos encontravam-se preocupados, com baixa autoestima e irritados, logo, com suas condi&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas comprometidas, buscando algum tipo de compensa&#231;&#227;o e bem estar no alimento. Sabe-se que as emo&#231;&#245;es podem determinar as escolhas e prefer&#234;ncias alimentares e os alimentos associam-se ao contexto emocional em que habitualmente s&#227;o consumidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base no descrito e considerando que a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s do controle de fatores de risco e isto inclui mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida. Neste caso, est&#227;o indicadas interven&#231;&#245;es multimodais, integrando educa&#231;&#227;o sobre estilo de vida saud&#225;vel e recursos m&#233;dicos, atividade f&#237;sica, controle do estresse e aconselhamento sobre fatores de risco psicossociais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se a aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia de consumo alimentar. Este m&#233;todo requer maior precis&#227;o para lembrar dos alimentos consumidos nas diferentes frequ&#234;ncias avaliadas, o que potencialmente poderia ser considerado um vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria. No entanto, dentre os tipos de protocolos de consumo alimentar validados, este &#233; considerado de maior confiabilidade e representatividade da alimenta&#231;&#227;o, quando comparado ao recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas ou ao di&#225;rio alimentar. Outra dificuldade observada foi o reduzido n&#250;mero de estudos cient&#237;ficos sobre o tema, o que dificultou maior aprofundamento na discuss&#227;o dos dados.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hipertensos, h&#225; a necessidade da explora&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias em equipe para melhor manejo do estresse assim como prescrever a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de alimentos gordurosos e acompanha-los, o que implicar&#225; na efic&#225;cia do controle da doen&#231;a, controle de risco relacionados a comorbidades e melhor qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>Sugere-se mais estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em rela&#231;&#227;o as determinadas fases do estresse. Mesmo assim, as an&#225;lises do estudo poder&#227;o ser &#250;teis para levantamento de hip&#243;teses para estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A altera&#231;&#227;o nas escolhas alimentares foi evidenciada pelo maior consumo de alimentos ricos em gorduras nos indiv&#237;duos com preval&#234;ncia de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos. Por&#233;m sugerem-se mais estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s determinadas fases do estresse. A hipertens&#227;o arterial por ser uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, necessita uma abordagem multiprofissional, para atingir melhores resultados no tratamento. Estes achados s&#227;o importantes para contribuir com o desenvolvimento de novas estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de doen&#231;as, minimizando assim os fatores de risco para progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de Aline Lopes Dalmazo pela Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do IC-FUC sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4843/13. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
