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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WbCZf3YkW7kLKDLdpKxYKQm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900364</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190199</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Residual Platelet Activity in Response to Acetylsalicylic Acid in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A New Challenge for Antiplatelet Treatment?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio C.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade Coron&#225;ria do PROCAPE (Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Coron&#225;ria do PROCAPE (Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco), Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura Monteiro J&#250;nior,</bold> Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Unidade Coron&#225;ria - 1&#186; andar - Rua dos Palmares, S/N, Santo Amaro. Postal Code 50100-060, Recife, PE - Brazil.E-mail: <email>jgildojunior@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>364</fpage>
      <lpage>366</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world, with coronary heart disease being the main etiology, accounting in 2016 for 31% of global deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Myocardial infarction (MI) is usually due to changes in the arterial wall or thrombotic occlusion of a coronary vessel caused by the rupture of a vulnerable plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Instability in the atherosclerotic plaque is the result of local and systemic oxidative stress, thus leading to platelet activation and formation of aggregates in the circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The major function of platelets is as part of the homeostatic mechanism, halting blood loss after tissue trauma, but in oxidative conditions, they are associated with various CVD such as hypertension, heart failure, stroke, diabetes and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Previous studies have shown the importance of aspirin in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease, hence the importance of anti-platelet aggregation in acute and chronic coronary syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Dracoulakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstrate the high residual variability in response to aspirin in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, comparing acute and late phases, correlating with laboratory evaluation tests of platelet aggregation and the variation of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6). In this study, the authors demonstrate statistically significant differences in response to aspirin during the acute and late phases of acute coronary disease.</p>
    <p>Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (low density oxidized lipoproteins - oxLDLs and the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase - NOX2, among others) and the cellular antioxidant system (ascorbate / a-tocopherol pair, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 -SOD1 and SOD2, and catalase, among others), contributing to the development of atherosclerosis that eventually leads to thrombosis, the main cause of heart attacks and strokes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Reactive platelet oxygen species are mainly generated by the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> NOX2 is a platelet-expressed NADPH oxidase isoform and an important thrombosis regulator associated with platelet activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus NOX2 has a prominent role as shown by the antiplatelet effects caused by the inhibition of NOX2 activity, resulting in impaired production of platelet, lower calcium mobilization and GPIIb/IIIa activation and usually inhibition of platelet aggregation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> There is an increase in P-selectin and sCD40L plasma levels associated with increased NOX2 activity, oxLDL triggering foam cell formation and accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques, leading to platelet activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Thus, platelets are oxidized by LDL, with activation via specific oxLDL receptors, both effects being mediated by NOX2 activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, there are complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species by cells, as demonstrated by Eduardo Fuentes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A Genetic deficiency of the enzyme is associated with a very rare illness (chronic granulomatous disease - CGD), which is characterized by the absence at NOX2 (X-linked CGD) or more rarely by lack of cytosolic subunits such as p47phox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This has been corroborated by the discovery of NOX2 on the platelet surface and by the demonstration, that as with leucocytes, platelet NOX2 is essential for the production reactive oxidant species. Accordingly, platelets from patients with NOX2 hereditary deficiency not only reduced F2-isoprostanes but also enhanced nitric oxide generation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Furthermore, NOX2 is important for platelet aggregation because O<sub>2</sub>
			<sup>-</sup> is rapidly dismutated to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Animals treated with apocynin, which hampers p47<sup>phox</sup> translocation to NOX2, disclosed reduced platelet H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> formation and age-related thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Studies have revelated the importance of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as a trigger of platelet activation and thrombosis, including the role of GPx, another enzyme that destroys H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Animals over-expressing GPx1, platelet activation as well as platelet-related thrombosis were significantly inhibited.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These data indicate that NOX2 plays a major role in platelet activation via different mechanisms: formation of F2-isoprostanes, inhibition of NO and production of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Patients with coronary atherosclerosis have a higher platelet reactivity, which may represent an increased risk of periprocedural MI. Approximately one-third of patients presenting an acute ST-segment elevation MI, even with coronary stenting, develop a &#8220;no-reflow&#8221; phenomenon that is associated with increased platelet activity or inadequate platelet inhibition at the time of MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, oxidative stress may be associated with increased platelet aggregation due to a diminished response to antiplatelet therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Multiple pathways contribute to platelet activation and aggregation by reflecting, as independent signals, thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> (TXA<sub>2</sub>)<sub>,</sub> adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and activated thrombin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> These represent goals in therapeutic modulation such as cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors, P2Y12 inhibitors, protease-activated receptors (PAR) 1 inhibitors and interindividual variability in drug responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Platelets are heterogeneous in volume and density, biological variables that determine platelet function, playing an important role in the development of intravascular thrombus. Large platelets are metabolically and enzymatically more active than small platelets, which is reflected in the increase in mean platelet volume (MPV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In the study by Hilal Bektas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the MPV value above 10.4 is a predictor of severe atherosclerosis with a sensitivity of 39% and specificity of 90% (ROC curve: 0.631, 95% CI: 0.549-0.708, p = 0.003), and can be used as a predictor of cardiac risk in patients with disease coronary artery. Another pathway includes impaired biosynthesis or inactivation of NO and/or enhanced the formation of isoprostanes, which may represent a future target of antiplatelet drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Antiplatelet therapy is important in the prevention of MI, and despite its proven efficacy in both acute and chronic phases, there is still a high recurrence rate of ischemic events in patients with coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Aspirin resistance may be present in 5% to 75% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In a systematic review, Hovens et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstrated the high variability in individual response to aspirin in different populations. There are laboratory methods such as VerifyNow (VFN), total blood aggregometry (TBA) and platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) that can assess this platelet variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Oxidative stress may be associated with increased aggregation due to diminished response to antiplatelet therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, the reason for this high platelet variability is still unclear despite the routine use of aspirin and the relative contribution of NOX2 as a key target of different platelet activation pathways in the treatment of acute and chronic coronary disease. Specific antioxidants may, therefore, represent a new approach to limit platelet-related vascular complications due to the presence of NOX2.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: High Residual Platelet Reactivity during Aspirin Therapy in Patients with Non-St Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Comparison Between Initial and Late Phases</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alta Atividade Plaquet&#225;ria Residual em Resposta a Aspirina na S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda: Um Novo Desafio para o Tratamento Antiplaquet&#225;rio?</article-title>
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            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
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          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Coron&#225;ria do PROCAPE (Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco), Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura Monteiro J&#250;nior,</bold> Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Unidade Coron&#225;ria - 1&#186; andar - Rua dos Palmares, S/N, Santo Amaro. CEP 50100-060, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jgildojunior@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo, sendo a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana a principal etiologia, e que em 2016 representou 31% das mortes globais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre usualmente devido a altera&#231;&#245;es na parede arterial ou oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica de um vaso coronariano causada pela ruptura de uma placa vulner&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A instabilidade na placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; consequ&#234;ncia do estresse oxidativo local e sist&#234;mico que, consequentemente, ocasiona a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos na circula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o principal das plaquetas &#233; a participa&#231;&#227;o no mecanismo homeost&#225;tico, parar a perda de sangue ap&#243;s um trauma tecidual, mas sob condi&#231;&#245;es oxidativas est&#227;o associadas a v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes e aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram a relev&#226;ncia na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com o uso de aspirina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Portanto, est&#225; bem demonstrada a import&#226;ncia da antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>Em artigo nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Dracoulakis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram a constata&#231;&#227;o em sua pesquisa da alta variabilidade residual em resposta &#224; aspirina em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supra de ST, em compara&#231;&#227;o nas fases aguda e tardia, correlacionando com os testes laboratoriais de avalia&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e a varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (prote&#237;na C reativa e interleucina-6). Neste estudo, os autores demonstraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas quanto a resposta &#224; aspirina durante as fases aguda e tardia da coronariopatia aguda.</p>
      <p>O estresse oxidativo representa um desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (lipoprote&#237;nas oxidadas de baixa densidade (oxLDLs)) e a subunidade catal&#237;tica da nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato (NADPH) oxidase (NOX2), entre outros e o sistema antioxidante celular (ascorbato/a-tocoferol, glutationa, glutationa peroxidase, heme oxigenase 1, super&#243;xido dismutase 1 e 2 - SOD1 e SOD2, e catalase, entre outros), contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose que eventualmente leva &#224; trombose, principal causa de infartos mioc&#225;rdicos e acidentes vasculares cerebrais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio de plaquetas s&#227;o geradas principalmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o da NOX2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O NOX2 &#233; uma isoforma da NADPH oxidase expressa em plaquetas e um importante regulador da trombose associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, o NOX2 tem um papel proeminente, como demonstrado pelos efeitos antiplaquet&#225;rios causados pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade do NOX2, resultando em preju&#237;zo na produ&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> plaquet&#225;rio, menor mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio, ativa&#231;&#227;o de GP IIb/IIIa e geralmente inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> H&#225; um aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de P-selectina e sCD40L associado ao aumento da atividade de NOX2, oxLDL desencadeando a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas e seu ac&#250;mulo nas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, o que favorece a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. Portanto, as LDL oxidam as plaquetas, com ativa&#231;&#227;o dessas vias de receptores espec&#237;ficos de oxLDL, ambos os efeitos s&#227;o mediados pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de NOX2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Entretanto, existem vias enzim&#225;ticas e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticas complexas envolvidas na forma&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio pelas c&#233;lulas, como demonstrado por Eduardo Fuentes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A defici&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica da enzima est&#225; associada a doen&#231;a granulomatosa cr&#244;nica (DGC) que &#233; muito rara e se caracteriza pela aus&#234;ncia de NOX2 (DGC ligada ao X) ou, mais raramente, pela falta de subunidades citos&#243;licas, como p47phox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os achados foram corroborados pela descoberta do NOX2 na superf&#237;cie plaquet&#225;ria e pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de leuc&#243;citos. Assim, o NOX2 plaquet&#225;rio &#233; essencial para a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxidantes. Consequentemente, as plaquetas de pacientes com defici&#234;ncia heredit&#225;ria de NOX2 n&#227;o s&#243; mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de F2-isoprostanos, mas tamb&#233;m de aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o NOX2 &#233; importante para a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria porque o O<sub>2</sub>- &#233; rapidamente dismutado para H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Animais tratados com apocinina, que dificulta a transloca&#231;&#227;o p47phox para NOX2, revelaram redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> plaquet&#225;ria e trombose relacionada &#224; idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mais recentemente tem sido estudada a relev&#226;ncia do H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> como desencadeador de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e trombose, e o papel da glutationa peroxidase (GPx), outra enzima que destr&#243;i H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. J&#225; em animais com superexpress&#227;o de GPx1, a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e a trombose plaquet&#225;ria mostraram-se significativamente inibidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esses dados indicam que o NOX2 desempenha um papel importante na ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria atrav&#233;s de diferentes mecanismos: forma&#231;&#227;o de F2-isoprostanos, inibi&#231;&#227;o do ON e produ&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ateroscler&#243;ticas t&#234;m uma maior reatividade plaquet&#225;ria, que pode em parte resultar em um risco aumentado de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio peri-procedimento de angioplastia. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, mesmo com implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio, desenvolvem um fen&#244;meno de &#8220;<italic>no reflow</italic>&#8221; que est&#225; associado ao aumento da atividade plaquet&#225;ria ou inibi&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria inadequada no momento do infarto mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Portanto, o estresse oxidativo pode estar associado ao aumento da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>M&#250;ltiplas vias contribuem para a ativa&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, refletindo como elementos independentes, a tromboxane A2 (TXA2), o difosfato de adenosina (ADP) e a trombina ativada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Estas representam alvos da modula&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica como inibidores da ciclooxigenase-1, inibidores P2Y12, receptores ativados por protease (PAR)-1, inibidores e determinantes da variabilidade interindividual na resposta a drogas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As plaquetas s&#227;o heterog&#234;neas no volume e na densidade plaquet&#225;ria, vari&#225;veis biol&#243;gicas que determinam a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, desempenhando papel importante no desenvolvimento do trombo intravascular. Plaquetas grandes s&#227;o metabolicamente e enzimaticamente mais ativas do que plaquetas pequenas, o que se reflete no aumento do volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No estudo de Hilal Bektas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> o valor de VPM acima de 10,4 &#233; um preditor de aterosclerose grave com sensibilidade de 39% e especificidade de 90% (curva ROC: 0,631; IC95%: 0,549-0,708; p = 0,003) e pode ser usado como preditor de risco card&#237;aco em pacientes com coronariopatia. Outra via inclui bioss&#237;ntese diminu&#237;da ou inativa&#231;&#227;o de ON e/ou forma&#231;&#227;o aumentada de isoprostanos, o que pode representar um objetivo no desenvolvimento futuro de drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#233; importante na preven&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e apesar de sua efic&#225;cia comprovada nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, ainda h&#225; uma alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina pode estar presente em 5% a 75% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Hovens et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstraram em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica a alta variabilidade na resposta individual &#224; aspirina em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Existem m&#233;todos laboratoriais, como VerifyNow (VFN), agregometria de sangue total (AST) e analisador da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (PFA-100) que podem avaliar essa variabilidade plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O estresse oxidativo pode estar associado ao aumento da agrega&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio. No entanto, a raz&#227;o para essa alta variabilidade plaquet&#225;ria ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara, apesar do uso rotineiro de aspirina, e da contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa de NOX2 como alvo-chave de diferentes vias de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria no tratamento da doen&#231;a coronariana aguda e cr&#244;nica. Portanto, antioxidantes espec&#237;ficos podem representar uma nova abordagem para limitar as complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares relacionadas &#224;s plaquetas, devido a presen&#231;a de NOX2.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Alta Atividade Plaquet&#225;ria Residual em Resposta ao &#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Sem Supra de ST: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as Fases Aguda e Tardia</p>
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