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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cvc54SdhhqVvf9w7CmLXynp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900357</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005014103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Residual Platelet Reactivity during Aspirin Therapy in Patients with Non-St Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Comparison Between Initial and Late Phases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5521-5955</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dracoulakis</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Deway Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurbel</surname>
            <given-names>Paul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cattaneo</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Herlon Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Bahia - Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sinai Hospital of Baltimore</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Baltimore</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sinai Hospital of Baltimore - Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universita Degli Studi Di Milano</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unita di Medicina III</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Mil&#227;o</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universita Degli Studi Di Milano - Unita di Medicina III, Mil&#227;o - It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis,</bold> Hospital da Bahia - Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa - Av. Professor Magalh&#227;es Neto, 1541. Postal Code 41810-020, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>madeway@hotmail.com</email>, <email>marianna.andrade@hospitaldabahia.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dracoulakis MDA, Martins HS, Nicolau JC; Acquisition of data: Dracoulakis MDA; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Dracoulakis MDA, Nicolau JC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dracoulakis MDA, Gurbel P, Cattaneo M, Martins HS, Nicolau JC, Kalil Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>357</fpage>
      <lpage>363</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>High platelet reactivity (HPR) during therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a poor prognostic factor in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The prevalence of HPR during ACS is greater than that reported in stable diseases. However, it is unclear whether this prevalence of HPR is a transient phenomenon or a characteristic of this high-risk population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The main objective is to compare the effects of ASA on platelet function in the initial and late phases of ACS in a single population. Secondary objectives are: correlation between the tests between themselves and the relationship between the tests and the variation of the inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Seventy patients with non-ST segment elevation (NSTE) ACS in use of 100-200 mg of ASA per day for at least 7 days were prospectively studied. Platelet function was assessed in the first 48 hours and subsequently after 3 months using four methods: VerifyNow&#8482; (VFN), whole blood platelet aggregation (WBPA) with arachidonic acid (AA) and collagen as agonists, and platelet function analyzer (PFA). The level of statistical significance considered was &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>According to the more specific methods (WBPA with AA and VFN), the incidence of HPR was significantly higher in the early phase than in the late phase: WBPA with AA: 31% versus 13%, p = 0.015; VFN: 32% versus 16%, p = 0.049. The other methods tested, which were less specific for ASA, did not show significant differences between phases. The correlation between the methods was weak or moderate (r ranging from 0.3 to 0.5, p &lt; 0.05), and there were no significant associations between HPR and inflammatory markers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of HPR during AAS therapy, assessed by specific methods for cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), is higher during the acute phase than in the late phase of NSTE ACS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>aspirin/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin/adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used as first-line antiplatelet therapy for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is recommended by the guidelines of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> for patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS).</p>
      <p>AAS has been tested with proven efficacy in several randomized clinical trials across the spectrum of both acute and chronic coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, some studies have demonstrated high variability in the individual antiplatelet response to ASA in different populations and scenarios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This variability may contribute, at least in part, to the high rate of recurrence of ischemic events in patients with coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of high platelet reactivity (HPR) in patients using ASA depends, among other factors, on the laboratory test and cut-off point used, as well as on the clinical picture. In patients with chronic arterial disease, the prevalence ranges from 0 to 57% (24%, on average).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> More importantly, patients with HPR have been described to have a poorer clinical outcome, with a higher incidence of serious cardiovascular events, including mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In ACS, the estimated prevalence of HPR is supposedly higher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Previous studies have suggested that atherosclerotic load and systemic inflammation may have a significant influence on platelet reactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, it is not clear whether this high prevalence of HPR is a transient acute phase phenomenon or a permanent characteristic of this high risk population, since, to the best of our knowledge, no study has analyzed the response to ASA during the acute and chronic phases in the same population. The present study was designed to give a definitive answer on this important question.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Prospective inclusion of 70 consecutive patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary cardiology hospital with a diagnosis of NSTE ACS, with initial evaluation at admission (acute phase) and subsequently 3 months after discharge (late phase). Patients were considered eligible for inclusion if aged &#8805; 18 years, had been diagnosed with unstable angina or non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction within the first 48 hours of clinical onset, and were using 100 mg to 200 mg of AAS for at least 7 days prior to the event.</p>
        <p>The main exclusion criteria were the use of another antiplatelet agent in addition to ASA, oral or parenteral anticoagulation, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the last 30 days or myocardial revascularization surgery in the last 90 days. Other exclusion criteria were hemoglobin &lt; 10 g/dL; platelets &lt; 100,000/mm<sup>3</sup> or &gt; 500,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinine clearance &lt; 30 mL/min; decompensated heart failure (Killip III or IV); current use of inotropes or vasopressors; and known hematological or neoplastic diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Model</title>
        <p>Patients were evaluated at two different moments: initially, at admission to ED, prior to the administration of any other antithrombotic treatment except ASA, and 3 months after hospital discharge, when they should also be on ASA as the only antiplatelet agent. At each evaluation, patients were evaluated and interviewed, and underwent blood collection 1 to 4 hours after the use of ASA. Adherence to ASA treatment was systematically evaluated during face-to-face medical interviews. The study is in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the local Ethics Committee; patients provided their informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The primary objective of the study was to compare platelet aggregation in patients with NSTE ACS in the acute phase (the first 48 hours of the clinical picture) in relation to the late phase (3 months after) using four different methods of evaluating platelet aggregation: VerifyNow&#8482; aspirin (VFN) (Accumetrics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA); whole blood platelet aggregation (WBPA) using arachidonic acid (AA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA) and collagen (Chrono-Log&#174;; Chrono-Log Co., Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA); PFA-100&#174; Platelet Function Analyzer with collagen/ADP cartridge (COL/EPI) (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, Delaware, USA). Secondary objectives were the correlation between the four tests in the acute phase and the relationship between each of the tests with inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood collection</title>
        <p>All blood samples were collected through antecubital venous puncture with a 21 gauge needle between 10:00 am and 1:00 pm. The four tests were performed within two hours of the collection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of HPR</title>
        <p>The cut-off values used to define HPR were: PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>, closure time (CT) &lt; 150 seconds;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> VFN, aspirin reaction units (ARU) &#8805; 550 (according to the manufacturer); WBPA with AA, &#937; &#8805; 3;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> WBPA with collagen, &#937; &#8805; 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size was calculated based on the expected mean result of the PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup> test, which was 191 seconds &#177; 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> during the acute phase, and the 25-second reduction estimate of that value in the chronic phase. According to the McNemar test, with 80% power and alpha of 0.05, 70 patients were required. The continuous variables were evaluated for their distribution (Gaussian or not) using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
        <p>Parametric continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and nonparametric variables as medians and interquartile ranges (25-75). The unpaired Mann-Whitney (non-Gaussian variables) or Student&#8217;s T (Gaussian variables) tests were used with the Welch correction when indicated. When comparing two different moments, the Wilcoxon test was used for the non-Gaussian variables and the paired Student&#8217;s T for Gaussian samples. The categorical variables were presented in relative and absolute frequencies. Contingency distribution tables were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Analysis of the correlation between the tests was done with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The software used was SPSS (IBM Corporation), version 11.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
        <p>The demographic and baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Almost half of the patients reported a previous history of diabetes. The majority (64%) had a classification for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) with risk for non-ST segment elevation ACS equal to 3 or 4 on admission. All patients were on 100 to 200 mg ASA as the only antiplatelet agent in the last 7 days prior to the collection of the tests, both in the acute phase and in the late phase.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Number of patients</th>
                <th align="center">70</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">64.2 &#177; 9.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (54.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medical history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (48.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (87.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (82.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (15.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (22.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (58.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SMR or PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (54.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Type of ACS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unstable angina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (77.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSTE AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (22.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TIMI risk score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 to 2, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 to 4, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 5 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Previously used medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PPIs, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (45.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (78.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium channel blockers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEIs/ARBs, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (64.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aldosterone antagonists, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Laboratory tests</td>
                <td align="center">Median (25<sup>th</sup>/75<sup>th</sup>)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 (12.8/14.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leukocytes &#215; 1.000/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.0 (6.5/9.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Platelets &#215; 1.000/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">220 (179/273)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (0.9/1.2) </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; SMR: Surgical myocardial revascularization; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors; CHF: congestive heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEIs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; NSTE: non-ST segment elevation; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Primary objective</title>
        <p>Platelet aggregation tests were divided into COX-1-specific (WBPA with AA and VFN) and COX-1-nonspecific (WBPA with collagen and PFA-100&#174;). COX-1-specific tests were associated with higher platelet reactivity in the acute phase, compared to the late phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Comparisons between the phases by the nonspecific COX-1 tests did not show significant differences (PFA = 215.9 &#177; 83.75 seconds <italic>versus</italic> 200.51 &#177; 84.63 seconds, respectively, in the acute and late phases, p = 0.233; WBPA with collagen, 7.19 &#177; 5.64 &#937; <italic>versus</italic> 6.46 &#177; 5.09 &#937;, p = 0.658).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of COX-1-specific tests (WBPA with AA and VFN) between the acute and late phases. WBPA: whole blood platelet aggregation; AA: arachidonic acid; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; URA: units of reaction to acetylsalicylic acid.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0357-90146-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When the results were categorized according to pre-established cutoff values for HPR diagnosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), COX-1-specific tests were associated with significant differences between the acute and late phases (WBPA with AA, 31.4% <italic>versus</italic> 12.8%, p = 0.015; VFN, 32.1% <italic>versus</italic> 16%, p = 0.049), whereas nonspecific tests did not show significant differences (PFA, 34.2% <italic>versus</italic> 40%, p = 0.50; WBPA with collagen, 33.8% <italic>versus</italic> 30.8%, p = 0.86).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of HPR by different platelet tests between the acute and late phases</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Test</th>
                <th align="center">Acute Phase</th>
                <th align="center">Late Phase</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">HPR</th>
                <th align="center">HPR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PFA</td>
                <td align="center">34.2%</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">0.503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBPA with AA</td>
                <td align="center">31.4%</td>
                <td align="center">12.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VFN</td>
                <td align="center">32.1%</td>
                <td align="center">16%</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBPA with Col</td>
                <td align="center">33.8%</td>
                <td align="center">30.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.860</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>WBPA: whole blood platelet aggregation; AA: arachidonic acid; Col: collagen; PFA: Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>); VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; p: p value.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Secondary objectives</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation between platelet tests</title>
          <p>In the acute phase, the analyzed methods correlated significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). However, the magnitude of this correlation was only moderate (r &gt; 0.4) between WBPA with AA and WBPA with collagen. The correlation between the other methods was only weak (r &gt; 0.2 and &lt; 0.4).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between platelet tests in the acute phase</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">WBPA with AA</th>
                  <th align="center">WBPA with Col</th>
                  <th align="center">VFN</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PFA</td>
                  <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0.429<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0.281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0.279<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBPA with AA</td>
                  <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.498<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.393<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBPA with Col</td>
                  <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.318<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>p &lt; 0.05, AA: arachidonic acid; Col: collagen; WBPA: whole blood platelet aggregation; PFA: PFA-100&#174;; r<sub>s</sub>: Spearman correlation coefficient; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variation of inflammatory markers and platelet reactivity between acute and late phases</title>
          <p>C-reactive protein (CRP) levels differed significantly between the acute and late phases [median CRP = 2.84 mg/dL (1.54 to 8.41) <italic>versus</italic> 1.41 mg/dL (0.73 to 5.64), p = 0.006], whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) did not differ between the two phases [median IL-6 = 2.1 pg/mL (2.0 a 5.68) <italic>versus</italic> 2.0 pg/mL (2.0 to 3.25), p = 0.110]. When CRP (acute/late) variation was compared to the variation of the methods in the two phases analyzed, a weak but significant correlation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) was demonstrated between CRP and VFN (r = 0.29, p= 0.03).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correlation between the variation of CRP and VFN (acute/late). CRP: C-reactive protein; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; r: Spearman&#8217;s coefficient.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0357-90146-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our data demonstrate significant differences in response to ASA during the acute and late phases of acute coronary disease.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have unequivocally documented that ASA reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Even with the advent of the new antiplatelet agents that act by blocking the P2Y12 receptor, the role of ASA remains unchanged as it is considered, in all guidelines, a routine treatment in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, it has been well established that there is significant variability in residual platelet function during ASA therapy, especially in the context of ACS, in which the prevalence of HPR is more evident.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The reason for this variability is not fully understood. One hypothesis is that HPR is present in a subpopulation of patients with chronic CAD, leading to a decrease in the efficacy of ASA and, as a consequence, increasing the likelihood of developing ischemic cardiovascular events. Another hypothesis is that HPR develops during the acute ischemic episode, as a consequence of the increase in platelet reactivity due to phenomena occurring in the acute phase (increased inflammatory activity, increased rate of platelet renewal, activation of the coagulation system, among others).</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this study was the first to test both hypotheses in the same population of patients with NSTE ACS. Our results showed that, for most patients, HPR is labile, with a higher prevalence observed during the acute phase compared to the late phase. These results are consistent with the data reported by Hobikoglu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who analyzed two different populations (one group of patients hospitalized with ACS and another group of patients with chronic CAD).</p>
      <p>The present demonstrations can have a significant therapeutic impact, since approximately one third of our patients showed HPR during the initial phase of ACS, and new regimens, including change of dosage and use of more potent antiplatelet agents, may be proposed to reduce the risk of ischemic events. Neubauer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> evaluated a therapeutic regimen of dose escalation of ASA and clopidogrel in patients with ACS or unstable angina undergoing PCI and considered nonresponders by WBPA with AA and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Patients considered nonresponders to ASA were treated with increasing doses of 100 mg to 300 mg per day, and up to 500 mg, if necessary, with improved therapeutic response.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, our data demonstrate that, although there is a significant decrease in the incidence of HPR during the chronic phase, a significant percentage of the population still present HPR at this stage.</p>
      <p>The high rate of platelet turnover that occurs in several situations (including ACS) could be one of the explanations for our findings; however, this mechanism was not analyzed in the present study. As demonstrated in previous studies in diabetic patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> the number of circulating immature platelets increases as a consequence of increased platelet consumption, leading to an exponential increase in the platelet turnover rate. In a study by Dillinger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> comparing different doses of ASA twice daily in diabetic patients with CAD and at least one risk factor, twice daily use of the drug reduced HPR rate when compared to the same dose administered once a day. However, in the CURRENT study, the use of a double dose of ASA showed no benefit when compared to the conventional dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another possibility would be the influence of the inflammatory process, which is characteristic of the acute phase, on platelet function, resulting in increased platelet activation and increased HPR in response to ASA. In the present study, there was a significant but weak association between inflammation and platelet reactivity, analyzed by PCR and VNF, respectively (r = 0.293, p = 0.03). In a stable CAD population, Bernlochner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> showed a significant, positive and independent association between CRP levels and platelet aggregation, which were assessed by WBPA with ADP. Similarly, Tantry et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> reported a significant correlation between inflammatory markers (including CRP), markers of hypercoagulability and platelet function in different CAD spectra (asymptomatic, stable CAD and ACS). However, contrary to these findings, Ziegler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstrated that in patients with peripheral arterial disease, there was no significant correlation between CRP and platelet aggregation measured by PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>. These conflicting results can be attributed, at least in part, to methodological differences.</p>
      <p>In our study, different methods of determining platelet function were used simultaneously. The correlation between the tests during the acute phase was significant, but the magnitude of these correlations was only weak or moderate. Unexpectedly, even the methods classified as COX-1-specific showed medium to low correlation with each other. These findings are consistent with findings from previous studies: Lordkipanidz&#233; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> studied 201 patients with stable CAD undergoing aspirin therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> using six different tests. The prevalence of HPR varied from 4% when analyzed by optical aggregometry with AA, to 59.5%, when analyzed by PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup> (COL/EPI). In this study, as in ours, there were weak correlations between methods for determining platelet function, including COX-1 specific methods. The present study was the first to analyze different methods of platelet aggregation during the acute and late phases, in the same population of patients with NSTE ACS.</p>
      <p>In summary, our findings may have important therapeutic implications in demonstrating that one-third of the patients showed HPR in the acute phase, leading to the hypothesis that new dosing regimens should be tested in this population. In addition, despite the fact that there is a significant decrease in the incidence of HPR during the chronic phase, a significant percentage of the population still presents HPR at this stage.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Firstly, our study had a relatively small sample size, but it was adequate to assess the primary outcome. However, the secondary results should be considered as hypothesis generators and interpreted with caution. Secondly, all patients were on chronic ASA use at a dose of 100 mg/day to 200 mg/day, but individual doses were not collected and may have influenced the results obtained.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Lastly, in recent times, the role of young (immature) platelets has been valued; if they had been assessed in the present study (which was not done), they could have added important information.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the prevalence of HPR during ASA therapy measured by COX-1-specific methods is higher during the acute phase than in the late phase of patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS. However, the relationship between inflammation as indicated by CRP and IL-6 and platelet reactivity in these two phases is weak, suggesting that the variability in the inflammation state may not play a role in the temporal changes in platelet reactivity in this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Abbot Vascular.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HCFMUSP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPESQ - HCFMUSP under the protocol number 0992/08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alta Atividade Plaquet&#225;ria Residual em Resposta ao &#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Sem Supra de ST: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as Fases Aguda e Tardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5521-5955</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dracoulakis</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Deway Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurbel</surname>
            <given-names>Paul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cattaneo</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Herlon Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Bahia - Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sinai Hospital of Baltimore - Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universita Degli Studi Di Milano - Unita di Medicina III, Mil&#227;o - It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis,</bold> Hospital da Bahia - Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa - Av. Professor Magalh&#227;es Neto, 1541. CEP 41810-020, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>madeway@hotmail.com</email>, <email>marianna.andrade@hospitaldabahia.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dracoulakis MDA, Martins HS, Nicolau JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dracoulakis MDA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dracoulakis MDA, Nicolau JC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dracoulakis MDA, Gurbel P, Cattaneo M, Martins HS, Nicolau JC, Kalil Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A alta atividade plaquet&#225;ria (AAP) durante a terapia com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) &#233; fator de mau progn&#243;stico nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). A preval&#234;ncia de AAP durante a SCA &#233; maior do que a relatada na doen&#231;a est&#225;vel. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esta preval&#234;ncia de AAP &#233; um fen&#244;meno transit&#243;rio ou caracter&#237;stica dessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo principal &#233; comparar, em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o, os efeitos do AAS sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria nas fases inicial e tardia da SCA. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o: correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes entre si e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os testes e a varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (prote&#237;na C reativa e interleucina-6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 70 pacientes com SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST (SCSST) em uso de 100 a 200 mg de AAS por dia por pelo menos 7 dias. A fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi avaliada nas primeiras 48 horas e 3 meses ap&#243;s por quatro m&#233;todos: VerifyNow&#8482; (VFN), agregometria de sangue total (AST) com &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico (AA) e col&#225;geno como agonistas, e analisador de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (PFA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stico considerado foi &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 65 &#177;9,7 anos e 54% da popula&#231;&#227;o eram do sexo feminino. De acordo com os m&#233;todos mais espec&#237;ficos (AST com AA e VFN), a incid&#234;ncia de AAP foi significativamente maior na fase inicial, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tardia: AST com AA 31% <italic>versus</italic> 13%, p = 0,015; VFN 32% <italic>versus</italic> 16%, p = 0,049. Os outros m&#233;todos testados, menos espec&#237;ficos para o AAS, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre as fases. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos foi fraca ou moderada (r variando de 0,3 a 0,5, p &lt; 0,05), e n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre AAP e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de AAP durante a terapia com AAS, avaliada por m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos para cicloxigenase 1 (COX-1), &#233; maior durante a fase aguda do que na tardia da SCASST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina/efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) &#233; amplamente utilizado como tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio de primeira linha para as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), sendo recomendado pelas diretrizes da American Heart Association e American College of Cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> para pacientes com SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (SCASSST).</p>
        <p>O AAS foi testado com efic&#225;cia comprovada em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados em todo o espectro da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, tanto aguda quanto cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado alta variabilidade na resposta antiplaquet&#225;ria individual ao AAS em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e cen&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Esta variabilidade pode contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para a elevada taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de alta atividade plaquet&#225;ria (AAP) em pacientes utilizando AAS depende, entre outros fatores, do teste laboratorial e do ponto de corte utilizados, e tamb&#233;m do cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico. Nos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica a preval&#234;ncia varia de 0 a 57% (24%, em m&#233;dia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Mais importante tem sido descrito que os pacientes portadores de AAP t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares graves, incluindo mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nas SCA, a preval&#234;ncia estimada de AAP &#233; supostamente maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios sugerem que a carga ateroscler&#243;tica e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica podem ter influ&#234;ncia importante na reatividade plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esta alta preval&#234;ncia de AAP &#233; um fen&#244;meno transit&#243;rio da fase aguda ou uma caracter&#237;stica permanente dessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, j&#225; que nenhum estudo de nosso conhecimento analisou a resposta ao AAS durante as fases aguda e cr&#244;nica em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o. O presente estudo foi desenhado para dar uma resposta definitiva sobre essa importante quest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Inclus&#227;o prospectiva de 70 pacientes consecutivos admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia (DE) de um hospital terci&#225;rio de cardiologia com diagn&#243;stico de SCASSST, com avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial na admiss&#227;o (fase aguda) e subsequentemente 3 meses ap&#243;s a alta (fase tardia). Os pacientes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o se &#8805; 18 anos de idade, tivessem sido diagnosticados com angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST nas primeiras 48 horas do in&#237;cio do quadro cl&#237;nico, e estivessem em uso de 100 mg a 200 mg de AAS por, pelo menos, 7 dias antes do evento.</p>
          <p>Os principais crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o eram uso de outro antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio al&#233;m do AAS, uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ou parenteral, realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos &#250;ltimos 90 dias. Outros crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o eram hemoglobina &lt; 10 g/dL; plaquetas &lt; 100.000/mm<sup>3</sup> ou &gt; 500.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt; 30 mL/minuto; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (Killip III ou IV); uso atual de inotr&#243;picos ou vasopressores; e doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas ou neopl&#225;sicas conhecidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados em dois momentos diferentes: inicialmente, quando da admiss&#227;o no DE, antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de qualquer outro tratamento antitromb&#243;tico exceto AAS, e 3 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, quando tamb&#233;m deveriam estar em uso de AAS como &#250;nico antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio. Em cada avalia&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes fizeram avalia&#231;&#227;o e entrevista m&#233;dica e submeteram-se a coleta sangu&#237;nea 1 a 4 horas ap&#243;s o uso do AAS. Ades&#227;o ao tratamento com AAS era sistematicamente avaliada na entrevista m&#233;dica presencial. O estudo est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local, e os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo foi comparar a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, em pacientes com SCASSST, na fase aguda (primeiras 48 horas do quadro cl&#237;nico) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase tardia (3 meses ap&#243;s), utilizando quatro m&#233;todos diferentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria: VerifyNow&#8482; aspirin (VFN) (Accumetrics, Inc., San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA); agregometria de sangue total (AST) usando &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico (AA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, EUA) e col&#225;geno (Chrono-Log<sup>&#174;</sup>; Chrono-Log Co., Havertown, Pennsylvania, EUA); analisador de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup> com o cartucho de col&#225;geno e epinefrina (COL/EPI) (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, Delaware, EUA). Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os quatro testes na fase aguda e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre cada um dos testes com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (prote&#237;na C reativa e interleucina-6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de sangue</title>
          <p>Todas as coletas sangu&#237;neas foram realizadas por meio de pun&#231;&#227;o venosa de veia antecubital com agulha de calibre 21, entre 10h00 e 13h00. Em at&#233; 2 horas da coleta os quatro testes eram realizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de AAP</title>
          <p>Os valores de corte utilizados para defini&#231;&#227;o de AAP foram: PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>, tempo de fechamento (CT; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>closure time</italic>) &lt; 150 segundos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> VFN, <italic>aspirin reaction units</italic> (ARU) &#8805; 550 (de acordo com o fabricante); AST com AA, &#937; &#8805; 3;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> AST com col&#225;geno, &#937; &#8805; 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral foi calculado com base no resultado m&#233;dio esperado do teste de PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup> de 191 segundos &#177; 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> durante a fase aguda e a estimativa de redu&#231;&#227;o de 25 segundos desse valor na fase cr&#244;nica. De acordo com o teste de McNemar, com poder de 80% e alfa de 0,05, foram necess&#225;rios 70 pacientes. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o (gaussiana ou n&#227;o) pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas foram apresentadas com m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as n&#227;o param&#233;tricas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (25-75). Os testes de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis n&#227;o gaussianas) ou T de Student (vari&#225;veis gaussianas) n&#227;o pareado com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Welch foram utilizados quando indicado. Ao comparar dois tempos diferentes, foram utilizados o teste de Wilcoxon para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o gaussianas e o T de Student pareado para amostras gaussianas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas. As tabelas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de conting&#234;ncia foram analisadas usando o teste de qui quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes foi feita com o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. O <italic>software</italic> utilizado foi o SPSS (IBM Corporation), vers&#227;o 11.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e basais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Quase metade dos pacientes relatava hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de diabetes. A maioria (64%) teve classifica&#231;&#227;o para tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) de risco para SCA sem supra de ST igual a 3 ou 4 na admiss&#227;o. Todos os pacientes estavam em uso de AAS 100 a 200 mg como &#250;nico antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio nos &#250;ltimos 7 dias antes da coleta dos exames, tanto na fase aguda quanto na fase tardia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">70</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,2 &#177; 9,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (54,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (48,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (87,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (82,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (15,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (22,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (58,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM ou ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (54,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tipo de SCA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (77,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM SST, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (22,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escore TIMI de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0 a 2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (21)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 a 4, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 5 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es de uso pr&#233;vio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IBP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (45,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (78,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (64,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antagonistas da aldosterona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Exames laboratoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana (25&#186;/75&#186;)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7 (12,8/14,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos &#215; 1.000/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (6,5/9,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Plaquetas &#215; 1.000/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">220 (179/273)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9/1,2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IBP: inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; SST: supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo prim&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Os testes de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foram divididos em COX-1-espec&#237;ficos (AST com AA e VFN) e COX-1-n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos (AST com col&#225;geno e PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>). Os testes COX-1-espec&#237;ficos foram associados a maior reatividade plaquet&#225;ria na fase aguda, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase tardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as fases pelos testes COX-1-n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas (PFA = 215,9 &#177; 83,75 segundos <italic>versus</italic> 200,51 &#177; 84,63 segundos, respectivamente, nas fases aguda e tardia, p = 0,233; AST com col&#225;geno, 7,19 &#177; 5,64 &#937; <italic>versus</italic> 6,46 &#177; 5,09 &#937;, p = 0,658).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos testes COX-1-espec&#237;ficos (AST com AA e VFN) entre as fases aguda e tardia. AST: agregometria de sangue total; AA: &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; URA: unidades de rea&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0357-90146-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Quando os resultados foram categorizados de acordo com os valores de corte preestabelecidos para o diagn&#243;stico de AAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>), os testes COX-1-espec&#237;ficos foram associados a diferen&#231;as significativas entre as fases aguda e tardia (AST com AA, 31,4% <italic>versus</italic> 12,8%, p = 0,015; VFN, 32,1% <italic>versus</italic> 16%, p = 0,049), enquanto os n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas (PFA, 34,2% <italic>versus</italic> 40%, p = 0,50; AST com col&#225;geno, 33,8% <italic>versus</italic> 30,8%, p = 0,86).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de AAP por meio de diferentes testes plaquet&#225;rios entre as fases aguda e tardia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Teste</th>
                  <th align="center">Fase Aguda</th>
                  <th align="center">Fase Tardia</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">AAP</th>
                  <th align="center">AAP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PFA</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST com AA</td>
                  <td align="center">31,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">12,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VFN</td>
                  <td align="center">32,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">16%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST com Col</td>
                  <td align="center">33,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">30,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,860</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>AST: agregometria com sangue total; AA: &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico; Col: col&#225;geno; PFA: Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>); VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; p: valor de p.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos secund&#225;rios</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes plaquet&#225;rios</title>
            <p>Na fase aguda, os m&#233;todos analisados correlacionaram-se significativamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Entretanto, a magnitude dessa correla&#231;&#227;o foi apenas moderada (r &gt; 0,4) entre AST com AA e AST com col&#225;geno. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os outros m&#233;todos foi apenas fraca (r &gt; 0,2 e &lt; 0,4).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes plaquet&#225;rios na fase aguda</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">
										</th>
                    <th align="center">
										</th>
                    <th align="center">AST com AA</th>
                    <th align="center">AST com Col</th>
                    <th align="center">VFN</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PFA</td>
                    <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0,429<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0,281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0,279<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">AST com AA</td>
                    <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,498<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,393<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">AST com Col</td>
                    <td align="center">r<sub>s</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,318<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>
                    <italic>p &lt; 0,05. AA: &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico; Col: col&#225;geno; AST: agregometria de sangue total; PFA: PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>; r<sub>s</sub>: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e da reatividade plaquet&#225;ria entre as fases aguda e tardia</title>
            <p>Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) diferiram significativamente entre as fases aguda e tardia [mediana PCR = 2,84 mg/dL (1,54 a 8,41) <italic>versus</italic> 1,41 mg/dL (0,73 a 5,64), p = 0,006], enquanto a interleucina-6 (IL-6) n&#227;o diferiu entre as duas fases [mediana IL-6 = 2,1 pg/mL (2,0 a 5,68) <italic>versus</italic> 2,0 pg/mL (2,0 a 3,25), p = 0,110]. Quando a varia&#231;&#227;o da PCR (aguda/tardia) foi comparada com a varia&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos nas duas fases analisadas, uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, por&#233;m significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), foi demonstrada entre a PCR e o VFN (r = 0,29, p= 0,03).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f4">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o da PCR e do VFN (aguda/tardia). PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; VFN: VerifyNow&#8482;; r: coeficiente de Spearman.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0357-90146-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos dados demonstram diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; resposta ao AAS durante as fases aguda e tardia da coronariopatia aguda.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios documentaram, de forma inequ&#237;voca, que o AAS reduz a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Mesmo com o advento dos novos agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios que atuam bloqueando o receptor P2Y12, o papel do AAS permanece, sendo considerado, em todas as diretrizes, como tratamento de uso rotineiro nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, est&#225; bem estabelecido que existe uma variabilidade significativa na fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria residual durante a terapia com AAS, especialmente no contexto da SCA, na qual a preval&#234;ncia de AAP &#233; mais evidente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O motivo dessa variabilidade n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendido. Uma hip&#243;tese &#233; que a AAP esteja presente em uma subpopula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica, levando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do AAS e, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, aumentando a probabilidade de desenvolver eventos cardiovasculares isqu&#234;micos. Outra hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que a AAP se desenvolva durante o epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico agudo, em consequ&#234;ncia do aumento da reatividade plaquet&#225;ria pelos fen&#244;menos que ocorrem na fase aguda (aumento da atividade inflamat&#243;ria, aumento da taxa de renova&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o, entre outros).</p>
        <p>Que seja do nosso conhecimento, este estudo foi o primeiro a testar ambas as hip&#243;teses em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCASSST. Nossos resultados mostraram que, para a maioria dos pacientes, a AAP &#233; l&#225;bil, com maior preval&#234;ncia observada durante a fase aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o com a fase tardia. Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com os dados relatados por Hobikoglu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que analisaram duas popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes (um grupo de pacientes hospitalizados com SCA e outro grupo de pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica). As presentes demonstra&#231;&#245;es podem ter um importante impacto terap&#234;utico, j&#225; que aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos nossos pacientes apresentou AAP durante a fase inicial da SCA, e novos regimes, incluindo modifica&#231;&#227;o da dosagem e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antiplaquet&#225;rios mais potentes, podem ser propostos para diminuir o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos. Neubauer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram um esquema terap&#234;utico de escalonamento de dose de AAS e clopidogrel em pacientes com SCA ou angina inst&#225;vel submetidos a ICP e considerados n&#227;o respondedores pelo AST com AA e difosfato de adenosina (ADP). Os pacientes considerados n&#227;o respondedores ao AAS foram tratados com doses crescentes de 100 mg a 300 mg por dia, e at&#233; 500 mg, se necess&#225;rio, com melhora da resposta terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, nossos dados demonstram que, apesar de haver diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de AAP durante a fase cr&#244;nica, um percentual significativo da popula&#231;&#227;o ainda apresenta AAP nessa fase.</p>
        <p>A alta taxa de renova&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria que ocorre em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es (inclusive nas SCA) poderia ser uma das explica&#231;&#245;es para os nossos achados; por&#233;m, esse mecanismo n&#227;o foi analisado no presente estudo. Conforme demonstrado em estudos pr&#233;vios em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> o n&#250;mero de plaquetas imaturas circulantes aumenta em consequ&#234;ncia ao aumento do consumo de plaquetas, levando a eleva&#231;&#227;o exponencial da taxa de renova&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. Em estudo realizado por Dillinger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> comparando diferentes doses de AAS duas vezes ao dia em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com DAC e pelo menos um fator de risco, o uso do f&#225;rmaco duas vezes ao dia reduziu a taxa de AAP quando comparado &#224; mesma dose administrada uma vez ao dia. No entanto, no estudo CURRENT o uso de dose dobrada de AAS n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cios quando comparado &#224; dose convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra possibilidade seria a influ&#234;ncia do processo inflamat&#243;rio, caracter&#237;stico da fase aguda, sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, resultando em maior ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e aumento da AAP em resposta ao AAS. No presente estudo, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, por&#233;m fraca, entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e reatividade plaquet&#225;ria, analisadas por PCR e VFN, respectivamente (r = 0,293, p = 0,03). Em popula&#231;&#227;o de DAC est&#225;vel, Bernlochner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, positiva e independente entre n&#237;veis de PCR e de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, esses avaliados por meio de AST com ADP. Na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, Tantry et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> relataram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (incluindo PCR), marcadores de hipercoagulabilidade e fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em diferentes espectros da DAC (assintom&#225;ticos, DAC est&#225;vel e SCA). Entretanto, contrariamente a esses achados Ziegler et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstraram que, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PCR e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria mensurada pelo PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup>. Esses resultados conflitantes podem ser atribu&#237;dos, pelo menos parcialmente, a diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, foram utilizados simultaneamente diferentes m&#233;todos de determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes durante a fase aguda foi significativa, mas a magnitude dessas correla&#231;&#245;es foi apenas fraca ou moderada. Inesperadamente, mesmo os m&#233;todos classificados como COX-1-espec&#237;ficos mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dia a baixa entre si. Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com resultados de estudos anteriores: Lordkipanidz&#233; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> estudaram 201 pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel em uso aspirina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> usando seis testes diferentes. A preval&#234;ncia de AAP variou de 4%, quando analisado por agregometria &#243;ptica com AA, a 59,5%, quando analisado por PFA-100<sup>&#174;</sup> (COL/EPI). Nesse estudo, como no nosso, houve correla&#231;&#245;es fracas entre os m&#233;todos de determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, incluindo os m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos da COX-1. O presente estudo foi o primeiro a analisar diferentes m&#233;todos de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria durante as fases aguda e tardia, em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o de portadores de SCASSST.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, nossos achados podem ter importante implica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica ao demonstrar que um ter&#231;o dos pacientes demonstraram AAP na fase aguda, gerando a hip&#243;tese de que novos regimes posol&#243;gicos devam ser testados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, apesar do fato de haver diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de AAP durante a fase cr&#244;nica, um percentual significativo da popula&#231;&#227;o ainda apresenta AAP nessa fase.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Em primeiro lugar, nosso estudo teve um tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno, mas foi adequado para avaliar o desfecho prim&#225;rio. No entanto, os resultados secund&#225;rios devem ser considerados como geradores de hip&#243;teses e ser interpretados com cautela; portanto, tamb&#233;m devem ser analisados com igual cautela. Segundo, todos os pacientes faziam uso cr&#244;nico de AAS em dose de 100 mg/dia a 200 mg/dia, mas as doses individuais n&#227;o foram coletadas, e podem ter influenciado os resultados obtidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Finalmente, em tempos recentes, o papel das plaquetas jovens (imaturas) tem sido valorizado; se tivessem sido avaliadas no presente estudo (o que n&#227;o foi feito), poderiam ter acrescentado informa&#231;&#245;es importantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de AAP durante a terapia com AAS medida por m&#233;todos COX-1-espec&#237;ficos &#233; maior durante a fase aguda do que na fase tardia de pacientes com SCA sem supra de ST. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a inflama&#231;&#227;o, como indicado pela PCR e pela IL-6, e a reatividade plaquet&#225;ria nessas duas fases &#233; fraca, sugerindo que a variabilidade no estado de inflama&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o desempenhar um papel nas mudan&#231;as temporais da reatividade plaquet&#225;ria nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HCFMUSP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da CAPPESQ - HCFMUSP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0992/08. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
