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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9syMmZh4bKRyJbvqrYr7Pkw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900355</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rheumatic Fever in Brazil: What Color Should It Be?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9468-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Longenecker</surname>
            <given-names>Chris T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospitals</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Cleveland</city>
          <state>Ohio</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, Ohio - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Case Western Reserve University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Cleveland</city>
          <state>Ohio</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Chris T. Longenecker,</bold> Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine - 2103 Cornell Rd WRB 4533 Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-4915 - USA. E-mail: <email>cxl473@case.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>355</fpage>
      <lpage>356</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever/ecomomics Heart Disease/economics, Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibiotic Prophylaxys/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health Policy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Rheumatic fever (RF) and its valvular sequela rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have been a scourge on humanity for ages, and it is only relatively recently that high-income countries have seen rates of RF decline dramatically. Yet, the Global Burden of Disease Study estimates that more than 275,000 deaths due to RHD still occur every year around the world, especially in low and middle-income countries including Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the journal, Figueiredo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> have presented ambitious modeling of the disease burden and costs of RF and RHD in Brazil. Using data from the Hospital Information System of Brazil, their central findings are that mortality rates for RF and RHD have increased by 215% and 42.5% respectively from 1998 to 2016. Additionally, the estimated cost for procedures related to RF/RHD diagnosis, interventions such as valve surgery, and hospitalizations for RHD complications like stroke and endocarditis was nearly $27 million USD in 2019.</p>
    <p>Although staggering, these figures are - by the authors own admission - likely underestimated. There are several reasons for this. First, the authors acknowledge an inadequate disease reporting and surveillance strategy as one possible source of error in the mortality estimates. In addition, the cost analysis only considered direct costs to the medical system, which does not include the indirect costs to the larger economy from lost productivity. Compared to diseases of the elderly (e.g. heart failure), these indirect lost productivity costs are greater for diseases like RF and RHD that claim the lives of children and young adults with a potential lifetime of productive work ahead of them.</p>
    <p>In addition to a full assessment of cost burden, studies are needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce RF/RHD in Brazil. In general, interventions that improve appropriate diagnosis and treatment of group A strep infections (i.e. primary prevention) and benzathine penicillin for all patients with a history of RF/RHD (i.e. secondary prevention) have been shown to be cost-effective in a variety of contexts, including low- and middle-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assumptions used in the cost-effectiveness modeling should, however, be tailored to the Brazilian context. Is it possible that some Brazilian innovations could improve the cost-effectiveness of RF/RHD prevention? One example is the use of telemedicine for remote ECG diagnosis and appropriate referrals for acute myocardial infarction in Minas Gerais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This group has already implemented a telemedicine-based strategy for echocardiographic screening for RHD through the PROVAR initiative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Figueiredo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> have included a thoughtful and thorough discussion of the many other issues facing countries who seek to implement a national RF/RHD control program. These include problems with the global penicillin supply chain and the daunting task of addressing social determinants of RF/RHD such as poverty and overcrowding. Yet, missing from their discussion is mention of the World Health Organization&#8217;s resolution on RF/RHD issued in April 2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This historic resolution calls on the Member States from endemic regions to take eight specific actions: (1) implement a national RHD control program; (2) improve diagnosis and treatment of group A strep pharyngitis; (3) implement secondary prevention monitoring programs; (4) ensure a consistent supply of benzathine penicillin at no cost to patients; (5) educate professionals and the public about RF/RHD prevention; (6) improve access to tertiary care for severe RHD; (7) address known social determinants of RF/RHD; and (8) develop bilateral, regional, and multilateral collaboration and resource mobilization. The resolution also calls on the WHO Secretariat to launch a coordinated global response to RF/RHD, to provide technical assistance to the Member States, to work with pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure a secure penicillin supply chain, and to convene stakeholders to advance research priorities in vaccine development, disease pathogenesis, and long-acting penicillin formulation. The WHO resolution represents the cresting of a new wave of enthusiasm for RF/RHD prevention among clinicians, policymakers, and - most importantly - affected persons living with RHD. The moment is now to convince governments to invest in this mission. Technical resources are available through organizations such as RHD Action (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rhdaction.org/">http://rhdaction.org/</ext-link>) or Reach (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rheach.org/">www.rheach.org</ext-link>) to assist the Member States in building comprehensive control programs.</p>
    <p>The authors are right to compare RF/RHD to other diseases that have similar disease burdens or costs, in order to shine a spotlight on how much less is invested in RF/RHD prevention compared to other diseases. Breast cancer and prostate cancer were highlighted in this analysis; but one could also consider the disease burden and funding that has been dedicated to global infectious diseases. For example, annual global mortality from malaria is only three times greater than RF/RHD, but research and development funding for malaria is over 500 times greater.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The disparity is even worse for HIV/AIDS.</p>
    <p>The voice of the RHD community in Brazil and around the world is getting stronger and demanding the attention of public health experts. Breast cancer has Pink October and prostate cancer has Blue November, so what color should be given to a RF/RHD public health campaign in Brazil? Red - to reflect the urgency and severity of the situation? Perhaps it would get confused with HIV/AIDS. Green - to reflect the tropical areas that are so afflicted by the disease worldwide? But this color lacks the sense of urgency required. What about orange, the universal color of warning signs? Ultimately, it is for Brazil to decide, and the global RF/RHD community will be there to support you when you do.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Rheumatic Fever: A Disease without Color</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Febre Reum&#225;tica no Brasil: Que Cor Deve Ser?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9468-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Longenecker</surname>
            <given-names>Chris T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, Ohio - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Chris T. Longenecker,</bold> Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine - 2103 Cornell Rd WRB 4533 Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-4915 - EUA. E-mail: <email>cxl473@case.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibi&#243;tico Profilaxia/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;ticas P&#250;blicas de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A febre reum&#225;tica (FR) e sua sequela valvar, a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica card&#237;aca (DRC), t&#234;m sido um flagelo para a humanidade h&#225; muito tempo, e apenas recentemente tem ocorrido um decl&#237;nio acentuado da FR nos pa&#237;ses de alta renda. No entanto, o Estudo de Carga Global de Doen&#231;as (<italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> - GBD) estima que mais de 275.000 mortes devido &#224; DRC ainda ocorrem a cada ano em todo o mundo, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, incluindo o Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, Figueiredo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> apresentaram uma modelagem ambiciosa da carga da doen&#231;a e dos custos da FR e DRC no Brasil. Usando dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do Brasil, seus achados centrais s&#227;o que as taxas de mortalidade por FR e DRC aumentaram em 215% e 42,5%, respectivamente, de 1998 a 2016. Al&#233;m disso, o custo estimado para procedimentos relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico de FR/DRC, interven&#231;&#245;es como a cirurgia valvar, e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por complica&#231;&#245;es da DRC, como acidente vascular cerebral e endocardite, foram de aproximadamente US$ 27 milh&#245;es em 2019.</p>
      <p>Embora surpreendentes, esses n&#250;meros s&#227;o - fato admitido pelos pr&#243;prios autores - provavelmente subestimados. H&#225; v&#225;rias raz&#245;es para isso. Primeiro, os autores reconhecem uma estrat&#233;gia inadequada de notifica&#231;&#227;o e vigil&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a como poss&#237;vel fonte de erro nas estimativas de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de custos considerou apenas custos diretos para o sistema m&#233;dico, o que n&#227;o inclui os custos indiretos para a macroeconomia com a perda de produtividade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com as doen&#231;as de idosos (por exemplo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), esses custos indiretos com a produtividade perdida s&#227;o mais elevados para doen&#231;as como FR e DRC, as quais tiram a vida de crian&#231;as e jovens adultos com potencial para uma vida inteira de trabalho produtivo.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o completa da carga de custos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio de interven&#231;&#245;es para reduzir a FR/DRC no Brasil. Em geral, as interven&#231;&#245;es que melhoram o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento apropriados das infec&#231;&#245;es por estreptococos do grupo A (isto &#233;, preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria) e o uso da penicilina benzatina para todos os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de FR/DRC (isto &#233;, preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria), t&#234;m se mostrado custo-efetivas em diversos contextos, incluindo pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As premissas utilizadas na modelagem de custo-efetividade devem, no entanto, ser adaptadas ao contexto brasileiro. &#201; poss&#237;vel que algumas inova&#231;&#245;es brasileiras possam melhorar o custo-efetividade da preven&#231;&#227;o de FR/DRC? Um exemplo &#233; o uso da telemedicina para o diagn&#243;stico remoto por ECG e encaminhamentos adequados para o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em Minas Gerais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esse grupo j&#225; implementou uma estrat&#233;gia baseada na telemedicina para triagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica para DRC atrav&#233;s da iniciativa PROVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Figueiredo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> inclu&#237;ram uma discuss&#227;o cuidadosa e completa dos muitos outros problemas enfrentados pelos pa&#237;ses que buscam implementar um programa nacional de controle de FR/DRC. Estes incluem problemas com a cadeia de fornecimento global de penicilina e a dif&#237;cil tarefa de abordar os determinantes sociais da FR/DRC, como pobreza e superlota&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, falta &#224; sua discuss&#227;o mencionar a resolu&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de sobre FR/DRC publicada em abril de 2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta resolu&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica apela aos Estados Membros de regi&#245;es end&#234;micas para que tomem oito a&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas: (1) implementar um programa nacional de controle da DRC; (2) melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da faringite por estreptococos do grupo A; (3) implementar programas de monitoramento para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria; (4) garantir um suprimento consistente de penicilina benzatina sem custo para os pacientes; (5) educar os profissionais e o p&#250;blico sobre a preven&#231;&#227;o de FR/RDC; (6) melhorar o acesso ao atendimento terci&#225;rio para DRC grave; (7) abordar os determinantes sociais conhecidos da FR/DRC; e (8) desenvolver a colabora&#231;&#227;o bilateral, regional e multilateral e a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos. A resolu&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pede que a Secretaria da OMS lance uma resposta global coordenada &#224; FR/DRC, forne&#231;a assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica aos Estados Membros, trabalhe com as ind&#250;strias farmac&#234;uticas para garantir uma cadeia de fornecimento segura de penicilina e conven&#231;a seus acionistas a avan&#231;ar nas prioridades de pesquisas no desenvolvimento de vacinas, patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a e formula&#231;&#227;o de penicilina de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada. A resolu&#231;&#227;o da OMS representa o surgimento de uma nova onda de entusiasmo pela preven&#231;&#227;o da FR/DRC entre cl&#237;nicos, formadores de pol&#237;ticas e - o mais importante - pessoas afetadas que vivem com a DRC. Agora &#233; o momento de convencer os governos a investir nesta miss&#227;o. Recursos t&#233;cnicos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis atrav&#233;s de organiza&#231;&#245;es como a RHD Action (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rhdaction.org/)">http://rhdaction.org/)</ext-link> ou Reach (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rheach.org">www.rheach.org</ext-link>) para ajudar os Estados Membros na constru&#231;&#227;o de programas abrangentes de controle.</p>
      <p>Os autores est&#227;o certos em comparar a FR/DRC a outras doen&#231;as que t&#234;m &#244;nus ou custos semelhantes, a fim de destacar o qu&#227;o menos &#233; investido na preven&#231;&#227;o contra a FR/DRC em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras doen&#231;as. O c&#226;ncer de mama e o c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata foram destacados nesta an&#225;lise; no entanto, tamb&#233;m pode se considerar a carga da doen&#231;a e o financiamento que tem sido direcionado &#224;s doen&#231;as infecciosas globais. Por exemplo, a mortalidade global anual por mal&#225;ria &#233; apenas tr&#234;s vezes maior do que a FR/DRC, mas o financiamento para pesquisas e desenvolvimento para a mal&#225;ria &#233; 500 vezes maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A disparidade &#233; ainda pior para o HIV/AIDS.</p>
      <p>A voz da comunidade de DRC no Brasil e no mundo est&#225; se fortalecendo e exigindo a aten&#231;&#227;o de especialistas em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. O c&#226;ncer de mama tem o Outubro Rosa e o c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata tem o Novembro Azul; ent&#227;o qual cor deve ser dada a uma campanha de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica contra a FR/DRC no Brasil? Vermelho - para refletir a urg&#234;ncia e a gravidade da situa&#231;&#227;o? Talvez se confundisse com o HIV/AIDS. Verde - para refletir as &#225;reas tropicais afetadas pela doen&#231;a em todo o mundo? Mas essa cor n&#227;o tem o senso de urg&#234;ncia necess&#225;rio. Que tal laranja, a cor universal dos sinais de aviso? Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o Brasil tem que decidir, e a comunidade global de FR/DRC estar&#225; presente para ajud&#225;-los quando voc&#234;s o fizerem.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Febre Reum&#225;tica: Uma Doen&#231;a sem Cor</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
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