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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wF4XTVt5964MdC88ZhtDkwQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000900335</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiology and the Cardiologist - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5969-8226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Aurea Lucia Alves de Azevedo Grippa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Ministro Ot&#225;vio Kely, 500 1506, Icar&#225;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>etmesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>335</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiology/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases/history</kwd>
        <kwd>History,19th Century</kwd>
        <kwd>History,20th Century</kwd>
        <kwd>Humans</kwd>
        <kwd>Animals</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazilian Society of Cardiology/history</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>Carlos Chagas was the first &#8220;modern&#8221; cardiologist in Brazil.</italic>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>Professor Nelson Botelho Reis</italic>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>President of the SBC: 1945-1975 management</italic>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiology as a medical specialty has been built from scientific knowledge derived from basic and clinical areas and from the development of technological devices that enabled us to study and understand the cardiovascular system. Two technological disruptive capacitors were: the stethoscope and the electrocardiogram, which allowed for the construction of two new &#8220;sciences&#8221;, the eletroctrocardiography and the phonomecanography. Certainly, the complexity of understanding the eletroctrocardiography and its electroclinical correlation has made Cardiology to become a specialty independent from clinical medicine, in the early 20th century. In the post-war years, technical-scientific developments allowed Cardiology to be prepared to become a solid area of action, and enabled the new search for therapeutic approaches, which contributed to the increased survival rates observed in basically all cardiopathies.</p>
    <p>The foundation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), on August 14, 1943, was an important mark in our country, which enabled to tie together doctors dedicated to cardiovascular teaching, research and care. Thus, since 2005, the cardiologists day has been celebrated. The SBC and its brand logos have been transformed as it searches to connect our tradition and the contemporaneity of our cardiology and its international insertion and relevance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Brazilian cardiologists. Elected from SBC Partners as highlights of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0335-90207-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The trajectory of this specialty traverses the emergence of the SBC, the propagation of training courses, the creation of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia in 1948 and the first specialists&#8217; titles. Over the years, in association with the hospitalist practice and the great technological development, Cardiology was divided into specific specialty areas: emergency cardiology and cardiac intensivism, congenital cardiopathies, cardiac surgery, hemodynamics, echocardiography, electrophysiology, among others. In order to understand the future, it is necessary to look back into the past and realize the huge steps of this specialty, which grows worldwide, aligned with the contemporaneity of the challenges to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases in a safe manner, based on guidelines and focusing on the patient.</p>
    <p>Going back to remote times, we can rescue the registries of the first steps of the specialty that we call protocardiology. Leonardo da Vinci&#8217;s observations, drawings and notes of the heart, made in 1490, are deemed as pioneering in the history of Cardiology. As author of the first graphic representation of the coronary arteries, he also explained the heart fluid dynamics and defined the formation of the aortic valve cusp and the sinus wall. It is possible to state that Da Vinci was a renaissance cardiologist.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In the mid-1500s, Andreas Vesalius published a wonderful atlas of anatomy in his "Fabricius". In this publication, he called the heart the "center of life". This publication corrects the anatomical mistakes described by Galen and, for many historians, it is the mark of modern medicine. Modern cardiology has its beginnings with the publication of the book <italic>De Motus Cordis</italic>, written by the English physician and scientist William Harvey, the father of Cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which caused a &#8220;hurricane&#8221; in science and medicine when it asserted, based on studies in animals and humans, that the blood goes from the heart through closed spaces and returns through veins into the heart.</p>
    <p>The evolution of the history of Cardiology in Brazil was brilliantly revised by professor Nelson Botelho Reis and published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, in 1986.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> He reinforces that the clinical-anatomic method was the first method in clinical medicine that evolved from a simple confirmation (&#8220;findings of necropsy&#8221;) or from the verification of the disease in an emerging scientific area, correlating the patient&#8217;s clinical picture. Important Italian (Malpigi, Morgami); French (Vienssens, Bichat and Laennec) and German (Virchow) physicians were fundamental to the construction of this new discipline. The Anatomopathology witnessed the emergence of Histology, which brought to light the importance of examining cells and tissues, and of expanding the correlation and causal mechanisms of diseases. The physicians interested in the area of Cardiology presented a growing and e robust method to explain the abnormal cardiovascular findings and necropsy data.</p>
    <p>In our country, the central influence of the cardiovascular anatomoclinical method was important for the formation of cardiologists until the beginning of the 1980&#8217;s, initially influenced by Sylvio Carvalhal (S&#227;o Paulo), Professor Luigi Bogliolo (Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais). Also, Professor Manoel Barreto Neto, whom I was honored to be a student of and from whom I received deep knowledge and the strength of the anatomoclinical method, along with the findings presented by Professor Raul Carlos Pareto Junior. The<italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> also publishes its traditional anatomoclinical section, an important tool for the formation of young cardiologists.</p>
    <p>In the second half of the 19th century, the third stage of Cardiology emerged: the experimental medicine, the source of the brilliance of writers such as Claude Bernard and Carl Ludwig. The German and French schools made experimental medicine an independent area and two researchers described the Frank-Starling Law, the first law of the heart. In the 19th century, scientific advances derived from new disciplines such as microbiology, immunology, histology and biochemistry. Other sciences were incorporated into the study of Cardiology, such as physics and electricity, which contributed to the discovery of the x-ray and the chord galvanometer. In the future, these would constitute the basis of cardiac radiology and electrocardiography. In the end of the 19th century, the combination of anatomoclinical data and the recording of stetho-acoustic findings using graphic methods (phonomecanographic) consolidated a new pathophysiological approach, and a detailed description was made of a growing number of cardiovascular conditions.</p>
    <p>It is possible to assert that the official study of Cardiology, as a science and medical specialty, started with the vital contribution of Dr. Carlos Chagas&#8217; studies, who diagnosed the chagasic cardiomyopathy in 1909, and was responsible for the first translational studies and the publication of the first broad scientific study of a cardiac disease in Brazil. In addition, he was responsible for introducing the first electrocardiogram, installed in the laboratory of Manguinhos, a valuable and unequivocal contribution to Brazilian Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Industry development and migration from rural to urban areas, with the creation of metropolitan areas, in the early 1920s, led to a huge change in the eating and working habits of the Brazilian population, with the spread of heart diseases among the society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the same period, the dissemination of the electrocardiograph made it possible to develop specific studies, which resulted in a branch of clinical medicine that became an area of major interest for numerous physicians, who began to search for specialty programs in Brazil and abroad. This movement, throughout the 1930s, led to the emergence of the medical specialty, thanks to the particular interest of this enthusiastic group for this specific study, which caused emerging resources to be redirected to the investigation of cardiovascular diseases, through phonomechanography and electrocardiography. From this moment, a great process of creation of annual specialty courses began, which initially were offered in S&#227;o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, even before the constitution of the Chair and the formation of this Society, on August 14, 1943. The access to these great transnational networks, and the whole American continent, benefited the investigation, the learning and trainings that took place until the end of World War II, and was the result of the internationalization process of the SBC, which maintained the possibility of interchange between Brazilian and North-American doctors and, consequently, of its actions together with the American College of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Cardiology and cardiologists experienced deep changes in the beginning of the 20th century, due to the employment of the electrocardiogram as the cornerstone of cardiovascular rationale. Another important change was the progressive loss of relevance of the French school for Cardiology and the emergence of the North-American and Mexican schools of Cardiology. The Mexican Institute of Cardiology, founded by Ignacio Chaves, in 1944, became a research and education pole in the area of electrocardiography and a model center of cardiovascular education, attracting Brazilian young people for its residence in cardiology, as well as people from other nationalities. Between the 1940&#8217;s and 70&#8217;s, it would become a global reference center and contribute to important advances for the pathophysiology of congenital diseases, pulmonary hypertension, hemodynamics and electrophysiology. The influence of the North-American school starts to consolidate in the post-war period, when it incorporates economic resources to professionalize clinical research and construction and new centers of cardiology, as well as into the development of cardiac catheterization and myocardial revascularization surgery. The Harvard group led by Professor Eugene Braunwald consolidates in the discovery of new mechanisms of disease and in multicenter therapeutic studies.</p>
    <p>In the 1980&#8217;s and 90&#8217;s, noninvasive cardiovascular imaging, echocardiography, myocardial scintigraphy, computerized tomography and cardiac resonance were incorporated and became increasingly indispensable for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic evaluation. Parallel to this, we started to incorporate the principles of evidence-based medicine into the process of clinical decision making in the therapeutic area. The Brazilian Society of Cardiology establishes clinical guidelines to guide the cardiovascular practice, incorporating and ranking the recommendations to confront several cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    <p>Since the hospitalist practice of our cardiologists, cardiac surgery has been present and of vital importance for the development of our specialty, as well as hemodynamics, both being distinguished as the major departments in the first years of constitution of the SBC. Specialized sectors and equipment in hemodynamics and cardiac surgery, creation of specialized health care centers and units, such as the coronary unit and cardiac postoperative unit, provide specific care, adding knowledge and value to the specialty. With the arrival of the 1980's, there was the dissemination of the use of coronary angioplasty for the treatment of multiple vessel disease and acute myocardial infarction, using reperfusion techniques and thrombolytic therapy. The advances of interventionist hemodynamics through the use of pharmacological stents, valvuloplasty and prosthesis implantation emerged around the world, and quickly arrived in Brazil, promoting a huge evolution step towards the formation of the specialist in Cardiology, as well as the need for the constitution of teams dedicated to each area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>All this movement promoted the growing and the development of the SBC, leading to the creation of the first five specialized Departments: Cardiovascular Surgery Department (1969), Pediatric Cardiovascular Department (1973), Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Department (1974), Angiocardiography and Hemodynamic Department (1976) and Hypertension Department (1981).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nowadays, the SBC consists of 13 active departments, where a total of 14,000 associates are distributed in 26 regional clusters throughout Brazil, being the largest society in Latin America. Cardiology, in addition to having being the first specialty to establish a Chair at universities and teaching hospitals, was also responsible for the emergence of accreditation procedures for specialist titles and, nowadays, has the support of 8,429 doctors with a specialty degree in Cardiology.</p>
    <p>In addition, several institutions offer <italic>lato sensu</italic> post-graduation courses. In line with this demand for specialty courses, the SCB, alongside its regular publications <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (Brazilian Archives of Cardiology), <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Science, the SBC Journal</italic> and its guidelines, provides DE (distance education) courses, a broad schedule of events and congresses with online access. In order to respond the need for expanding translational research, the specialty counts with the possibility of network research, as in the case of stem-cell therapy, which involved several centers, the support to clinical trials and registries, in addition to epidemiologic studies on the most prevalent cardiovascular conditions in our field. In the context of standardization of conduct and creation of protocols, the SBC dedicates extreme determination for the development and publication of guidelines on approach and treatment of the main diseases with high morbidity and mortality nowadays.</p>
    <p>In the late 20th century, Brazilian Cardiology constructed a solid legacy and international relevance, a trajectory from which renowned fellows were elected representatives of this first century of our specialty (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Different SBC logos throughout its history.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0335-90207-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>This new decade emerges with a new design for Cardiology in a digital, connected, patient-focused environment, based on major pillars - artificial intelligence, big-data, robotics, biosensors, telemedicine, devices, sensors and genomics. Together they will support the Precision Cardiology paradigm. The need to incorporate into our mindset the idea of the cardiologist approaching the world of innovation and entrepreneurship is a new challenge in the formation of our new cardiologists with emphasis on the development of female leadership in cardiology. From the assistance point of view, our integration with the population health and family doctors will increase, as well as our multidisciplinary approaches, enabling the implementation of lines of care and the monitoring of clinical outcomes and focused on patient safety. This means to know and dominate the triad formed by cardiovascular biomedical knowledge, technology (Digital medicine) and humanization. Knowledge moves forward quickly and unstoppable, in a global manner, supported and favored by numerous opportunities of knowledge exchange between peers and institutions worldwide. The technology, which promotes the evolution of Digital and Precision Medicine, favors the access to knowledge, the strengthening of diagnosis, the promotion of man-machine interaction and the possibility of personalizing therapy to its molecular level. And, finally, the rescue of essence: the humanization of such advanced and futuristic Cardiology. A new journey will be necessary into the daily practice of doctor-patient interaction in order to promote empathy, patient empowerment and sensitivity to the doctor inserted in this new context for this new decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Cardiologia e o Cardiologista - Ontem, Hoje e Amanh&#227;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5969-8226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Aurea Lucia Alves de Azevedo Grippa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Ministro Ot&#225;vio Kely, 500 1506, Icar&#225;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etmesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#233;culo 19/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#233;culo 20/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Humanos</kwd>
        <kwd>Animais</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>Carlos Chagas foi o primeiro cardiologista &#8220;moderno&#8221; no Brasil.</italic>
          </p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>Professor Nelson Botelho Reis</italic>
          </p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>Presidente da SBC gest&#227;o 1974-1975</italic>
          </p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>A Cardiologia, como especialidade m&#233;dica, foi sendo constru&#237;da a partir de conhecimentos cient&#237;ficos provenientes das &#225;reas b&#225;sicas e cl&#237;nica e do desenvolvimento dos dispositivos tecnol&#243;gicos que permitiram estudar e compreender o sistema cardiovascular. Dois capacitadores tecnol&#243;gicos disruptivos foram o estetosc&#243;pio e o eletrocardiograma, que permitiram a constru&#231;&#227;o de duas novas &#8220;ci&#234;ncias&#8221;: a eletrocardiografia e a fonomecanocardiografia. Certamente, a complexidade do entendimento da eletrocardiografia e da sua correla&#231;&#227;o eletro-cl&#237;nica fez com que a cardiologia se torna uma especialidade que no in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX se separa da cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. Os avan&#231;os t&#233;cnico-cient&#237;ficos do p&#243;s-guerra permitiram que a Cardiologia estivesse preparada para se tornar uma s&#243;lida &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o e que o conhecimento dos fen&#244;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos permitisse buscar novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas e contribu&#237;sse para o aumento da sobrevida, observado em praticamente todas as cardiopatias.</p>
      <p>A funda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), no dia 14 de agosto de 1943, foi um importante marco em nosso pa&#237;s para consolidar essa nova especialidade, permitindo aglutinar m&#233;dicos dedicados ao ensino, pesquisa e assist&#234;ncia cardiovascular. Essa data, a partir de 2005, passa a ser comemorada como dia do cardiologista. A SBC e a sua logo t&#234;m se transformado, buscando conectar a nossa tradi&#231;&#227;o e a contemporaneidade da nossa cardiologia e nossa inser&#231;&#227;o e relev&#226;ncia internacionais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiologistas brasileiros - Eleitos a partir dos S&#243;cios da SBC como destaques do s&#233;culo XX (2002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0335-90207-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A trajet&#243;ria desta especialidade perpassa pelo surgimento da SBC, pela propaga&#231;&#227;o dos cursos de aperfei&#231;oamento, pela cria&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia em 1948 e pelos primeiros t&#237;tulos de especialidade. Ao longo dos anos, associada &#224; pr&#225;tica hospitalista, e com o grande desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, a Cardiologia foi segmentada em &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas de atua&#231;&#227;o: cardiologia de emerg&#234;ncia e cardiointensivismo, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, cirurgia card&#237;aca, hemodin&#226;mica, ecocardiografia, eletrofisiologia, entre outras. Para a compreens&#227;o do futuro, &#233; necess&#225;rio voltarmos ao passado, e entender os passos gigantescos desta especialidade que cresce no mundo inteiro, alinhada &#224; contemporaneidade dos desafios de prevenir e tratar as enfermidades cardiovasculares de forma segura, embasada em diretrizes e centrada no paciente.</p>
      <p>Remetendo-nos a tempos remotos, podemos resgatar os registros dos primeiros passos da nossa especialidade, que chamamos da protocardiologia. Em 1490, as observa&#231;&#245;es, desenhos e anota&#231;&#245;es de Leonardo da Vinci sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o podem ser considerados pioneiros na hist&#243;ria da Cardiologia. Autor da primeira representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica das coron&#225;rias, Da Vinci tamb&#233;m explicou a din&#226;mica do fluxo card&#237;aco e definiu a forma&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides da valva a&#243;rtica e a parede sinusal. Podemos afirmar que Da Vinci foi um cardiologista renascentista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em meados de 1500, Andreas Vesalius publica um maravilhoso atlas de anatomia em seu "Fabricius". Nesta publica&#231;&#227;o, ele nomeia o cora&#231;&#227;o de "centro da vida&#8221;. Essa publica&#231;&#227;o corrige os erros anat&#244;micos descritos por Galeno e, para muitos historiadores, &#233; o marco da medicina moderna. A Cardiologia moderna tem o seu surgimento a partir da publica&#231;&#227;o do livro <italic>De Motus Cordis</italic>, pelo m&#233;dico e cientista ingl&#234;s William Harvey, o pai da Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que promove um &#8220;terremoto&#8221; na ci&#234;ncia e na medicina ao afirmar, embasado em estudos em animais e humanos, que o sangue percorre caminhos fechados a partir do cora&#231;&#227;o e retorna pelas veias ao cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica da Cardiologia no Brasil foi revista de forma brilhante pelo professor Nelson Botelho Reis e publicada nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, no ano de 1986.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ele refor&#231;a que o m&#233;todo an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nico foi o primeiro m&#233;todo da ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica que evoluiu de uma simples constata&#231;&#227;o (&#8220;achados de necropsia&#8221;) ou da verifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a numa emergente &#225;rea cient&#237;fica, correlacionando o quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente. Importantes m&#233;dicos italianos (Malpigi, Morgami), franceses (Vienssens, Bichat e Laennec) e alem&#227;es (Virchow) foram fundamentais na constru&#231;&#227;o dessa nova disciplina. A anat&#243;mo-patologia viu o surgimento da histologia, permitindo atribuir import&#226;ncia &#224;s c&#233;lulas e aos tecidos, e ampliar a correla&#231;&#227;o e os mecanismos causais das doen&#231;as. Os cl&#237;nicos interessados pela &#225;rea da Cardiologia possu&#237;am um crescente e robusto m&#233;todo para explicar os achados cardiovasculares anormais e os dados das necropsias.</p>
      <p>No nosso pa&#237;s, a influ&#234;ncia central do m&#233;todo an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nico cardiovascular foi importante na forma&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas, at&#233; o in&#237;cio dos anos 80, inicialmente influenciados por Sylvio Carvalhal (S&#227;o Paulo), professor Luigi Bogliolo (Rio de janeiro e Minas Gerais). Devemos mencionar tamb&#233;m o professor Manoel Barreto Neto, de quem tive a honra de ser aluno e receber o profundo aprendizado e a for&#231;a do m&#233;todo an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nico, com a integra&#231;&#227;o dos achados apresentados pelo professor Raul Carlos Pareto Junior. Os <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> publicam ainda sua tradicional sess&#227;o an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nica, importante ferramenta na forma&#231;&#227;o dos jovens cardiologistas.</p>
      <p>Na segunda metade do s&#233;culo XIX, surge a terceira etapa da Cardiologia: a medicina experimental, fonte da genialidade de escritores como Claude Bernard e Carl Ludwig. As escolas alem&#227; e francesa tornaram a medicina experimental uma &#225;rea independente, e dois investigadores descreveram a Lei de Frank-Starling, a primeira lei do cora&#231;&#227;o. No s&#233;culo XIX, avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos foram provenientes de novas disciplinas, como a microbiologia, imunologia, histologia e bioqu&#237;mica. Outras ci&#234;ncias ser&#227;o incorporadas no estudo da Cardiologia, como a f&#237;sica e eletricidade, que ir&#227;o contribuir para a descoberta de raios-x e o galvan&#244;metro da corda, e viriam a ser futuramente a base da radiologia card&#237;aca e da eletrocardiografia. No final do s&#233;culo XIX, a combina&#231;&#227;o dos dados an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nico e o registro dos achados estetoac&#250;sticos pelos m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos (fonomecanocardiogr&#225;fico) consolidaram uma nova vis&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica, e ocorreu uma pormenorizada descri&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero crescente dos quadros cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel afirmarmos que o estudo oficial da cardiologia como ci&#234;ncia e especialidade teve os seus primeiros passos e contribui&#231;&#227;o vital com os estudos do Dr. Carlos Chagas que identificou a doen&#231;a de Chagas em 1909, sendo ele o respons&#225;vel pelas primeiras pesquisas translacionais e publica&#231;&#227;o do primeiro grande estudo cient&#237;fico de uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca no Brasil. Tamb&#233;m foi respons&#225;vel pela introdu&#231;&#227;o do primeiro eletrocardiograma instalado no laborat&#243;rio de Manguinhos, contribui&#231;&#227;o valorosa e inequ&#237;voca para a Cardiologia brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento industrial e o movimento migrat&#243;rio da zona rural para a zona urbana, com a cria&#231;&#227;o das metr&#243;poles, no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1920, levou a uma enorme mudan&#231;a nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e de trabalho da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, havendo uma populariza&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas na sociedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No mesmo per&#237;odo, a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do uso do eletrocardi&#243;grafo impulsionou os estudos espec&#237;ficos, levando a uma ramifica&#231;&#227;o da Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, que se tornaria uma &#225;rea de maior interesse a muitos cl&#237;nicos que come&#231;aram a partir em busca de especializa&#231;&#245;es no Brasil e no exterior. Esse movimento ao longo da d&#233;cada de 30 levou ao surgimento da especialidade que surgiu em nosso meio, atrav&#233;s do interesse espec&#237;fico deste grupo entusiasmado pelo estudo espec&#237;fico, direcionando os recursos que surgiam para a investiga&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, atrav&#233;s da fonomecanografia e da eletrocardiografia. Inicia-se, deste momento, um grande processo de cria&#231;&#227;o dos cursos anuais de especializa&#231;&#227;o, que se instalaram inicialmente em S&#227;o Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, antes mesmo da constitui&#231;&#227;o da c&#225;tedra e da forma&#231;&#227;o desta sociedade, em 14 de agosto de 1943. O acesso a grandes redes transnacionais e de todo o continente americano beneficiou a investiga&#231;&#227;o, o aprendizado e treinamento ocorridos at&#233; o fim da II Guerra Mundial e foram fruto do processo de internacionaliza&#231;&#227;o da SBC, que manteve a possibilidade do interc&#226;mbio entre m&#233;dicos do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos e a consequente atua&#231;&#227;o da mesma junto ao <italic>American College of Cardiology.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A Cardiologia e o cardiologista apresentaram uma profunda transforma&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX com o emprego do eletrocardiograma como pedra angular do racioc&#237;nio cardiovascular. Outra importante mudan&#231;a foi a progressiva perda da relev&#226;ncia da escola francesa para a Cardiologia e o aparecimento da escola norte-americana e mexicana de Cardiologia. O Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia do M&#233;xico, fundado por Ignacio Chaves, em 1944, se tornou um polo de pesquisa e ensino na &#225;rea de eletrocardiografia e um exemplar centro de forma&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, atraindo jovens brasileiros, e de outras nacionalidades, para sua resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Entre os anos 40-70, ele se tornaria um centro de refer&#234;ncia mundial e colaboraria com importantes avan&#231;os na fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, hemodin&#226;mica e eletrofisiologia. A influ&#234;ncia da escola norte-americana vai se consolidando no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-guerra ao incorporar recursos econ&#244;micos, a profissionalizar a pesquisa cl&#237;nica e a constru&#231;&#227;o de novos centros de cardiologia e permitindo o desenvolvimento do cateterismo card&#237;aco e da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O grupo de Harvard liderado pelo professor Eugene Braunwald se consolida na descoberta de novos mecanismos de doen&#231;a e nos estudos multic&#234;ntricos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>Nas d&#233;cadas de 80 e 90, vai sendo incorporada a imagem cardiovascular n&#227;o invasiva: o ecocardiografia, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, a tomografia computadorizada e a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;acas, que se tornam cada vez mais imprescind&#237;veis na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, progn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica. Ao lado disso, passamos a incorporar, no processo de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica na &#225;rea terap&#234;utica, os princ&#237;pios da medicina embasada em evid&#234;ncias. A SBC estabelece diretrizes cl&#237;nicas para guiar a pr&#225;tica cardiovascular incorporando e hierarquizando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es frente &#224;s diferentes doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Desde a pr&#225;tica hospitalista dos nossos cardiologistas, a cirurgia card&#237;aca se fez presente e tem sido de vital import&#226;ncia para o desenvolvimento da especialidade, assim como a hemodin&#226;mica. Ambas se destacaram como principais departamentos nos primeiros anos da constitui&#231;&#227;o da SBC. Setores e equipamentos especializados para hemodin&#226;mica e cirurgia card&#237;aca, cria&#231;&#227;o de centros e unidades de atendimentos especializados, como as unidades coronarianas e de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio card&#237;aco, favorecerem o cuidado espec&#237;fico, agregando conhecimento e valor &#224; especialidade. Com a chegada dos anos 80, houve a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do uso da angioplastia coronariana no tratamento do comprometimento m&#250;ltiplos dos vasos e na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com as t&#233;cnicas de reperfus&#227;o e uso de trombol&#237;ticos. Os avan&#231;os na hemodin&#226;mica intervencionista atrav&#233;s do uso dos &#8220;stents&#8221; farmacol&#243;gicos, valvuloplastias e implantes de pr&#243;teses valvares despontaram no mundo, chegando rapidamente ao Brasil, propiciando um enorme salto de evolu&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o do especialista em Cardiologia, al&#233;m da necessidade de constitui&#231;&#227;o de equipes dedicadas a cada &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Todo este movimento proporcionou o crescimento e desenvolvimento da SBC, levando &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros cinco Departamentos especializados: Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (1969), Departamento de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica (1973), Departamento de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Respirat&#243;ria (1974), Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica e Angiocardiografia (1976) e Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o (1981).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Atualmente, a SBC &#233; composta por 13 departamentos atuantes, onde se distribui um total de 14.000 associados, distribu&#237;dos em 26 regionais de todo o Brasil, sendo a maior sociedade latino-americana. A Cardiologia, al&#233;m de ter sido a primeira especialidade a constituir c&#225;tedra nas universidades e hospitais de ensino, tamb&#233;m foi respons&#225;vel pelo despontar dos processos de credenciamento por t&#237;tulos de especialistas, contando hoje com 8.429 m&#233;dicos com t&#237;tulo em cardiologia.</p>
      <p>S&#227;o oferecidos cursos de especializa&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>lato sensu</italic> em diversas institui&#231;&#245;es. Alinhada a esta necessidade de capacita&#231;&#227;o, a SCB, al&#233;m de suas publica&#231;&#245;es regulares Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, International Journal of Cardiovascular Science, Jornal da SBC e das suas diretrizes, disponibiliza cursos de EAD (educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#226;ncia), extenso calend&#225;rio de eventos e congressos com acesso <italic>online</italic>. Fundamentados na necessidade de expans&#227;o da pesquisa translacional, a especialidade conta com a possibilidade de pesquisa em rede, a exemplo da terapia de c&#233;lulas tronco que envolveu diversos centros, o apoio aos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e registros e estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares predominantes em nosso meio. No contexto da padroniza&#231;&#227;o de condutas e cria&#231;&#227;o de protocolos, a SBC dedica extremo empenho ao desenvolvimento, divulga&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes de abordagem e tratamento das principais doen&#231;as de elevada morbimortalidade em nossos dias.</p>
      <p>No final do s&#233;culo XX a cardiologia brasileira constru&#237;a um s&#243;lido legado e relev&#226;ncia internacional. No ano de 2002 os associados da SBC elegeram renomados colegas representantes desse primeiro s&#233;culo da nossa especialidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferentes logomarcas da SBC ao longo da sua hist&#243;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-03-0335-90207-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No que tange &#224; nova d&#233;cada, surge com novo <italic>design</italic> para a cardiologia no ambiente digital, conectada, centrada no paciente com grandes pilares - intelig&#234;ncia artificial, big-data, rob&#243;tica, bio-sensores, telemedicina, dispositivos m&#243;veis, sensores e gen&#244;mica. Juntos ir&#227;o embasar o paradigma da Cardiologia de Precis&#227;o. A vis&#227;o de aproximar o cardiologista com o mundo da inova&#231;&#227;o e empreendedorismo, devendo ser incorporada no nosso <italic>mindset,</italic> &#233; um novo desafio para forma&#231;&#227;o dos novos cardiologistas com &#234;nfase no desenvolvimento de lideran&#231;as femininas na cardiologia. Do ponto de vista assistencial, crescer&#225; nossa interface com a sa&#250;de populacional e com os m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia e a atua&#231;&#227;o em termos multi-disciplinares, implementando linhas de cuidado monitorando desfechos cl&#237;nicos e focada na seguran&#231;a do paciente. Isto significa conhecer e dominar a tr&#237;ade formada pelo conhecimento biom&#233;dico cardiovascular, a tecnologia (Medicina digital) e a humaniza&#231;&#227;o. O conhecimento avan&#231;a veloz e irrefre&#225;vel, globalizado, apoiado e favorecido pelas in&#250;meras oportunidades de troca de conhecimentos entre os pares e institui&#231;&#245;es no mundo inteiro. A tecnologia fomenta a evolu&#231;&#227;o da medicina digital e de precis&#227;o, favorecendo o acesso ao conhecimento, potencializando e aprimorando o diagn&#243;stico, promovendo uma intera&#231;&#227;o homem-m&#225;quina capaz de gerar a personaliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica ao seu n&#237;vel molecular. E por fim, o resgate da ess&#234;ncia: a humaniza&#231;&#227;o desta cardiologia avan&#231;ada e futurista. Ser&#225; necess&#225;ria uma nova viagem &#224; pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria da intera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente que seja capaz de promover empatia, empoderamento ao paciente e sensibilidade ao m&#233;dico inserido neste novo contexto e nesta nova d&#233;cada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
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