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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Knds3ttz7CD5WDM93SNWGdC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800294</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190165</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exertional Rhabdomyolysis after Military Training Paralleled by Systemic Microvascular Dysfunction and Plasma Cytokine Increase: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0162-7476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-4074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Roger de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5455-1540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bavel</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Tibirica,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira F, Moraes R, Bavel D, Lorenzo AR, Tibirica E; Acquisition of data: Pereira F, Bavel D; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Tibirica E; Writing of the manuscript: Pereira F, Moraes R, Lorenzo AR, Tibirica E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>294</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Rhabdomyolosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>High-Intensity Interval Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Myalgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cytokinase/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatine Kinase</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, Skeletal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is diagnosed by the presence of intense muscular pain and sudden elevation of total plasma levels of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK), with or without myoglobinuria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> is closely associated with acute fatigue during exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as well to the associated risk of acute renal injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiac arrhythmias, and electrolyte disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ER is highly prevalent in military training, particularly when performed in adverse climatic conditions, and many cases progress rapidly to acute, life-threatening renal failure. Moreover, it is estimated that about one-third of the cases of ER involve young male afro-descendants with low physical conditioning and extreme dehydration, occurring during summer military training courses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In those situations, clinically healthy young subjects are submitted to strenuous exercise routines performed with combat uniforms and equipment and without adequate hydration possibilities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The assessment of systemic endothelial microvascular reactivity has already been proven to be essential in the investigation of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Additionally, the cutaneous microcirculation is now considered as an accessible and representative vascular bed for the assessment of systemic microcirculatory reactivity and density.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Considering that ER has already been shown to be related to decreased systemic endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the systemic circulation in the experimental setting,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> it is reasonable to speculate that ER is also associated with significant systemic microcirculatory dysfunction. Moreover, there is no description in the specialized literature of the association of ER with microvascular endothelial function is humans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the detrimental outcomes of ER on endothelium-dependent systemic microvascular reactivity in human beings.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>This case report is part of an observational research study without any intervention investigating the impact of special military training courses on cytokine profile and microvascular reactivity and the risk of developing ER in Brazilian Air Force military personnel who fully completed a five-week training period. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (revised in 2013). The case report was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil under protocol number # CAAE 49792515.6.0000.5272. The subject read and signed the informed consent form approved by the IRB. The patient was encouraged to share his perception of the clinical event that occurred during special military training with his colleagues.</p>
        <p>The patient was a 21-year-old and physically fit afro-descendant Brazilian Air Force military trainee, who spontaneously applied for riot control military training. The military was considered to have excellent aerobic endurance for his age range (20-29 years of age), using the Cooper run test (VO<sub>2</sub>max of 54.66 ml/kg/min). The patient presented no significant information on past personal or familial past medical history, including ER, and did not use any medication nor oral supplements during the period of military training. We tested the patient&#8217;s blood using hemoglobin electrophoresis, which showed the absence of hemoglobin S. Thus, we can consider that the patient did not present sickle-cell trait. He was diagnosed with ER on the second day of military training. He had performed running exercise in a combat uniform and transporting a 15 Kg kit including shield and gun, with a limited intake of water, and after being exposed to tear and pepper gases for 45 minutes. On the day before, he had run 2,400 meters in 12 minutes, and on both occasions, the running exercises were performed in warm (32<sup>o</sup>C) and humid (86% relative humidity) conditions typical of the summer season in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p>
        <p>The patient had vomiting, postural hypotension, myalgia and muscle weakness in the hip region and lower limbs and was promptly referred to the Air Force Hospital. He soon developed fever (41<sup>o</sup>C axillary temperature), dark-colored urine, lower limb edema and gait difficulty.</p>
        <p>The evaluations of microvascular reactivity were performed one day before the beginning of military training and one day after hospital discharge, both in the morning between 8 and 12 AM and after a 12-hour fast. Microcirculatory tests were performed after a 20-minute rest in the supine position in a temperature-controlled room (23 &#177; 1&#176;C). Microvascular reactivity was evaluated using a laser speckle contrast imaging system (PeriCam PSI system, Perimed, J&#228;rf&#228;lla, Sweden) in combination with skin iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) for noninvasive and continuous measurement of cutaneous microvascular perfusion changes (in arbitrary perfusion units, APU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> During the post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test, arterial occlusion was performed with supra-systolic pressure using a sphygmomanometer for 3 min. Following the release of pressure, the maximum flux was measured. Measurements of skin blood flow were divided by the mean arterial pressure to yield the cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in APU/mmHg. The capillary density, defined as the number of perfused capillaries per mm<sup>2</sup> of skin area, was assessed by high-resolution intra-vital color microscopy (Moritex, Cambridge, UK). The dorsum of the non-dominant middle phalanx was used for image acquisition. Images were acquired and saved for posterior off-line analysis using a semi-automatic integrated system (Microvision Instruments, Evry, France). The mean capillary density was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the number of visible (i.e., spontaneously perfused) capillaries in three contiguous microscopic fields of 1 mm<sup>2</sup> each, as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Laboratory testing of the subject is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. The plasma levels of the enzyme CK were more than 5 times higher than reference laboratory ranges, and together with the symptoms suggested the diagnosis of ER. The creatinine clearance, calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, was markedly reduced. Treatment consisted primarily of intravenous infusion of saline solution (&#8805; 2,5 L/day) with bicarbonate for pH normalization and myoglobin washout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and to maintain adequate urine output. The plasma cytokine analysis is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>, showing increased levels of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Ra even after hospital discharge.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory testing of the patient before military training, during hospitalization (D, days) and one day after hospital discharge</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center">BEFORE</th>
                <th align="center">D1</th>
                <th align="center">D2</th>
                <th align="center">D3</th>
                <th align="center">D4</th>
                <th align="center">D5</th>
                <th align="center">AFTER</th>
                <th align="center">Reference ranges</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Red blood cells (10<sup>6</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td align="center">5.8</td>
                <td align="center">5.0</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#8211; 6.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">15.8</td>
                <td align="center">16.9</td>
                <td align="center">14.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.0</td>
                <td align="center">15.1</td>
                <td align="center">15.4</td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#8211; 18.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47.5</td>
                <td align="center">51.5</td>
                <td align="center">43.3</td>
                <td align="center">40.5</td>
                <td align="center">38.1</td>
                <td align="center">43.2</td>
                <td align="center">47.0</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#8211; 54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White Blood Cell Count (&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">9,000</td>
                <td align="center">18,600</td>
                <td align="center">9,580</td>
                <td align="center">7,120</td>
                <td align="center">6,470</td>
                <td align="center">8,920</td>
                <td align="center">9,200</td>
                <td align="center">5,000 &#8211; 10,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Platelet counts (x1000/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">278</td>
                <td align="center">313</td>
                <td align="center">233</td>
                <td align="center">201</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">267</td>
                <td align="center">269</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#8211; 450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#8211; 40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#8211; 1.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">106</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#8211; 137</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2.34</td>
                <td align="center">10.9</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td align="center">8.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.72</td>
                <td align="center">2.23 &#8211; 2.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magnesium (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#8211; 2.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#8211; 145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.7</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#8211; 5.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatine kinase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">370</td>
                <td align="center">1,100</td>
                <td align="center">2,116</td>
                <td align="center">1,496</td>
                <td align="center">306</td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#8211; 170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH (&#181;IU/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2.10</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.35 &#8211; 4.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T3 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1.13</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.49</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 &#8211; 1.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T4 (ng/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.19</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.16</td>
                <td align="center">0.70 &#8211; 1.48</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>T3: triiodothyronine; T4: thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cytokine plasma levels (in pg/mL) of the patient before military training and one day after hospital discharge</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cytokines</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">BEFORE</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AFTER</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1&#946;</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">29.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1Ra</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.86</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">156.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">19.28</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INF-&#947;</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IL-1&#946;: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IL-1Ra: IL-1 receptor antagonist; TNF&#945;: tumour necrosis factor alpha; INF-&#947;: Interferon gamma.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of note, one day after hospital discharge, systemic endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity was severely impaired. These results can be observed both in the pharmacological (acetylcholine-induced) and physiological (PORH-induced) microvascular vasodilator responses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Finally, cutaneous endothelium-dependent capillary recruitment was also impaired (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of skin iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACH) on cutaneous microvascular conductance (A, expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, APU, divided by mean arterial pressure, in mmHg) before military training (BEFORE) and one day after hospital discharge (AFTER). (B) Effects of forearm post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) on cutaneous microvascular conductance. (C) Functional capillary density before (BASAL) and during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) before military training (BEFORE) and one day after hospital discharge (AFTER). (D) Percentage change in endothelial-dependent increase in capillary density after PORH before military training (BEFORE) and one day after hospital discharge (AFTER). BASAL: values before PORH; PEAK: maximum values after PORH; INCREASE: the difference between peak and basal values.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0294-90165-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After six days of hospitalization and two additional weeks of rest at home, the subject had fully recovered and was able to return to his normal activities. Prognosis of ER is generally good if full recovery occurs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This case report demonstrates that ER after strenuous physical exercise, performed in adverse environmental conditions and with limited water access, can be paralleled by persistent systemic microvascular dysfunction, detectable up to 1 week after the beginning of symptoms and even after normalization of muscle enzymes and complete resolution of renal dysfunction. In fact, a marked reduction of the endothelium-dependent systemic microvascular reactivity induced by both pharmacological (acetylcholine) and physiological (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, PORH) stimuli was observed one week after the diagnosis of ER. Moreover, skin capillary function, measured as post-ischemic capillary recruitment, was also significantly impaired, suggesting a loss of vasodilatory reserve and autoregulatory capacity and the existence of severe microvascular endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Exercise training of moderate intensity is well-known to induce beneficial effects on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases through the preservation of vascular endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> On the other hand, strenuous exercise increases oxidative metabolism and produces a pro-oxidant environment, and consequent endothelial dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> while regular and moderate physical activity promotes an antioxidant state and preserves endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, high-intensity exercise training in previously untrained individuals, such as that of special military training, could be detrimental to the promotion of vascular health.</p>
      <p>The microvascular alterations described above were simultaneous with alterations of the profile of plasma cytokines. Nevertheless, it is clearly not possible to establish a link between both phenomena in the present case report, since other metabolic changes could also be involved in the initiation of microvascular dysfunction. It is well known that ER is acutely associated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Even though we did not obtain cytokine plasma levels on the day of hospital admission, we observed an increase both in pro-inflammatory (IL-1b, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1Ra) cytokines after hospital discharge, compared to values obtained immediately before military training. The plasma levels of muscle-derived IL-6, which is considered to be a key mediator released during exhaustive exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> usually starts to increase within the first hour of prolonged exercise and continues to rise depending on the duration of the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In fact, it is well established that the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the time of muscle injury influences the synthesis of acute phase proteins and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, as a physiological response to offset the inflammatory response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Moreover, it has been consistently shown that there is a rise in anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ra and IL-10, following endurance exercise lasting longer than 2 h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Yet, the plasma levels of TNF-a were not increased one week after ER, suggesting that this cytokine has a different kinetics profile, compared with the aforementioned pro-inflammatory cytokines. Plasma levels of INF-g did not show important variations in the present case. Actually, most studies in the literature failed to demonstrate a significant rise in plasma IFN-g after exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Strengths and limitations of our experimental approach should be considered. The use of laser-based skin microvascular flowmetry, as well as the evaluation of the levels of plasma cytokines, is not yet possible in clinical practice. One major strength of the present case report is the demonstration of persistent systemic endothelial microvascular dysfunction and systemic inflammatory reaction after clinical and laboratory regression of ER. The long-lasting vascular inflammatory process observed in the present clinical case could have implications in the prognosis of patients presenting with ER. Nevertheless, it was impossible to retest these parameters in longer time intervals in the present case.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>ER may be accompanied by systemic microvascular dysfunction even after the resolution of symptoms and normalization of conventional laboratory tests. The microcirculatory disturbance is concurrent with alterations of plasma levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, ER should always be considered in the clinical scenario of muscle pain and disability, fever and dark urine after heavy exercise, including that performed for professional reasons. Besides that, the case report shows that ER may be associated with other complex and potentially severe conditions, which are microvascular dysfunction and systemic inflammation. These are novel findings which we would like to add to the clinicians&#180; reasoning. If the evaluation of microvascular function is made available clinically, it may be another potentially interesting evaluation to be performed in patients with ER. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to clarify the association between microvascular dysfunction and ER, as well as its clinical implications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rabdomi&#243;lise Exercional ap&#243;s Treinamento Militar Acompanhada de Disfuns&#227;o Microvascular Sist&#234;mica e Aumento de Citocinas no Plasma: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0162-7476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-4074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Roger de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5455-1540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bavel</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Tibirica,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira F, Moraes R, Bavel D, Lorenzo AR, Tibirica E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira F, Bavel D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Tibirica E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira F, Moraes R, Lorenzo AR, Tibirica E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Rabdomi&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Intercalado de Alta Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mialgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatina Quinase</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Esquel&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A rabdomi&#243;lise exercional (RE), diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de dor muscular intensa e eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos totais da enzima creatina quinase (CK), com ou sem mioglobin&#250;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> est&#225; intimamente relacionada com a fadiga aguda, durante o exerc&#237;cio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> bem como com o risco associado de les&#227;o renal aguda, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada, arritmias card&#237;acas, e dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RE &#233; altamente prevalente no treinamento militar, especialmente quando realizado em condi&#231;&#245;es clim&#225;ticas adversas, e muitos casos progridem rapidamente para insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e fatal. Al&#233;m disso, estima-se que aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos casos de RE envolva homens jovens afrodescendentes, com baixo condicionamento f&#237;sico, e desidrata&#231;&#227;o extrema, ocorrendo durante o treinamento militar de ver&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nesse contexto, jovens clinicamente saud&#225;veis s&#227;o submetidos a rotinas de exerc&#237;cios extenuantes realizados com uniformes e quipamentos de guerra e sem possibilidade de hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade microvascular endotelial sist&#234;mica &#233; comprovadamente essencial para o estudo da patofisiologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Adicionalmente, a microcircula&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea &#233; considerada um leito vascular acess&#237;vel e representativo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade e densidade microvascular sist&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Considerando que a RE j&#225; mostrou estar realcionada com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica no contexto experimental,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#233; razo&#225;vel especular que a RE tamb&#233;m esteja associada &#224; significativa disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica microcirculat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura especializada sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o da RE com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular em humanos. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro relato dos efeitos prejudiciais da RE sobre a reatividade microvascular sist&#234;mica dependente do endot&#233;lio em seres humanos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato de Caso</title>
          <p>Este relato de caso &#233; parte de uma pesquisa observacional, sem qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o, que investiga o impacto dos cursos de treinamento militar especial no perfil de citocinas e na reatividade microvascular, bem como o risco de desenvolvimento de RE por membros da For&#231;a A&#233;rea Brasileira que conclu&#237;rem totalmente um per&#237;odo de treinamento de cinco semanas. O relato de caso foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 49792515.6.0000.5272. Todos os sujeitos leram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido aprovado pelo CRI. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O paciente foi incentivado a compartilhar sua percep&#231;&#227;o acerca do evento cl&#237;nico ocorrido durante o treinamento militar especial com seus colegas.</p>
          <p>O paciente era um homem afrodescendente de 21 anos de idade, em boa forma f&#237;sica, Aspirante da For&#231;a A&#233;rea Brasileira, que se candidatou voluntariamente para o treinamento militar de controle de dist&#250;rbios. O militar demonstrou excelente capacidade aer&#243;bica para sua faixa et&#225;ria (20-29 anos) no teste de corrida de Cooper (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x de 54,66 ml/kg/min). O paciente n&#227;o forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es significativas sobre o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico pessoal ou familiar, inclusive em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RE, e n&#227;o fez uso de nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o ou suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento militar. O sangue do paciente foi testado atrav&#233;s da eletroforese de hemoglobina, que mostrou aus&#234;ncia de hemoglobina S. Dessa forma, foi poss&#237;vel considerar que o paciente n&#227;o era portador de tra&#231;o falciforme. Ele foi diagnosticado com RE no segundo dia de treinamento militar. Ele havia feito exerc&#237;cio de corrida, usando uniforme de combate e transportando um kit de 15 Kg, incluindo escudo e arma, com ingest&#227;o limitada de &#225;gua, e ap&#243;s ter sido exposto a gases de pimenta e lacrimog&#234;neo durante 45 minutos. Um dia antes, ele havia corrido 2.400 metros em 12 minutos e, em ambas as ocasi&#245;es, os exerc&#237;cios de corrida foram realizados em condi&#231;&#245;es de calor (32<sup>o</sup>C) e umidade (86% umidade relativa) t&#237;picas do ver&#227;o do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.</p>
          <p>O paciente apresentou v&#244;mito, hipotens&#227;o postural, mialgia e fraqueza muscular na regi&#227;o do quadril e membros inferiores, sendo rapidamente encaminhado para o hospital da For&#231;a A&#233;rea. Logo, desenvolveu um quadro de febre (temperatura axilar: 41<sup>o</sup>C), urina de colora&#231;&#227;o escura, edema nos membros inferiores e dificuldade de marcha.</p>
          <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es da reatividade microvascular foram realizadas um dia antes do in&#237;cio do treinamento e um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, na parte da manh&#227;, entre 8h e 12h, ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 horas. Os testes microcirculat&#243;rios foram realizados ap&#243;s repouso de 20 minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em uma sala com temperatura controlada (23 &#177; 1&#176;C). A reatividade microvascular foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do sistema de imagem <italic>laser speckle</italic> de contraste de imagem (PeriCam PSI-NR, Perimed AB, J&#228;rf&#228;lla, Su&#233;cia) em combina&#231;&#227;o com iontoforese da acetilcolina (ACh) para mensura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e cont&#237;nua das altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o microvascular cut&#226;nea (em unidade de perfus&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria, APU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Durante o teste de hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (HRPO), a oclus&#227;o arterial foi realizada com press&#227;o supra-sist&#243;lica, utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro por 3 minutos. Ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, o fluxo m&#225;ximo foi medido. A medida do fluxo sangu&#237;neo microvascular cut&#226;neo foi dividida pela press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia para obter a condut&#226;ncia vascular cut&#226;nea (CVC) em APU/mmHg. A densidade capilar, definida como o n&#250;mero de capilares perfundidos por mm<sup>2</sup> de pele, foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de microscopia intravital de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o em cores (Moritex, Cambridge, UK). O dorso da segunda falange do dedo m&#233;dio da m&#227;o n&#227;o dominante foi usado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem. As imagens foram adquiridas e armazenadas para posterior an&#225;lise off-line atrav&#233;s de sistema integrado semi-autom&#225;tico (Microvision Instruments, Evry, Fran&#231;a). A densidade capilar m&#233;dia foi obtida pelo c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica do n&#250;mero de capilares vis&#237;veis (ou seja, perfundidos espontaneamente) contados em tr&#234;s campos microsc&#243;picos cont&#237;guos de 1 mm<sup>2</sup> cada, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os exames laboratoriais do paciente podem ser vistos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da enzima CK foram mais de 5 vezes maiores do que os valores de refer&#234;ncia laboratoriais e, em combina&#231;&#227;o com os sintomas, indicaram o diagn&#243;stico de RE. O clearance da creatinina, calculada pela f&#243;rmula Cockcroft-Gault, foi sensivelmente reduzida. O tratamento consistiu principalmente de infus&#227;o intravenosa de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (&#8805; 2,5 L/dia) com bicarbonato, para normaliza&#231;&#227;o do pH e lavagem da mioglobina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e para manter a produ&#231;&#227;o adequada de urina. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> mostra a avalia&#231;&#227;o de citocinas s&#233;ricas, com n&#237;veis elevados de IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Ra, mesmo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exames laboratoriais do paciente antes do treinamento militar, durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (D, dias) e um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="19%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="18%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th align="center">ANTES</th>
                  <th align="center">D1</th>
                  <th align="center">D2</th>
                  <th align="center">D3</th>
                  <th align="center">D4</th>
                  <th align="center">D5</th>
                  <th align="center">DEPOIS</th>
                  <th align="center">Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">C&#233;lulas vermelhas (10<sup>6</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#8211; 6,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#8211; 18,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,5</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3</td>
                  <td align="center">40,5</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2</td>
                  <td align="center">47,0</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#8211; 54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Contagem de c&#233;lulas brancas (&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.000</td>
                  <td align="center">18.600</td>
                  <td align="center">9.580</td>
                  <td align="center">7.120</td>
                  <td align="center">6.470</td>
                  <td align="center">8.920</td>
                  <td align="center">9.200</td>
                  <td align="center">5.000 &#8211; 10.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas (x1000/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">278</td>
                  <td align="center">313</td>
                  <td align="center">233</td>
                  <td align="center">201</td>
                  <td align="center">195</td>
                  <td align="center">267</td>
                  <td align="center">269</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#8211; 450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ur&#233;ia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">15 &#8211; 40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#8211; 1,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clearance da creatinina (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">121</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">106</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">97 &#8211; 137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">C&#225;lcio (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,72</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23 &#8211; 2,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Magn&#233;sio (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#8211; 2,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                  <td align="center">142</td>
                  <td align="center">155</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#8211; 145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 &#8211; 5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatina quinase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">370</td>
                  <td align="center">1.100</td>
                  <td align="center">2.116</td>
                  <td align="center">1.496</td>
                  <td align="center">306</td>
                  <td align="center">211</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#8211; 170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TSH (&#181;IU/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,10</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 &#8211; 4,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T3 (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 &#8211; 1,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T4 (ng/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 &#8211; 1,48</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>T3: triiodotironina; T4: tiroxina; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocina (em pg/mL) do paciente antes do treinamento militar e um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="2%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="2%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Citocinas</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">ANTES</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">DEPOIS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-1&#946;</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">29,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6,089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-1Ra</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,86</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">156,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">19,28</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">INF-&#947;</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IL-1&#946;: Interleucina 1 beta; IL-6: Interleucina-6; IL-10: Interleucina-10; IL-1Ra: receptor antagonista da IL-1; TNF&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral alfa; INF-&#947;: Interferon gama.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>&#201; de notar que, um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a reatividade microvascular sist&#234;mica dependente do endot&#233;lio foi gravemente prejudicada. Esses resultados podem ser observados tanto nas respostas vasodilatadoras microvasculares farmacol&#243;gicas (acetilcolina induzida por), quanto fisiol&#243;gicas (induzida por HRPO) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Finalmente, o recrutamento capilar cut&#226;neo dependente de endot&#233;lio tamb&#233;m foi prejudicado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da iontoforese da acetilcolina (ACH) sobre a condut&#226;ncia microvascular cut&#226;nea (A, expressa em unidade de perfus&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria, APU, dividida pela press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, em mmHg) antes do treinamento militar (ANTES) e um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (DEPOIS). (B) Efeitos da hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (HRPO) do antebra&#231;o sobre a condut&#226;ncia microvascular cut&#226;nea. (C) Densidade capilar funcional antes (BASAL) e durante a hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (HRPO), antes do treinamento militar (ANTES) e um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (DEPOIS). (D) Percentual de aumento das mudan&#231;as endot&#233;lio-dependentes na densidade capilar ap&#243;s a HRPO, antes do treinamento militar (ANTES) e um dia depois da alta hospitalar (DEPOIS).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0294-90165-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s seis dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mais duas semanas de repouso domiciliar, o paciente estava totalmente recuperado e apto a retomar suas atividades normais. O progn&#243;stico de RE &#233; geralmente bom quando o restabelecimento total ocorre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este relato de caso demonstra que a RE ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico extenuante, realizado em condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais adversas e com acesso limitado a &#225;gua, pode vir acompanhada de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular sist&#234;mica persistente, detect&#225;vel at&#233; 1 semana ap&#243;s o surgimento dos sintomas, at&#233; mesmo depois da normaliza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens enzim&#225;ticas e da resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. De fato, uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da reatividade microvascular sist&#234;mica dependente do endot&#233;lio, induzida tanto por est&#237;mulos farmacol&#243;gicos (acetilcolina) quanto fisiol&#243;gicos (hyperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva, HRPO), foi observada uma semana ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de RE. Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o capilar cut&#226;nea, mensurada como recrutamento capilar p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico, tamb&#233;m foi significativamente prejudicada, indicando uma perda da reserva vasodilatadora e da capacidade autorreguladora e a exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular grave.</p>
        <p>&#201; bem estabelecido que os exerc&#237;cios de treinamento de intensidade moderada provocam efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, atrav&#233;s da preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por outro lado, o exerc&#237;cio extenuante aumenta o metabolismo oxidativo e produz um ambiente pr&#243;-oxidante, e a consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> ao passo que a atividade f&#237;sica regular e moderada promove um estado antioxidante e preserva a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Dessa forma, o exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade, como o treinamento militar especial, em indiv&#237;duos sem treinamento pr&#233;vio, pode ser prejudicial para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de vascular.</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es microvasculares descritas anteriormente ocorreram simultaneamente &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do perfil de citocinas s&#233;ricas. No entanto, certamente n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre ambos os fen&#244;menos no presente relato de caso, j&#225; que outras mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas tamb&#233;m poderiam estar envolvidas no surgimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Sabe-se que a RE est&#225; criticamente associada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Apesar de os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocina n&#227;o terem sido obtidos no dia da interna&#231;&#227;o, foi observado um aumento tanto nas citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (IL-1b, IL-6), quanto nas anti-inflamat&#243;rias (IL-10, IL-1Ra), ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos imediatamente antes do treinamento militar. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 derivada do m&#250;sculo, que &#233; considerada um mediador chave liberado durante o exerc&#237;cio extenuante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> geralmente come&#231;am a subir dentro da primeira hora de exerc&#237;cio prolongado, e continua a aumentar dependendo da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> De fato, &#233; bem estabelecido que o aumento de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias no momento da les&#227;o muscular influencia a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas de fase aguda e a express&#227;o de citocinas antiinflamat&#243;rias, como uma resposta fisiol&#243;gica para neutralizer uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, tem sido demonstrado repetidamente que h&#225; um aumento nas citocinas antiinflamat&#243;rias IL-1ra e IL-10, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico com mais de 2 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Apesar disso, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TNF-a n&#227;o aumentaram uma semana ap&#243;s a RE, indicando que essa citocina tem um perfil cin&#233;tico diferente, quando comparada com as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias mencionadas anteriormente. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de INF-g n&#227;o mostraram varia&#231;&#245;es importantes no presente caso. Na realidade, a maioria dos estudos na literatura n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar um aumento significativo no plasma IFN-g ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pontos fortes e as limita&#231;&#245;es da nossa abordagem experimental devem ser considerados. O uso de fluxometria microvascular cut&#226;nea por laser, bem como a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocinas, ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o poss&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Um ponto forte importante do presente relato de caso &#233; a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular endotelial sist&#234;mica persistente e de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, ap&#243;s a regress&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial da RE. O processo inflamat&#243;rio vascular duradouro observado no presente caso cl&#237;nico poderia ter implica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com RE. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reavaliar esses par&#226;metros em intervalos de tempo mais longos no presente caso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A RE pode ser acompanhada de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular sist&#234;mica, mesmo ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos testes laboratoriais convencionais. O dist&#250;rbio microcirculat&#243;rio ocorre concomitantemente &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das citocinas pr&#243;- e antiinflamat&#243;rias. Portanto, a RE deve ser sempre considerada num quadro cl&#237;nico de dor e incapacidade muscular, febre e urina escura ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios pesados, inclusive aqueles realizados por raz&#245;es profissionais. Al&#233;m disso, o relato de caso mostra que a RE pode estar associada com outras condi&#231;&#245;es complexas e potencialmente graves, que s&#227;o a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Esses s&#227;o achados recentes que n&#243;s gostar&#237;amos de acrescentar ao racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico. Se a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular estiver clinicamente dispon&#237;vel, ela pode ser outra avalia&#231;&#227;o potencialmente interessante a ser realizada nos pacientes com RE. Entretanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e a RE, bem como suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
