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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SKvkGzTpGLVkNrdjZgQvHmv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800282</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Update on Coronary Angiography-Based Physiology Technologies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9642-5182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hideo-Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5100-0471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Hector M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0907-5258</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shlofmitz</surname>
            <given-names>Evan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">MedStar Health Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medstar Cardiovascular Research Network</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Hyattsville</city>
          <state>Maryland</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">MedStar Health Research Institute - Medstar Cardiovascular Research Network (MHRI/MCRN), Hyattsville, Maryland - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">MedStar Washington Hospital Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Washington</city>
          <state>District of Columbia</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos M. Campos</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Postal Code 05403-900 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>carlos.campos@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hideo-Kajita A, Garcia-Garcia HM, Shlofmitz E, Campos CM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>282</fpage>
      <lpage>285</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Stable</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Software/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>From the early stages of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Andreas Gr&#252;entzig had advocated that the direct measurement of the trans-stenotic pressure gradient after balloon PCI should be used as a marker of successful PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Since Gr&#252;entzig&#8217;s time, the physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been tested and validated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Currently, fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the standard of care for the online assessment of CAD physiology, identifying hemodynamically significant lesions in stable angina patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Albeit FFR is a relatively simple procedure, with a low complication rate, it comes with some intrinsic procedural risks and cost. Recently, non-hyperemic, resting index based physiology modalities have become an alternative to FFR but still require invasive assessment. Coronary angiography-based physiology technology was developed to overcome the intracoronary wiring and additional medication administration that were necessary with invasive physiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Based on the principle of FFR, coronary angiography-based physiology technology incorporates computational power by combining the 3-dimensional (3D) meshing (i.e. virtual reconstructions) of the coronary artery and the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a surrogate marker of the antegrade coronary artery blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Computational fluid dynamics</title>
      <p>The basis for CFD is derived from Navier-Stokes equations, a mathematical generalization of Euler&#8217;s flow of incompressible and frictionless fluids equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In its current state, CFD now can compensate for 3 dimensionality and interactions in the non-perfect cylindrical shape of the coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, due to intrinsic cardiovascular physiology particularities, CFD cannot compensate for pulsatile blood flow effects; physiologic differences of coronary blood flow velocity in the proximal vs. distal segments of the vessel; and predictable loss of energy over a diseased vessel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Moreover, CFD still cannot address the high complexity interactions in vessel geometry that may lead to a chaotic vortex or turbulence formation and more importantly, the trans-lesional pressure drop.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are significant differences in the complex rheological properties of blood and normal blood flow along the coronary artery tree branches by itself that are not taken into account in these models. This includes the Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian fluid properties of blood that depend on the vessel diameter, the presence of a bifurcation, and slow blood flow shear stress effects (e.g. the non-Newtonian fluid property in that context).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> CFD simulation generalizes the differences of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids properties by the assumption that large vessels can be approximated to a Newtonian fluid property with constant viscosity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, these data provide a consistent explanation of why these methods were not standardized to evaluate severe stenosis or antegrade blood flow in small vessels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Computational time: Online vs. offline assessment</title>
      <p>One of the major limitations for the clinical adoption of CFD in the online software is the computational time. The computation time required to estimate the antegrade blood flow in the 3D-mesh model using CFD considerably prolongs the procedure duration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In order to reduce the computational time and provide an online assessment of the vessel, most software developers substituted the CFD with mathematical coefficients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The impact of this substitution was studied by Collet et al. and demonstrated no significant difference between the results obtained using either method to estimate vessel blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Online coronary angiography-based physiology software</title>
      <p>The development of online coronary angiography-based physiology software solutions occurred in parallel with different initiatives. Most commonly, their software solutions were tested and validated against invasive FFR, including Quantitative Flow Ratio (QFR), Cardiovascular Angiographic Analysis Systems-Vessel Fractional Flow Reserve (CAAS-vFFR) and Fractional Flow Reserve Derived From Coronary Angiography (FFR<sub>angio</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Each software solution however used different metrics (i.e. pressure vs. TIMI frame count) and anatomic considerations (i.e. single vs. multi-vessel) to build the 3D-mesh and solve the CFD challenges of non-invasively predicting invasive FFR measurements, making a fair comparison among them unlikely.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In its current state, the overall performance of online coronary angiography-based physiology was evaluated in a Bayesian meta-analysis showing a pooled sensitivity of 0.89, specificity of 0.90, the positive likelihood ratio of 9.3, the negative likelihood ratio of 0.13 and the summary area under the receiver-operating curve of 0.84 compared to invasive FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The individual characteristics of online coronary angiography-based physiology software solutions will be described below.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Quantitative flow ratio (QFR)</title>
      <p>QFR (QAngioXA-3D prototype, Medis Medical Imaging System, Leiden, the Netherlands) is an angiography-based physiology software that uses the TIMI frame count of a single-vessel in two orthogonal views as the surrogate marker of blood flow to calculate the trans-lesional gradient ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 A</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">D</xref>). In the latest reports, Favor II China trial, Xu B et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed a linear correlation (r) between invasive FFR and QFR (online assessment) of 0.86 (p &lt; 0.001) with a mean agreement difference of -0.01&#177;0.06 (p = 0.006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Spitaleri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reported that the absence of revascularization of non-culprit lesions in ST-elevation segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with QFR &#8804; 0.80 increased the risk of clinical events in this population (HR 2.3; CI 95%, 1.2-4.5; p = 0.01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mej&#237;a-Renter&#237;a et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> highlighted that coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) affects the overall diagnostic performance of QFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The QFR system has CE Mark and <italic>ANVISA</italic> clearance for clinical use. Clinical guidelines have not yet established the appropriate role of QFR in routine practice. Ongoing clinical trials including FAVOR III China (NCT03656848) may ultimately impact future guidelines.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>As imagens de A a D referem-se &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o pela Raz&#227;o de Fluxo Quantitativo (QFR). As imagens E a H apresentam um vaso da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA) com an&#225;lise de les&#227;o utilizando o Sistema de An&#225;lise Angiogr&#225;fica Cardiovascular para Fluxo Fracionado de Reserva de vasos (SAAC-FFRv). An&#225;lise coron&#225;ria quantitativa de duas proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas ortogonais da ACD (A e B); An&#225;lise da QFR sobre a reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional (3D) da ACD (C); Gr&#225;ficos da QFR mostrando o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia proximal e distal da les&#227;o e o ponto mais estreito da les&#227;o (D). An&#225;lise do SAAC-FFRv mostrando proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas ortogonais da ADA (E e F); An&#225;lise do SAAC-FFRv sobre a reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D da ADA (G); Gr&#225;ficos de an&#225;lise do SAAC-FFRv apresentando todo o di&#226;metro do vaso, marcando o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia proximal e distal da les&#227;o, seguido pelo ponto mais estreito dentro da les&#227;o (H). &#8220;P&#8221;: proximal; &#8220;D&#8221;: distal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0282-90140-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cardiovascular angiographic analysis systems for vessel fractional flow reserve (CAAS-vFFR)</title>
      <p>CAAS-vFFR, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands is single-vessel, two orthogonal view angiography-based physiology software (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 E</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">H</xref>). The CAAS-vFFR validation study included 100 patients with intermediate lesions and stable CAD or non-STEMI. The CAAS-vFFR and FFR mean value were 0.84 &#177; 0.07 and 0.82 &#177; 0.08, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The linear correlation of CAAS-vFFR vs. FFR was 0.89 (p &lt; 0.001) and CASS-vFFR showed a high inter-observer correlation of 0.95 (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, CAAS-vFFR diagnostic accuracy for lesions with FFR &#8804; 0.80 was 0.93 (p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> CAAS-vFFR was the first angiography-based physiology system to receive Food and Drug Administration (FDA) <italic>&#8220;USA 510(k) approval&#8221;</italic> market clearance.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Fractional flow reserve derived from coronary angiography (FFR<sub>angio</sub>)</title>
      <p>Unlike QFR and CAAS-vFFR, the Fractional Flow Reserve Derived From Coronary Angiography (FFR<sub>angio</sub>, CathWorks Ltd., Kfar-Saba, Israel) reconstructs the entire coronary artery tree using 3 single-plane angiographic projections (at least) and the mean aortic pressure to calculate a virtual FFR mapping of the 3D-model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Fearon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> performed a global, multi-center validation study of FFR<sub>angio</sub> enrolling 301 all-comer patients (319 lesions).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> FFR<sub>angio</sub> and invasive FFR measurements varied from 0.74-0.90 (median 0.83) and 0.5-0.97 (median 0.85), respectively. The coefficient of correlation between FFR<sub>angio</sub> and invasive FFR was 0.80 (p &lt; 0.001) and Bland-Altman&#8217;s confidence limits were between -0.14 and 0.12 (95%). For lesions with invasive FFR &#8804; 0.80, FFR<sub>angio</sub> (per vessel) demonstrated the sensitivity of 0.94, the specificity of 0.91 and area under the curve of 0.94. The overall FFR<sub>angio</sub> diagnostic accuracy was 0.92 and 0.87 for invasive FFR values between 0.75-0.85.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Finally, the inter-observer consistency of agreement between the methods was 0.96 (p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Physiology assessment cost-effectiveness</title>
      <p>A recurrent criticism of the routine use of invasive physiologic assessment (i.e. FFR) of CAD in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is the additional procedural cost.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> For the non-invasive angiography-based physiology methods, cost-effectiveness data needs to be further investigated. This technology involves upfront institutional hardware and software costs, rather than a specific case-by-case cost of an invasive wire.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Impact of physiologic lesion assessment on clinical outcomes</title>
      <p>Currently, with contemporary stents, target lesion failure (TLF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel MI, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization - TLR) rates are similar (i.e. 4.0% to 6.0% at 12 months) to the rate of combined endpoint in the group of patients in whom PCI was deferred on the basis of FFR (i.e. overall unplanned revascularization of 5.0% at 12 months).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, the rate of composite events for the treatment or deferral of PCI are similar, perhaps limiting the appropriate utilization of FFR for informing PCI decisions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This needs to be further investigated in a contemporary clinical trial using 2<sup>nd</sup> generation drug-eluting stents (2G-DES).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The majority of angiography-based physiology software solutions are currently available for research only. Clinical trials demonstrating clinical feasibility and reproducibility with a significant impact on clinical outcomes are needed. However, real-world studies are also needed to evaluate the reliability, integration and cost-effectiveness of these technologies in a clinical catheterization laboratory, since the prevalence of ischemic lesions in most studies is limited (i.e. 17% to 43%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The angiography-based physiology technologies have great potential, but still need to be observed with a word of caution and the impact of these technologies remains unknown.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Anderson HV, Roubin GS, Leimgruber PP, Cox WR, Douglas JS Jr, King SB 3rd, et al. Measurement of transstenotic pressure gradient during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1986;73(6):1223-30.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>Circulation</source>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Kern MJ, Lerman A, Bech JW, De Bruyne B, Eeckhout E, Fearon WF, et al. Physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114(12):1321-41.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Lerman</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Bech</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bruyne</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eeckhout</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fearon</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1321</fpage>
          <lpage>1341</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre Tecnologias Fisiol&#243;gicas Baseadas em Angiografia Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9642-5182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hideo-Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5100-0471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Hector M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0907-5258</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shlofmitz</surname>
            <given-names>Evan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">MedStar Health Research Institute - Medstar Cardiovascular Research Network (MHRI/MCRN), Hyattsville, Maryland - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos M. Campos</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - CEP 05403-900 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>carlos.campos@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hideo-Kajita A, Garcia-Garcia HM, Shlofmitz E, Campos CM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Software/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Desde os est&#225;gios iniciais da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), Andreas Gr&#252;entzig havia defendido que a medida direta do gradiente de press&#227;o trans-esten&#243;tica ap&#243;s ICP com bal&#227;o deveria ser usada como um marcador de ICP bem-sucedida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Desde a &#233;poca de Gr&#252;entzig, a avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foi testada e validada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Atualmente, a reserva de fluxo fracionado (FFR - do ingl&#234;s, fractional flow reserve) &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o online da fisiologia da DAC, identificando les&#245;es hemodinamicamente significativas em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Embora a FFR seja um procedimento relativamente simples, com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, ela apresenta custo e riscos intr&#237;nsecos ao procedimento. Recentemente, as modalidades de fisiologia n&#227;o hiper&#234;micas, baseadas no &#237;ndice de repouso, tornaram-se uma alternativa a FFR, mas ainda requerem avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva. A tecnologia da fisiologia baseada na angiografia coron&#225;ria foi desenvolvida para superar a necessidade da passagem de fio invasivo intracoronariano e a administra&#231;&#227;o adicional de medicamentos, que eram necess&#225;rios com a fisiologia invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Com base no princ&#237;pio da FFR, a tecnologia da fisiologia baseada na angiografia coron&#225;ria incorpora o poder computacional combinando a reconstru&#231;&#227;o virtual (ou seja, meshing) tridimensional (3D) da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e o uso da din&#226;mica de fluidos computacional (DFC) como um marcador substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Din&#226;mica de Fluidos Computacional</title>
        <p>A base para a DFC &#233; derivada das equa&#231;&#245;es de Navier-Stokes, uma generaliza&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica do fluxo de Euler da equa&#231;&#227;o de fluidos incompress&#237;veis e sem atrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em seu estado atual, a DFC agora pode compensar para a tridimensionalidade e as intera&#231;&#245;es na forma cil&#237;ndrica n&#227;o perfeita das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, devido &#224;s particularidades intr&#237;nsecas da fisiologia cardiovascular, a DFC n&#227;o pode compensar o efeito puls&#225;til do fluxo sangu&#237;neo; diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas da velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano nos segmentos proximal vs. distal do vaso; e a perda previs&#237;vel de energia sobre um vaso doente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a DFC ainda n&#227;o consegue abordar as intera&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade na geometria do vaso, que podem levar a uma forma&#231;&#227;o de v&#243;rtex ou de turbul&#234;ncia ca&#243;tica e, mais importante, a queda de press&#227;o translesional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem diferen&#231;as significativas nas propriedades reol&#243;gicas complexas do sangue e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal ao longo dos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que por si s&#243;, n&#227;o s&#227;o levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o nesses modelos. Isso inclui as propriedades Newtonianas <italic>versus</italic> N&#227;o-Newtonianas fluidas do sangue, que dependem do di&#226;metro do vaso, a presen&#231;a de uma bifurca&#231;&#227;o e efeitos de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento (por exemplo, a propriedade n&#227;o-Newtoniana do fluido nesse contexto).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A simula&#231;&#227;o da DFC generaliza as diferen&#231;as das propriedades Newtonianas e n&#227;o-Newtonianas dos fluidos, presumindo que grandes vasos podem ser aproximados a uma propriedade Newtoniana de fluido com viscosidade constante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Portanto, esses dados fornecem uma explica&#231;&#227;o consistente de por que esses m&#233;todos n&#227;o foram padronizados para avaliar estenose grave ou fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado em pequenos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tempo computacional: Avalia&#231;&#227;o online vs. offline</title>
        <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es para a ado&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DFC no software online &#233; o tempo computacional. O tempo computacional necess&#225;rio para estimar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado no modelo em 3D utilizando DFC prolonga consideravelmente a dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Para reduzir o tempo computacional e fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o online do vaso, a maioria dos desenvolvedores de software substituiu a DFC por coeficientes matem&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O impacto dessa substitui&#231;&#227;o foi estudado por Collet et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os resultados obtidos independentemente do m&#233;todo adotado para estimar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo dos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Software de fisiologia baseado em angiografia coron&#225;ria online</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de solu&#231;&#245;es de software de fisiologia online baseado em angiografia coron&#225;ria ocorreu em paralelo com diferentes iniciativas. Mais comumente, as solu&#231;&#245;es de software foram testadas e validadas contra a FFR invasiva, &#8220;incluindo a Raz&#227;o de Fluxo Quantitativo (QFR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Quantitative Flow Ratio</italic>), Sistemas de An&#225;lise Angiogr&#225;fica Cardiovascular - Reserva de Fluxo Fracionado de Vasos (CAAS-vFFR, do ingl&#234;s Cardiovascular Angiographic Analysis Systems-Vessel Fractional Flow Reserve) e Reserva de Fluxo Fracionado Derivado de Angiografia Coron&#225;ria (FFRangio, do ingl&#234;s Fractional Flow Reserve Derived From Coronary Angiography).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Cada solu&#231;&#227;o de software, no entanto, utilizou m&#233;tricas diferentes [por exemplo, press&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> contagem de quadros (TIMI frame count)] e considera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas (ou seja, uni vs. multiarterial) para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o virtual do vaso em 3D e resolver os desafios da DFC de prever n&#227;o-invasivamente as medidas invasivas da FFR, tornando improv&#225;vel uma compara&#231;&#227;o justa entre elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em seu estado atual, o desempenho geral da fisiologia baseada na angiografia coronariana online foi avaliado em uma meta-an&#225;lise Bayesiana, mostrando uma sensibilidade combinada de 0,89, especificidade de 0,90, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 9,3, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa de 0,13 e &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,84 em compara&#231;&#227;o com a FFR invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As caracter&#237;sticas individuais das solu&#231;&#245;es de software de fisiologia baseado em angiografia coron&#225;ria online ser&#227;o descritas abaixo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Raz&#227;o de fluxo quantitativo (QFR)</title>
        <p>A QFR (QAngioXA-3D prototype, Medis Medical Imaging System, Leiden, Pa&#237;ses Baixos) &#233; um software de fisiologia baseado em angiografia que usa a contagem de quadros TIMI de um &#250;nico vaso em duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais como o marcador substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para calcular a raz&#227;o do gradiente translesional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 A</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">D</xref>). Em relatos recentes, o estudo Favor II China, de Xu B et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear (r) entre a FFR invasiva e a QFR (avalia&#231;&#227;o online) de 0,86 (p &lt; 0,001) com uma diferen&#231;a de concord&#226;ncia m&#233;dia de -0,01 &#177; 0,06 (p = 0,006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Spitaleri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> relataram que a aus&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es n&#227;o-culpadas em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) com QFR &#8804; 0,80 aumentou o risco de eventos cl&#237;nicos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (HR 2,3; IC95%, 1,2-4,5; p = 0,01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mej&#237;a-Renter&#237;a et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> destacaram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria (DMC) afeta o desempenho diagn&#243;stico geral da QFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O sistema QFR possui certifica&#231;&#227;o CE e registro da ANVISA para uso cl&#237;nico. Diretrizes cl&#237;nicas ainda n&#227;o estabeleceram o papel apropriado da QFR na pr&#225;tica de rotina. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos em andamento, incluindo o FAVOR III China (NCT03656848) podem, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, afetar as diretrizes futuras.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>As imagens de A a D referem-se &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o pela Raz&#227;o de Fluxo Quantitativo (QFR). As imagens E a H apresentam um vaso da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA) com an&#225;lise de les&#227;o utilizando o Sistema de An&#225;lise Angiogr&#225;fica Cardiovascular para Fluxo Fracionado de Reserva de vasos (CASS-vFFR). An&#225;lise coron&#225;ria quantitativa de duas proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas ortogonais da ACD (A e B); An&#225;lise da QFR sobre a reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional (3D) da ACD (C); Gr&#225;ficos da QFR mostrando o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia proximal e distal da les&#227;o e o ponto mais estreito da les&#227;o (D). An&#225;lise do CASS-vFFR mostrando proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas ortogonais da ADA (E e F); An&#225;lise do CASS-vFFR sobre a reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D da ADA (G); Gr&#225;ficos de an&#225;lise do CASS-vFFR apresentando todo o di&#226;metro do vaso, marcando o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia proximal e distal da les&#227;o, seguido pelo ponto mais estreito dentro da les&#227;o (H). &#8220;P&#8221;: proximal; &#8220;D&#8221;: distal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0282-90140-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sistemas de an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica cardiovascular - fluxo fracionado de reserva de vasos (CASS-vFFR)</title>
        <p>O sistema CASS-vFFR (Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, Pa&#237;ses Baixos) &#233; um software de fisiologia baseado em angiografia com duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais de vaso &#250;nico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 E</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">H</xref>). O estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o do CASS-vFFR incluiu 100 pacientes com les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias e DAC est&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST). Os valores m&#233;dios do CASS-vFFR e FFR foram 0,84 &#177; 0,07 e 0,82 &#177; 0,08, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o linear do CASS-vFFR vs. FFR foi de 0,89 (p &lt; 0,001) e o CASS-vFFR mostrou uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o inter-observador de 0,95 (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do CASS-vFFR para les&#245;es com FFR &#8804; 0,80 foi de 0,93 (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O CASS-vFFR foi o primeiro sistema fisiol&#243;gico baseado em angiografia a receber a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#8220;USA 510 (k)&#8221; pela <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) para comercializa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fluxo fracionado de reserva derivado de angiografia coron&#225;ria (FFR<sub>angio</sub>)</title>
        <p>Diferente da QFR e CASS-vFFR, o Fluxo Fracion&#225;rio de Reserva Derivado da Angiografia Coron&#225;ria (FFR<sub>angio</sub>, CathWorks Ltd., Kfar-Saba, Israel) reconstr&#243;i toda a &#225;rvore coronariana utilizando 3 proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas de plano &#250;nico (pelo menos) e a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia para calcular um mapeamento virtual da FFR no modelo em 3D.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Fearon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> realizaram um estudo multic&#234;ntrico de valida&#231;&#227;o da FFR<sub>angio</sub> com 301 pacientes (319 les&#245;es).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> As medidas de FFR<sub>angio</sub> e FFR invasiva variaram de 0,74-0,90 (mediana de 0,83) e de 0,5-0,97 (mediana de 0,85), respectivamente. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre FFR<sub>angio</sub> e FFR invasiva foi de 0,80 (p &lt; 0,001) e os limites de confian&#231;a de Bland-Altman ficaram entre -0,14 e 0,12 (95%). Para les&#245;es com FFR &#8804; 0,80 invasiva, a FFR<sub>angio</sub> (por vaso) demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 0,94, especificidade de 0,91 e a &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,94. A precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica geral da FFR<sub>angio</sub> foi de 0,92 e 0,87 para valores de FFR invasiva entre 0,75-0,85.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por fim, dentre os m&#233;todos a concord&#226;ncia inter-observador foi de 0,96 (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Custo-efetividade da avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Uma cr&#237;tica recorrente ao uso rotineiro de avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica invasiva (por ex., FFR) da DAC no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco &#233; o custo adicional do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Para os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de fisiologia n&#227;o-invasivos baseados em angiografia, os dados de custo-efetividade requerem uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada. Uma vez que, essa tecnologia envolve custos institucionais iniciais de hardware e software, em vez de um custo caso a caso espec&#237;fico de um fio invasivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impacto da avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da les&#227;o nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Atualmente, com os stents contempor&#226;neos, as taxas de falha da les&#227;o alvo (TLF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>target lesion failure</italic>, um desfecho composto de morte card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do vaso-alvo ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo - TLR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>target lesion revascularization,</italic> causada por isquemia) s&#227;o semelhantes (isto &#233;, 4,0% a 6,0% aos 12 meses) &#224; taxa de <italic>endpoint</italic> combinado no grupo de pacientes nos quais a ICP foi adiada com base na FFR (isto &#233;, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o geral n&#227;o planejada de 5,0% aos 12 meses).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Assim, a taxa de eventos compostos para o tratamento ou o adiamento da ICP &#233; semelhante, talvez limitando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o apropriada da FFR para informar as decis&#245;es da ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Isso precisa ser investigado em um ensaio cl&#237;nico contempor&#226;neo utilizando stents farmacol&#243;gicos de 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o (SF-2G).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A maioria das solu&#231;&#245;es de software de fisiologia baseadas em angiografia est&#225; atualmente dispon&#237;vel apenas para pesquisa. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstrando sua viabilidade cl&#237;nica e reprodutibilidade com impacto significativo nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. No entanto, estudos do mundo real tamb&#233;m s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a confiabilidade, integra&#231;&#227;o e custo-efetividade dessas tecnologias em um laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo cl&#237;nico, uma vez que a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas na maioria dos estudos &#233; limitada (isto &#233;, 17% a 43%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> As tecnologias fisiol&#243;gicas baseadas na angiografia t&#234;m um grande potencial, mas ainda precisam ser observadas com alguma cautela e o impacto dessas tecnologias permanece desconhecido.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
