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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WztDkHh7PHTm7b8hhgSSLcK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800272</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190154</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does the Mean Platelet Volume Decrease in the Presence of Coronary Artery Fistula?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Rocha C. V. Giraldez,</bold> Av. Amarilis, 165. Postal Code: 05673-030, Cidade Jardim, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roberto.giraldez1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>272</fpage>
      <lpage>273</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Platelet Activation/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Mean Platelet Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>It has long been known that platelet activation is involved in the genesis of several cardiovascular diseases, especially acute coronary syndromes and other atherosclerotic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Studies carried out in the 1970s already showed that the endothelial lesion was capable of triggering a cascade of inflammatory events leading to platelet activation and consequent vascular thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Activated platelets have a larger size due to their increased enzymatic and metabolic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> These observations led to a series of studies that evaluated the correlation between mean platelet volume (MVP) and cardiovascular disease. Most of these studies found a positive correlation between these variables, with a higher risk of ischemic events in patients with higher MPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> These studies were replicated in several different situations, with similar results. Despite this, they have never been tested in large clinical trials as part of the decision-making. Therefore, there is no robust evidence to use MPV or even more complex platelet activity tests in daily clinical practice as a cardiovascular risk factor up to the present time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Coronary artery fistulas (CAF) are rare findings, present in approximately 0.2% of adults submitted to coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The main etiology is congenital, with a recent increase in the etiology of acquired CAF due to the increased number of invasive procedures with the development of hemodynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Most of the time, the CAF are small and clinically asymptomatic, not requiring specific treatment. In exceptional cases, when there is drainage to the right chambers and the fistula flow rate is high, the phenomenon of &#8220;coronary steal&#8221; may occur, with decreased blood flow to the myocardium and local ischemia, especially in situations of increased oxygen demand, such as during physical exertion. In these situations, the patient may have chest pain and need some interventional treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Most fistulas are not correlated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemic events, but early atherosclerosis may occur in case of persistent high-debt fistulae.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study carried out by Sincer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> sought to evaluate the presence of a correlation between MPV and CAF. In the analyzed population, a negative correlation was observed between these factors, with the lower MPV being related to the presence of CAF. This finding differs from that seen in other cardiovascular diseases, in which there is an increase in MPV, as previously mentioned. Since the coronary fistula is not an inflammatory disease and is not correlated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic events, this finding may be real.</p>
    <p>The pathophysiological explanation for this finding, however, is unknown and its practical applicability is extremely limited. The observation of the correlation between MPV and CAF may also have been merely a random fact, albeit statistically significant.</p>
    <p>This is a common occurrence when one tests the correlation of several variables with one outcome. Further studies involving the analysis of platelet activation in atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic coronary diseases are still necessary to add this information to our daily clinical practice, both as a risk marker and, eventually, as therapy-guiding factor.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Does Mean Platelet Volume Decrease in the presence of Coronary Artery Fistula?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Volume M&#233;dio Plaquet&#225;rio Diminui na Presen&#231;a de F&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Rocha C. V. Giraldez,</bold> Av. Amarilis, 165. CEP: 05673-030, Cidade Jardim, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roberto.giraldez1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ativa&#231;&#227;o Plaquetaria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Plaquet&#225;rio M&#233;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>H&#225; muito tempo sabe-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria est&#225; envolvida na g&#234;nese de diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e as demais doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos da d&#233;cada de 70 j&#225; demonstravam que a les&#227;o endotelial era capaz de desencadear uma cascata de eventos inflamat&#243;rios que leva &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e consequente trombose vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As plaquetas ativadas possuem um tamanho maior devido &#224; sua atividade enzim&#225;tica e metab&#243;lica aumentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essas observa&#231;&#245;es levaram &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de estudos que avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM) e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A maioria desses estudos encontrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre as vari&#225;veis com maior risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos nos pacientes com VPM mais elevado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esses estudos foram reproduzidos em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es diferentes com resultados semelhantes. Apesar disso, eles nunca foram testados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de grande porte, como parte da tomada de decis&#227;o. Assim, n&#227;o existe evid&#234;ncia robusta para utilizar o VPM, ou mesmo outros testes de atividade plaquet&#225;ria mais complexos, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria como fator de risco cardiovascular at&#233; o momento atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>F&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias (FAC) s&#227;o achados raros, estando presentes em cerca de 0,2% dos adultos submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A principal etiologia &#233; cong&#234;nita, com um aumento recente da etiologia adquirida devido ao maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos com o desenvolvimento da hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na maior parte das vezes, elas s&#227;o pequenas e clinicamente assintom&#225;ticas, n&#227;o exigindo um tratamento espec&#237;fico. Em casos excepcionais, quando h&#225; drenagem para as c&#226;maras direitas e o d&#233;bito da f&#237;stula &#233; alto, pode ocorrer o fen&#244;meno de &#8220;roubo coronariano&#8221;, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para o mioc&#225;rdio e isquemia local, especialmente em situa&#231;&#245;es de aumento da demanda de oxig&#234;nio, como durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, o paciente pode apresentar dor tor&#225;cica e necessitar de algum tratamento intervencionista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em sua grande maioria, a presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas n&#227;o est&#225; correlacionada com aumento do risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos mioc&#225;rdicos, mas pode haver aterosclerose precoce em caso de persist&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas de alto d&#233;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo realizado por Sincer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> buscou avaliar a presen&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o VPM e as FAC. Na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre esses fatores, estando o VPM mais baixo relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de FAC. Esse achado diverge daquele visto nas demais doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em que h&#225; um aumento do VPM, como j&#225; citado. Como a f&#237;stula coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria e n&#227;o est&#225; correlacionada ao aumento do risco de eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos, esse achado pode ser real. A explica&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica para esse achado, no entanto, &#233; desconhecida e sua aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica &#233; extremamente limitada. A observa&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre VPM e FAC tamb&#233;m pode ter sido meramente aleat&#243;ria a despeito de estatisticamente significativa. Esse fato &#233; comum quando se testa a correla&#231;&#227;o de diversas vari&#225;veis com um desfecho. Mais estudos envolvendo a an&#225;lise da ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria nas doen&#231;as coronarianas ateroscler&#243;ticas e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticas ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que possamos adicionar esse dado &#224; nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, tanto como marcador de risco como eventualmente como forma de guiar a terap&#234;utica.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Volume M&#233;dio Plaquet&#225;rio Diminui na Presen&#231;a de F&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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