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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zbwjcRD3WM9FkkGY7zwZnqC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800252</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Healthcare Utilization and Costs Reduction after Radiofrequency Ablation For Atrial Fibrillation in the Brazilian Private Healthcare System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3374-9291</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tayar</surname>
            <given-names>Daiane Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Mauro</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Eletrofisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de e Mercado de Acesso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil - Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de e Mercado de Acesso, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HTANALYZE - Economia da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">HTANALYZE - Economia da Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio - Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daiane Oliveira Tayar</bold> Johnson and Johnson Medical Brazil - Health Economics And Market Access - Av. Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek, 2041. Postal Code 04543-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>dolive27@its.jnj.com</email>, <email>daianed@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P, d'Avila A; Acquisition of data: Tayar DO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, Andrade P, d'Avila A; Statistical analysis: Ribeiro RA; Obtaining financing: Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P; Writing of the manuscript: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, d'Avila A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Eduardo Benchimol Saad received lecture fees from Bionese Webster and Biotronik. Dra. Daiane Oliveira Tayar is employed by Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Department of Economics and Access Market). Rodrigo A. Ribeiro received a research grant from Johnson &amp; Johnson Medical Brazil to conduct the database, statistical analysis and to draft this manuscript. Dr. Silvio Mauro Junqueira Jr. is employed by Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Department of Economics and Access Market). Dra. Priscila Andrade is employed by Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Department of Economics and Access Market). Dr. Andre d'Avila no potential conflict of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>252</fpage>
      <lpage>257</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, with significantly associated hospitalizations. Considering its growing incidence, the AF related economic burden to healthcare systems is increasing. Healthcare expenditures might be substantially reduced after AF radiofrequency ablation (AFRA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare resource utilization and costs before and after AFRA in a cohort of patients from the Brazilian private healthcare system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study, based on patients&#8217; billing information from an administrative database. Eighty-three adult patients who had an AFRA procedure between 2014 and 2015 were included. Healthcare resource utilization related to cardiovascular causes, including ambulatory and hospital care, as well as its costs, were analyzed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean follow-up was 14.7 &#177; 7.1 and 10.7 &#177; 5.4 months before and after AFRA, respectively. The 1-year AF recurrence-free rate was 83.6%. Before AFRA, median monthly total costs were Brazilian Reais (BRL) 286 (interquartile range [IQR]: 137-766), which decreased by 63.5% (p = 0.001) after the procedure, to BRL 104 (IQR: 57-232). Costs were reduced both in the emergency (by 58.6%, p &lt; 0.001) and outpatient settings (by 56%, p &lt; 0.001); there were no significant differences in the outpatient visits, inpatient elective admissions and elective admission costs before and after AFRA. The monthly median emergency department visits were reduced (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this cohort, overall healthcare costs were reduced by 63.5%. A longer follow-up could be useful to evaluate if long-term cost reduction is maintained.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias Cardiacs</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Costs</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Care Costs/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a public health problem. Estimates of incidence and prevalence vary worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> AF incidence will rise from 1.2 million cases per year in 2010 to 2.6 million cases in 2030; in the same period, prevalence will increase from 5.2 million to 12.1 million.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, estimates are less clear; a recent study showed a prevalence of 1.8% in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, considering the ageing of the population in rapidly developing countries such as Brazil, this number will probably increase in the near future.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The disease is associated with high healthcare expenditures. In the USA, the annual cost of AF was an estimated US$26 billion, while in the Euro Heart Survey the estimated combined annual cost in 5 countries (Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain) was &#8364;6.2 billion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Such expenditures represent a large economic burden: AF is estimated to contribute with more than 1% of total healthcare costs in projections made in 10 high-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The clinical burden is also significant, especially relating to stroke: about a third of patients with the cerebrovascular disease have AF, which in turn incurs in a greater probability of a larger stroke area in brain imaging exams and, therefore, worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Catheter ablation is an established treatment option for restoration of sinus rhythm, which can increase the quality of life and possibly lead to health care expenditure savings in the long term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The reduction in resource consumption and costs can be seen already in the first year of the procedure, and this is maintained in the following years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Even considering the cost of the procedure, it can lead to total healthcare costs reduction after 2 years, especially in younger patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To date, there is scarce data of the economic impact of catheter ablation in middle-income countries, such as Brazil. The aim of this study was to compare medical costs and ambulatory and hospital service use before and after catheter ablation in a cohort of Brazilian AF patients treated in the private healthcare system.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and dataset</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective cohort study. The dataset used for the analyses was a patients&#8217; reimbursement information from Orizon which contains a date-stamped log of all billed items by the cost-accounting department, including medications (only in-hospital use); laboratory, diagnostic, and therapeutic services; and primary and secondary diagnoses for each patient&#8217;s hospitalization. Both ambulatory and inpatient resource utilization are available in the dataset. About 12 million patients - which accounts from approximately 25% of patients in the Brazilian private healthcare system - are included in the Orizon patients&#8217; billings databases. No informed consent was required because all data were from the patients' reimbursement information and their personal information was anonymous.</p>
        <p>All adult patients (over 18 years old) who had a hospital admission between January 2014 and December 2015 and underwent catheter ablation with an ICD-10 code of AF (I48) were potentially eligible for the current analysis. The following eligibility criteria must have been met for patient inclusion in the current analysis:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Elective radiofrequency ablation procedure, with a previous three-dimensional electrophysiologic mapping;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Available age, gender and ICD code information;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No registry of previous ablation procedures in the dataset;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Use of point by point ablation (standard irrigated, irrigated with contact force sensors and non-irrigated);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Minimum of 3 months of follow-up before and after the ablation procedure.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Outcomes were evaluated both in the perioperative admission as well as in any readmission that occurred up to 2 years after the ablation procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study variables</title>
        <p>The following variables were evaluated for each patient: age, gender, comorbidities (such as ischemic heart disease [IHD], chronic heart failure [CHF] and conduction disorders, among others), perioperative complications, short- and long-term AF recurrence-free rate, cardiovascular events, healthcare resources utilization (including ambulatory and emergency care) and costs. Details regarding variable definitions of these variables are described in the next paragraphs.</p>
        <p>Comorbidities were defined according to ICD-10 codes registered in the ambulatory and emergency visits from the patients in the database. AF recurrence was defined when a new ablation or a cardioversion procedure was performed or upon resumption of antiarrhythmic drug use in the follow-up period, after the three-month blanking period. The cardiovascular events evaluated (both in the pre- and post-procedural follow-up) were: acute coronary syndromes (ACS), stroke and arrhythmias. ACS was defined whenever a patient had requests for electrocardiogram plus either troponin or MB fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB), as well as one of the following, billed items: any thrombolytic, angioplasty procedure, or a combination of medications highly suggestive of ACS (such as any form of heparin, antiplatelet drugs, nitrates, and statins). Ischemic stroke was defined when a patient had a request of either a computerized tomography or nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain, a prescription of antiplatelet agent or low-molecular-weight heparin, and billing of exams such as an echocardiogram, carotid doppler ultrasound, and an intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Hemorrhagic stroke was defined when a patient had a brain imaging exam (magnetic resonance or computerized tomography) and a compatible ICD-10, and admission to ICU. Arrhythmic events were defined when there were billed items related either to: electric cardioversion, internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, ablation procedure, surgical correction of arrhythmia, or prescription of in-hospital antiarrhythmic drugs suggestive of an acute arrhythmic event in patients where and electrocardiogram was also requested.</p>
        <p>The use of resources and their related costs were computed by summing all billed items (both ambulatory and emergency/in-hospital care). Only cardiovascular related resources and costs were computed. To calculate mean monthly costs, we divided total costs by the number of follow-up months. Costs were further divided into ambulatory care, emergency related and elective admissions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) when they followed a normal distribution, and as median and interquartile range (IQR) when the distribution was non-normal. However, considering that cost (expressed as Brazilian Reais [BRL]) is usually a non-normal variable, but it is interesting to know the mean value since the total costs of any given sample of patients is equal to its mean times the total number of individuals, we present cost data in both ways. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values and proportions.</p>
        <p>Comparison between variables employed the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed variables and the paired student T-test for the ones with normal distribution. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables between groups. The AF recurrence-free rate was evaluated with the Kaplan Meier methods. In the evaluation of possible predictors of better event-free survival, we used the log-rank test. When the same predictors were analyzed regarding their impact on the before-and-after cost difference, the Mann-Whitney test was employed. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among 179 potentially eligible patients, 83 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow chart of patient selection</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0252-90139-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Demographics and perioperative patients&#8217; data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Approximately 70% of the study sample was comprised of male patients, with a mean age of 52.8 years (SD: 14.6). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (18%) and IHD (12%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographics and perioperative information of study patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Total (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">58 (69.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52.8 (14.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">15 (18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">10 (12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conduction system disease</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">7 (8.49)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Thyreoid disease</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-procedural follow-up time (months)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">14.4 (7.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-procedural follow-up time (months)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10.9 (5.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prucedural LOS (days)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.93 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Catheter cost</td>
              <td align="center">11,468 (4,591)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In one year, the success rate was 83.6%. In the evaluation of possible predictors of longer event-free rate, none of the comorbidities investigated (hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic or valvular heart disease) was associated with this outcome (p &gt; 0.05 for all variables in the log-rank test). Only one patient suffered peri-procedural complications (a hemorrhagic stroke).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents monthly resource use and costs before and after the ablation procedure. The monthly median number of emergency department visits reduced from 0.10 (IQR: 0.04 - 0.23) in the pre-ablation period to 0 (IQR: 0 - 0.11) in the post-ablation period (p &lt; 0.001). Median monthly total costs had a 68.5% decrease, from 330.95 (IQR: 142.36 - 754.17) to 104.21 (IQR: 56. 35 - 226,51, p &lt; 0.001). Outpatient and emergency-related costs were also reduced, by 48.8% and 100%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001 for both variables). The monthly number of elective hospital admissions and its related costs, as well as outpatient office visits, did not have a statistically significant change between pre- and post-ablation periods.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Monthly resource use and costs before and after the ablation procedure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Outcome</th>
              <th align="center">Before ablation - mean (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Before ablation - median (IQR)</th>
              <th align="center">After ablation - mean (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">After ablation - median (IQR)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of outpatient office visits</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of emergency department visits</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 (0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 (0.04 - 0.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 (0.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0.11)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of emergency department visits - arrhythmic ICD</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of elective hospital admissions</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (0.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total costs (BRL)</td>
              <td align="center">747.75 (1,315.38)</td>
              <td align="center">330.95 (142.36 - 754.17)</td>
              <td align="center">589.93 (1,779.83)</td>
              <td align="center">104.21 (56,35 - 226,51)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Outpatient costs (BRL)</td>
              <td align="center">156.81 (161.90)</td>
              <td align="center">121.48 (56.35 - 206.87)</td>
              <td align="center">83.74 (95.17)</td>
              <td align="center">62.70 (32.91 - 105.15)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emergency related costs (BRL)</td>
              <td align="center">500.95 (1,268.61)</td>
              <td align="center">65.21 (3.54 - 433.88)</td>
              <td align="center">110.57 (358.86)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 36.98)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elective admissions related costs (BRL)</td>
              <td align="center">89.99 (416.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">395.61 (1,720.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.215</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; BRL: Brazilian Reais. P values were calculated with non-parametric tests since all variables had a non-normal distribution.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the analysis of variables associated with a greater reduction in total monthly cost after the ablation procedure, none of the comorbidities evaluated - hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic or valvular heart disease - showed statistical significance (p &gt; 0.10 for all variables).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we found that catheter ablation resulted in reduced ambulatory and hospital care costs during a mean post-procedural follow-up of 10.7 months, with a monthly median cost reduction of 68.5%: from BRL 330.95 before to BRL 104.21 after the procedure. Cost reduction occurred both in the outpatient setting (from BRL 121.48 to BRL 62.70) and in the emergency-related component (from BRL 65.21 to BRL 0). The procedure presented a success rate of 83.6% after 1 year of follow up which is compatible with recent studies conducted elsewhere using contact-force catheters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The number of serious complications was 1.2%, which is not different from other small cohorts in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other reports from the literature have also seen the impact of post-ablation cost reduction. In the larger study published to date, Ladapo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> included 3,194 patients from administrative databases in the US.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In that research, the approach was slightly different: they considered that costs can actually increase in the 6 months following the procedure, as a result of the need of reablation in a fraction of the sample, as well as the treatment of peri-procedural complications. Therefore, they analyzed the period from 6 to 36 months after ablation, divided into 6-month cycles. In the time frame of 6-12 months after ablation, mean monthly costs reduced around US$ 800, in comparison with the 6 months immediately before ablation. This number reduced until 18-24 months (where the reduction, compared to before ablation, was around US$ 200), and then increased again to around US$ 800 in the 30-36 months period. However, only 1/3 and 1/10 of patients had at least 24 months and 36 of follow-up time, respectively, making this long-term data more imprecise. Regardless, it seems considerably robust that cost reductions are noted already in the first year, and that it is retained over a longer follow-up period.</p>
      <p>Some studies in the literature have estimated how long after catheter ablation the procedure would become &#8220;cost-neutral&#8221;. In a French retrospective cohort study that included 118 consecutive patients submitted to radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal AF during a mean follow-up of 32 &#177; 15 weeks, it was estimated that from the 5<sup>th</sup> year onwards, total accumulated costs would be smaller in patients submitted to ablation, as compared to medical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In two Canadian economic models, the cost-neutrality would occur between 2 and 4 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These three studies, however, were not fully based on collected data and included some future projections and modelling.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of our study must be acknowledged. The dataset used for all analyses was based on patient billing information and the patients were made anonymous to the researches. Therefore, direct contact to establish the recurrence was not possible. This could overestimate the success rate because the recurrence was only based on the use of healthcare resources (use of antiarrhytmic drug in the emergency room, cardioversion or repeated procedures) or indirectly by the purchase of antiarrhythmic drug in the pharmacies by the patient. The use of an administrative database carries the risk of bias as any retrospective study, as well as the problems associated with the lack of individual clinical patient information. Moreover, we did not included costs with ambulatory medications, since this information was not available in the patients&#8217; billings information dataset, which did not included out-of-pocket patients expenditures. Finally, the sample size was not large, and the analysis of possible predictors of greater cost reductions after the ablation procedure was probably underpowered.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this sample of patients from the Brazilian private healthcare sector, catheter ablation of AF was associated with significantly decreased costs - both ambulatory and hospital-based.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Johnson and Johnson Medical Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o na Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Recursos em Sa&#250;de e dos Custos ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Arial na Sa&#250;de Suplementar Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3374-9291</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tayar</surname>
            <given-names>Daiane Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Mauro</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Eletrofisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil - Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de e Mercado de Acesso, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">HTANALYZE - Economia da Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio - Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daiane Oliveira Tayar</bold> Johnson and Johnson Medical Brazil - Health Economics And Market Access - Av. Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek, 2041. CEP 04543-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>dolive27@its.jnj.com</email>, <email>daianed@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P, d'Avila A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tayar DO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, Andrade P, d'Avila A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ribeiro RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Ribeiro RA, d'Avila A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Saad EB, Tayar DO, Junqueira Jr. SM, Andrade P, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Eduardo Benchimol Saad recebeu honor&#225;rios de palestras pela Bionese Webster e Biotronik. Dra. Daiane Oliveira Tayar &#233; empregada da empresa Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Departamento de Economia e Mercado de Acesso). Dr. Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro recebeu aux&#237;lio relacionado ao projeto em an&#225;lise e consultor externo contratado pela Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil. Dr. Silvio Mauro Junqueira Jr. &#233; empregado da empresa Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Departamento de Economia e Mercado de Acesso). Dra. Priscila Andrade &#233; empregado da empresa Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil (Departamento de Economia e Mercado de Acesso). Dr. Andre d'Avila<sup>( )</sup>n&#227;o h&#225; conflito de interesses.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais comum em todo o mundo, com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es significativamente associadas. Considerando sua crescente incid&#234;ncia, a carga econ&#244;mica relacionada &#224; FA para os sistemas de sa&#250;de est&#225; aumentando. Os gastos com sa&#250;de podem ser substancialmente reduzidos ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ARF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos e os custos anteriores e posteriores &#224; ARF em uma coorte de pacientes do sistema de sa&#250;de privado brasileiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es de cobran&#231;a dos pacientes de um banco de dados administrativo. Foram inclu&#237;dos oitenta e tr&#234;s pacientes adultos que passaram pelo procedimento de ARF entre 2014 e 2015. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de relacionados &#224;s causas cardiovasculares, incluindo atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar, assim como seus custos, foram analisados. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 14,7 &#177; 7,1 e 10,7 &#177; 5,4 meses antes e ap&#243;s a ARF, respectivamente. A taxa de FA livre de recidiva em 1 ano foi de 83,6%. Antes da ARF, a mediana dos custos totais mensais foi de R$286,00 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 137-766), com redu&#231;&#227;o de 63,5% (p = 0,001) ap&#243;s o procedimento, para um valor de R$104 (IIQ: 57-232). Os custos foram reduzidos tanto na emerg&#234;ncia (em 58,6%, p &lt; 0,001) como no ambiente ambulatorial (em 56%, p &lt; 0,001); n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas consultas ambulatoriais, interna&#231;&#245;es eletivas e custos de interna&#231;&#227;o eletiva antes e depois da ARF. As medianas das consultas mensais no setor de emerg&#234;ncia foram reduzidas (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta coorte, os custos gerais com sa&#250;de foram reduzidos em 63,5%. Um seguimento mais longo pode ser &#250;til para avaliar se a redu&#231;&#227;o de custos em longo prazo &#233; mantida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos Hospitalares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos de Cuidados de Sa&#250;de/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. As estimativas de incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia variam em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A incid&#234;ncia de FA aumentar&#225; de 1,2 milh&#227;o de casos por ano em 2010 para 2,6 milh&#245;es de casos em 2030; no mesmo per&#237;odo, a preval&#234;ncia aumentar&#225; de 5,2 milh&#245;es para 12,1 milh&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, as estimativas s&#227;o menos claras; um estudo recente mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 1,8% na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, considerando o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o em pa&#237;ses em r&#225;pido desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, esse n&#250;mero provavelmente aumentar&#225; em um futuro pr&#243;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a est&#225; associada a altos gastos com cuidados de sa&#250;de. Nos EUA, o custo anual da FA foi estimado em US$26 bilh&#245;es, enquanto na <italic>Euro Heart Survey</italic> o custo anual combinado estimado em 5 pa&#237;ses (Gr&#233;cia, It&#225;lia, Holanda, Pol&#244;nia e Espanha) foi de &#8364;6,2 bilh&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Tais gastos representam um grande &#244;nus econ&#244;mico: estima-se que a FA contribua com mais de 1% dos custos totais com sa&#250;de em proje&#231;&#245;es feitas em 10 pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A carga cl&#237;nica tamb&#233;m &#233; significativa, especialmente relacionada ao acidente vascular cerebral (AVC): cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com AVC apresenta FA, o que, por sua vez, aumenta a probabilidade de uma &#225;rea maior afetada pelo AVC nos exames de imagem cerebral e, portanto, de um pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento bem estabelecida para a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, o que pode aumentar a qualidade de vida e possivelmente levar &#224; economia de gastos com sa&#250;de em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de recursos e custos j&#225; pode ser vista no primeiro ano do procedimento, sendo mantido nos anos seguintes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Mesmo considerando o custo do procedimento, ele pode levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o total dos custos de sa&#250;de ap&#243;s 2 anos, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, h&#225; dados escassos sobre o impacto econ&#244;mico da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia, como o Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os custos m&#233;dicos e o uso do servi&#231;o ambulatorial e hospitalar, antes e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, em uma coorte de pacientes brasileiros com FA atendidos no sistema de sa&#250;de privado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho de estudo e conjunto de dados</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo de coorte retrospectivo. O conjunto de dados utilizado para as an&#225;lises foi a informa&#231;&#227;o de reembolso dos pacientes obtidos da Orizon, que cont&#233;m um registro datado de todos os itens faturados pelo departamento de contabilidade de custos, incluindo medicamentos (somente para uso hospitalar); servi&#231;os de laborat&#243;rio, diagn&#243;stico e servi&#231;os terap&#234;uticos; e diagn&#243;sticos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios para a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de cada paciente. Tanto a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos ambulatoriais quanto de interna&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no conjunto de dados. Cerca de 12 milh&#245;es de pacientes - os quais representam aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes do sistema de sa&#250;de privado brasileiro - est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nos bancos de dados da Orizon de cobran&#231;a dos pacientes. Nenhum consentimento informado foi necess&#225;rio porque todos os dados eram de informa&#231;&#245;es de reembolso dos pacientes e suas informa&#231;&#245;es pessoais eram an&#244;nimas.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes adultos (maiores de 18 anos) que sofreram interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2015 e foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com um c&#243;digo CID-10 de FA (I48) foram potencialmente eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise atual. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade precisavam ser atendidos para a inclus&#227;o do paciente na an&#225;lise atual:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Procedimento eletivo de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, com mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico tridimensional anterior;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis sobre idade, sexo e c&#243;digo CID;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nenhum registro de procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o anteriores no conjunto de dados;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Uso de abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto (irrigada padr&#227;o, irrigada com sensores de for&#231;a de contato e n&#227;o irrigada);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>M&#237;nimo de 3 meses de seguimento antes e depois do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Os resultados foram avaliados tanto na admiss&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria quanto em qualquer rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorrida at&#233; 2 anos ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
          <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;foram avaliadas para cada paciente: idade, g&#234;nero, comorbidades (como cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica [CI], insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica [ICC] e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, entre outros), complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias, taxa de FA livre de recidiva em curto e longo prazo, eventos cardiovasculares, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de (incluindo atendimento ambulatorial e de emerg&#234;ncia) e custos. Detalhes sobre as defini&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o descritos nos pr&#243;ximos par&#225;grafos.</p>
          <p>As comorbidades foram definidas de acordo com os c&#243;digos da CID-10, registrados nas consultas ambulatoriais e de emerg&#234;ncia dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no banco de dados. A recidiva de FA foi definida quando um novo procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o ou de cardiovers&#227;o foi realizado ou ap&#243;s o rein&#237;cio do uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos durante o seguimento, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA (<italic>blanking period</italic>). Os eventos cardiovasculares avaliados (tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-procedimento) foram: s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), AVC e arritmias. A SCA foi definida sempre que um paciente apresentava pedidos de eletrocardiograma mais troponina ou fra&#231;&#227;o MB de creatina quinase (CK-MB), assim como um dos seguintes itens faturados: qualquer procedimento trombol&#237;tico, de angioplastia ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos altamente sugestivos de SCA (como qualquer forma de heparina, drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias, nitratos e estatinas). O AVC isqu&#234;mico foi definido quando um paciente apresentou solicita&#231;&#227;o de tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica do c&#233;rebro, prescri&#231;&#227;o de antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio ou heparina de baixo peso molecular, al&#233;m da cobran&#231;a de exames como ecocardiograma, ultrassonografia com Doppler de car&#243;tida e interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). O AVC hemorr&#225;gico foi definido quando um paciente apresentou um exame de imagem cerebral (resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica ou tomografia computadorizada) e uma CID-10 compat&#237;vel e interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Os eventos arr&#237;tmicos foram definidos quando havia itens cobrados relacionados a: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador interno, procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de arritmia ou prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos intra-hospitalares, sugestivos de evento arr&#237;tmico agudo em pacientes nos quais o eletrocardiograma tamb&#233;m tinha sido solicitado.</p>
          <p>O uso de recursos e seus custos relacionados foram computados pela soma de todos os itens faturados (atendimento ambulatorial e de emerg&#234;ncia/hospitalar). Apenas os recursos e custos relacionados ao sistema cardiovascular foram computados. Para calcular os custos mensais m&#233;dios, dividimos os custos totais pelo n&#250;mero de meses de seguimento. Os custos foram subdivididos em atendimento ambulatorial, de emerg&#234;ncia e interna&#231;&#245;es eletivas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) quando seguem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR) quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; n&#227;o-normal. No entanto, considerando que o custo (expresso em reais) &#233; geralmente uma vari&#225;vel n&#227;o-normal, embora seja interessante conhecer o seu valor m&#233;dio - j&#225; que o custo total de uma dada amostra de pacientes &#233; igual ao seu valor m&#233;dio multiplicado pelo n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos - n&#243;s apresentamos os dados do custo das duas formas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como valores absolutos e propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis utilizou o teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos. A taxa de FA livre de recidiva foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Kaplan Meier. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis preditores de melhor sobrevida livre de eventos, utilizamos o teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. Quando os mesmos preditores foram analisados &#8203;&#8203;em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu impacto na diferen&#231;a de custos antes e depois da ARF, empregou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre 179 pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis, 83 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0252-90139-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e perioperat&#243;rios dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Aproximadamente 70% da amostra do estudo foi composta por pacientes do sexo masculino, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 52,8 anos (DP: 14,6). As comorbidades mais comuns foram hipertens&#227;o (18%) e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (12%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e perioperat&#243;rias dos pacientes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">58 (69,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,8 (14,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">10 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apneia do sono</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a da tireoide</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de seguimento pr&#233;-procedimento (meses) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 (7,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de seguimento p&#243;s-procedimento (meses)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 (5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia procedural (dias)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,93 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custo do cateter</td>
                <td align="center">11.468 (4.591)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em um ano, a taxa de sucesso foi de 83,6%. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis preditores de maior taxa livre de eventos, nenhuma das comorbidades investigadas (hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e CI ou valvular) foi associada a esse desfecho (p &gt; 0,05 para todas as vari&#225;veis no teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>). Apenas um paciente sofreu complica&#231;&#245;es peri-procedurais (AVC hemorr&#225;gico).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta o uso mensal de recursos e os custos antes e depois do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. A mediana mensal de consultas ao departamento de emerg&#234;ncia foi reduzida de 0,10 (IIQ: 0,04 - 0,23), no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o, para 0 (IIQ: 0 - 0,11), no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). A mediana dos custos totais mensais teve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 68,5%, de 330,95 (IIQ: 142,36 - 754,17) para 104,21 (IIQ: 56,35 - 226,51, p &lt; 0,001). Os custos ambulatoriais e com emerg&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m foram reduzidos em 48,8% e 100%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001 para ambas as vari&#225;veis). O n&#250;mero mensal de interna&#231;&#245;es eletivas e seus custos relacionados, bem como as consultas ambulatoriais, n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o mensal de recursos e custos antes e depois do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfecho</th>
                <th align="center">Antes da abla&#231;&#227;o - m&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">Antes da abla&#231;&#227;o - mediana (IIQ)</th>
                <th align="center">Depois da abla&#231;&#227;o - m&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">Depois da abla&#231;&#227;o - mediana (IIQ)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de consultas ambulatoriais</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de consultas na Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 (0,04 - 0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de consultas na Emerg&#234;ncia - CID arr&#237;tmico</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares eletivas</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custos totais (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">747,75 (1.315,38)</td>
                <td align="center">330,95 (142,36 - 754,17)</td>
                <td align="center">589,93 (1.779,83)</td>
                <td align="center">104,21 (56,35 - 226,51)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custos ambulatoriais (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">156,81 (161,90)</td>
                <td align="center">121,48 (56,35 - 206,87)</td>
                <td align="center">83,74 (95,17)</td>
                <td align="center">62,70 (32,91 - 105,15)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custos relacionados a emerg&#234;ncias (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">500,95 (1,268,61)</td>
                <td align="center">65,21 (3,54 - 433,88)</td>
                <td align="center">110,57 (358,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 36,98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custos relacionados a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o eletiva (R$)</td>
                <td align="center">89,99 (416,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">395,61 (1,720,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 - 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,215</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil. Os valores de P foram calculados com testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, uma vez que todas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis associadas a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o no custo mensal total ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, nenhuma das comorbidades avaliadas - hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e CI ou valvular - apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &gt; 0,10 para todas as vari&#225;veis).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, observamos que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos de atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar durante um seguimento m&#233;dio p&#243;s-procedimento de 10,7 meses, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mediana de custo mensal de 68,5%: de R$330,95 para R$104,21 ap&#243;s o procedimento. A redu&#231;&#227;o de custos ocorreu tanto no cen&#225;rio ambulatorial (de R$121,48 para R$62,70) quanto no setor de emerg&#234;ncia (de R$65,21 para R$0). O procedimento apresentou uma taxa de sucesso de 83,6% ap&#243;s 1 ano de seguimento, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com estudos recentes conduzidos em outros lugares utilizando cateteres com sensor de contato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es graves foi de 1,2%, resultado similar a outras pequenas coortes na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros relatos da literatura tamb&#233;m observaram o impacto da redu&#231;&#227;o de custos p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. No maior estudo publicado at&#233; o momento, Ladapo et al. <sup>(11 )</sup>inclu&#237;ram 3.194 pacientes de bancos de dados administrativos nos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nessa pesquisa, a abordagem foi ligeiramente diferente: eles consideraram que os custos podem de fato aumentar nos 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, como resultado da necessidade de uma nova abla&#231;&#227;o em uma fra&#231;&#227;o da amostra, bem como o tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedurais. Portanto, eles analisaram o per&#237;odo de 6 a 36 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, divididos em ciclos de 6 meses. No per&#237;odo de 6 a 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, os custos mensais m&#233;dios diminu&#237;ram em torno de US$800, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os 6 meses imediatamente anteriores &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. Este n&#250;mero diminuiu at&#233; os 18-24 meses (onde a redu&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo anterior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, era de cerca de US$200), e depois aumentou novamente para cerca de US$800 no per&#237;odo de 30 a 36 meses. No entanto, apenas 1/3 e 1/10 dos pacientes tiveram pelo menos 24 e 36 meses de tempo de seguimento, respectivamente, tornando esses dados de longo prazo mais imprecisos. Independente disso, parece consideravelmente robusto o fato de que as redu&#231;&#245;es de custo sejam notadas j&#225; no primeiro ano, sendo mantidas por um per&#237;odo mais longo de seguimento.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos na literatura estimaram quanto tempo ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter o procedimento se tornaria neutro em rela&#231;&#227;o ao custo. Em um estudo franc&#234;s de coorte retrospectivo, que incluiu 118 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia para FA parox&#237;stica durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 32 &#177; 15 semanas, estimou-se que a partir do 5&#186; ano os custos acumulados totais seriam menores em pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em dois modelos econ&#244;micos canadenses, a neutralidade do custo ocorreria entre 2 e 4 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Esses tr&#234;s estudos, no entanto, n&#227;o foram totalmente baseados nos dados coletados, incluindo proje&#231;&#245;es futuras e modelagens.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo devem ser citadas. O conjunto de dados utilizado para todas as an&#225;lises foi baseado em informa&#231;&#245;es de cobran&#231;a do paciente, sendo os pacientes an&#244;nimos para as pesquisas. Portanto, o contato direto para determinar a recorr&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. Isso poderia superestimar a taxa de sucesso, pois a recorr&#234;ncia foi baseada apenas no uso de recursos de sa&#250;de (uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, cardiovers&#227;o ou procedimentos repetidos) ou indiretamente, atrav&#233;s da compra de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos nas farm&#225;cias pelo paciente. O uso de um banco de dados administrativo acarreta o risco de vi&#233;s como qualquer estudo retrospectivo, bem como os problemas associados &#224; falta de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas individuais dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos os custos com medicamentos ambulatoriais, uma vez que essas informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis no conjunto de dados de informa&#231;&#245;es de cobran&#231;a dos pacientes, o que n&#227;o incluiu os gastos particulares dos pacientes. Finalmente, o tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi grande, e a an&#225;lise de poss&#237;veis preditores de maiores redu&#231;&#245;es de custo ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o provavelmente foi fraca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesta amostra de pacientes do setor de sa&#250;de privado brasileiro, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA foi associada a custos significativamente menores - tanto ambulatoriais quanto hospitalares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Johnson and Johnson Medical Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
