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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4nyFHWjsjp8mCRzsBgXRpZM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800242</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190123</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk in Psoriasis Patients: Clinical, Functional and Morphological Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-9095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4460-0572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Ang&#233;lica Navarro Navarro de Oliveira, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. Postal Code 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. Email: <email>angelicanavarro@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira AN, Sim&#245;es MM, Sim&#245;es R, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB; Acquisition of data: Oliveira AN, Sim&#245;es MM, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira AN, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>242</fpage>
      <lpage>249</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Psoriasis correlates with metabolic disorders, early atheromatosis and increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess markers of cardiovascular disease in psoriatic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional, observational study involving 11 psoriatic participants and 33 controls. Anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic and imaging parameters were evaluated. Arterial stiffness was assessed by oscillometric measurement of the brachial artery. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular diastolic function were assessed by Doppler echography and echocardiography. Between-group comparisons of numerical variables were performed by the Student&#8217;s t-test or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for independent samples. Significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Psoriatic patients showed increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) (9.1 &#177; 1.8 vs 8.0 &#177; 2 m/s, p = 0.033), IMT of the left common carotid artery (p = 0.018) and a higher percentage of patients above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile according to the ELSA table when compared with controls (54.5 vs 18.2%, p = 0.045). Psoriatic patients also showed an increase in peripheral/central systolic blood pressure (137.1 &#177; 13.2 vs 122.3 &#177; 11.6 mmHg, p = 0.004)/(127 &#177; 13 vs 112.5 &#177; 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.005), peripheral/central diastolic blood pressure (89.9 &#177; 8.9 vs 82.2 &#177; 8, p = 0.022)/(91 &#177; 9.3 vs 82.2 &#177; 8.3, p = 0.014), total cholesterol (252 &#177; 43.5 vs 198 &#177; 39.8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001), LDL cholesterol (167 &#177; 24 vs 118 &#177; 40.8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) and C-reactive protein (7.6 &#177; 35.4 vs 1 &#177; 1.2 mg/L p &lt; 0.001) compared with controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Psoriasis patients show increased PWV, IMT, peripheral and central blood pressures, and serum cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, denoting a higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Psoriasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Oscillometry/mehods</kwd>
        <kwd>Brachial Artery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, recurrent chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and joints, affecting 2-4% of the adult population in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Vulgar psoriasis is the most common type and occurs in 85-90% of psoriasis patients. It is phenotypically characterized by dry, red, scaly, silvery-white, well-defined plaques that appear mainly on elbows, knees, scalp, and the lumbar area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The cause of psoriasis is multifactorial, with numerous key components including genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers in combination with skin barrier disruption and immune dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similarly to other autoimmune diseases, psoriasis is associated with well-documented systemic changes, including joint, endocrine, and cardiovascular dysfunctions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels and one of the most common mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The incidence of atherosclerosis is increased in psoriatic patients and seems to be directly associated with the severity of skin manifestations in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, previous epidemiological studies have shown the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in psoriatics, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CVDs are the main cause of mortality in Brazil and in the world. For this reason, it is important to identify and correct their risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> There are several clinical and subclinical markers for early detection of cardiovascular risk, including physical examination findings, and metabolic, functional and imaging tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the close relationship between psoriasis and cardiovascular events, this study aimed to investigate subclinical cardiovascular change, measured by arterial stiffness (AS), common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), in addition to clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The detection of these changes would contribute to early preventive and therapeutic measures.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study conducted between May 2016 and March 2018.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Psoriasis group (PG) was composed of 11 male volunteers, without evidence of CVD, aged between 40 and 65 years, with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) &gt; 7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> All patients were consecutively included during their medical visit at a public health care center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. All patients were classified as PASI &gt; 10, indicating severe skin manifestations of the disease. For the control group (CG), we selected 33 healthy men, without evidence of CVD or psoriasis, matched by age, recruited from the same health care center and from a private clinic in the same city. For the CG, patients seen for dermatological assessment due to conditions other than psoriasis. The number of subjects recruited was obtained by specific sample calculation proposed by Siqueira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Sample size was calculated assuming that variations in AS between PG and CG were similar. We also considered a proportion of three controls to one case, due to the low prevalence of severe psoriasis.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria for both groups were: chronic diseases requiring nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or systemic corticosteroids, treatment for neoplasms or diagnosis of neoplasms less than five years, severe chronic kidney failure (glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min), liver failure or previous coronary diseases, peripheral vascular disease and HF with reduced ejection fraction. We also excluded from the study psoriasis patients with PASI &lt; 7.</p>
        <p>All patients were seen by a cardiologist and assessed for smoking habit (smokers were considered those patients who smoked at least one cigarette per day in the last 12 months),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> alcohol consumption (15 doses/week in the last 12 months - 1 dose corresponded to one can of beer),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> systemic arterial hypertension (according to the 2017 Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> diabetes mellitus (according to the 2018 American Diabetes Association guidelines),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> use of medications, and any other factor that may be related to the exclusion criteria of the study.</p>
        <p>All volunteers had their body weight and height measured for body mass index (BMI) calculation, body surface area (BSA) measured, and waist and hip circumferences measured for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) calculation. These measurements were obtained using calibrated and certified (by INMETRO/ANVISA) equipment.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected for laboratory tests and measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol (TC).</p>
        <p>Patients of the PG were classified according to the PASI, developed by Fredriksson and Pettersson in 1978 to assess the extent of the psoriatic plaques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This is the method of choice for the classification of the disease severity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and was applied by a dermatologist. Analysis of the severity and extent of the disease was made in four anatomical regions: head, trunk and upper and lower limbs.</p>
        <p>Measurements of blood pressure (both peripheral/arm and central) and AS were obtained non-invasively using the monitor Mobil-O-Graph NG (IEM, Stolberg, Germany), with ARC Solver algorithm (the ARC Solver method, Austrian Institute of Technology). This is an oscillometric, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device, approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration and the Conformit&#233; Europ&#233;enne. The method was validated according to the British Hypertension Society and recently by the American Heart Association&#8217;s Council on Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> After the measurement of the arm circumference and selection of the arm cuff, the device was positioned as proposed by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Three consecutive readings were taken automatically and the results were expressed as the mean of these three measurements. AS was estimated using the variables pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) adjusted for a heart rate (HR) of 75 beats per minute (Alx@75). The monitor also provided the measurements of HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and peripheral and central pulse pressure (PP).</p>
        <p>The analysis of IMT was performed by duplex scanning of the carotid arteries using the two-dimensional mode, and linear probe 10-MHZ Vivid S6 (GE healthcare, Telaviv, Israel), according to the recommendations of the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The measurement of IMT was semi-automatically obtained one centimeter from the posterior wall of the common carotid artery. To determine the IMT percentile, the mean IMT (without including the plaque) of each segment was compared with those of the reference tables. The highest percentile for age of each participant was obtained. We used the tables obtained from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> that evaluates chronic diseases in the Brazilian population aged from 40 to 65 years, of white, mulatto and black ethnicity, and from the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Measures above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile were considered as significant increases.</p>
        <p>A two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler and tissue Doppler was performed following the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommendations.<sup>(28 )</sup>We analyzed the electrocardiographic images of three cardiac cycles for the dimensions of the left ventricle, left atrial volume (LAV), parietal thickness, left ventricular mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction and color Doppler images of all valves. Analysis of the left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) was performed according to the 2016 recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The following parameters were obtained: early left ventricular filling (E-wave), peak atrial filling wave (A-wave), E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration time, and isovolumic relaxation time. Tissue Doppler velocity measurements were obtained in the medial and in the lateral mitral annulus, in the four-chamber view, for the measurement of the peak early diastolic velocity (e&#8217;). The 2016,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> American Society of Echocardiography recommendations were also used for classification of diastolic function - normal function, diastolic dysfunction grade II (pseudonormal pattern), and diastolic dysfunction grade III (restrictive pattern). Subclinical dysfunction (i.e., asymptomatic condition) was diagnosed by left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographist could not be blinded to psoriasis, since skin manifestations of the disease are clinically evident.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages. Numerical variables were tested for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) (normally distributed variables) or median and interquartile range (variables without normal distribution). Association between categorical variables was assessed by Fisher&#8217;s exact test or the chi-square test of independence. Between-group comparisons of numerical variables were performed by the Student&#8217;s t-test or the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test, according to the normality of data distribution. The analysis was performed using the R software, version 3.3.2 and a 5% significance level was used.</p>
        <p>Mean differences of AS between PG and CG were estimated, and the sample size was calculated to test the difference between two means. For calculation of the sample size, we assumed that the variance of the AS measurements in PG and CG would be the same. In addition, we used a ratio of three controls to one psoriatic patient, due to the difficulty in identifying patients with moderate or severe psoriasis (PASI &#8805; 7), not using corticosteroids, considering a significance level of &#945; = 5% and power (1 - &#946;) of 80%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study sample was composed of 44 subjects, 11 of the PG and 33 of the CG. Mean age was 60.5 &#177; 11.3 years and 59.1% was white. Mean values of BSA, BMI and WHR were 1.93 &#177; 0.20 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, 28.1 &#177; 5.2 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and 0.96 &#177; 0.06, respectively. Age was not different between the groups (Table 1).</p>
      <p>Regarding lifestyle and comorbidities, 29.5% of participants consumed alcohol, 29.5% were smokers, 40.9% had systemic arterial hypertension, 20.5% had diabetes and 29.5% dyslipidemia, with no difference between the groups. With respect to laboratory tests, PG showed higher levels of TC, LDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric and lifestyle data, comorbidities, and laboratory test results of patients with psoriasis (n=11) and control subjects (n = 33)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 33)</th>
              <th align="center">Psoriatic group (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.391<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.479<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">21 (63.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pardo (multiracial)/Black</td>
              <td align="center">12 (36.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.94 &#177; 0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.835<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">79.8 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">84.7 &#177; 21.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.494<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">30.9 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.079<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.576<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Habits</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">7 (21.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.086<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">10 (30.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">11 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.093<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">10 (30.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">198 &#177; 39.8</td>
              <td align="center">252 &#177; 43.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">46 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 16.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.283<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 40.8</td>
              <td align="center">167 &#177; 24</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 35.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for independent samples (mean &#177; SD),</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>chi-square test of independence;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Student's t-test for independent samples (mean &#177; SD),</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The most common medication in the study group was angiotensin II receptor blockers (29.5%), statins (22.7%) and diuretics (18.2%), with no difference between the groups (data not shown). For the psoriasis treatment, two patients (18%) of the PG used methotrexate. Only one patient of the PG (9%) used topical corticosteroids regularly for the skin lesions during the study period.</p>
      <p>PG patients showed increased PWV (9.1 &#177; 1.8 and 8 &#177; 2 m/s, p = 0.033), increased IMT of the left common carotid artery (p = 0.018) and higher percentage of patients above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile according to the ELSA table (54.5 and 18.2%, p = 0,045) when compared with the CG.</p>
      <p>Compared with the CG, the PG also showed increased peripheral SBP (137.1 &#177; 13.2 <italic>vs</italic>. 122.3 &#177; 11.6 mmHg, p = 0.004), central SBP (127 &#177; 13 <italic>vs</italic>. 112.5 &#177; 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.005), peripheral DBP (89.9 &#177; 8.9 <italic>vs</italic>. 82.2 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0.022), central DBP (91 &#177; 9.3 <italic>vs</italic>. 82.2 &#177; 8.3 mmHg, p = 0.014), total cholesterol (252 &#177; 43.5 <italic>vs</italic>. 198 &#177; 39.8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001), LDL cholesterol (167 &#177; 24 <italic>vs</italic>. 118 &#177; 40.8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) and C-reactive protein (7.6 &#177; 35.4 <italic>vs</italic>. 1 &#177; 1.2 mg/L, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>There was no difference in AIx@75 between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ultrasound and oscillometry parameters of the brachial artery</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 33)</th>
              <th align="center">Psoriatic group (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">94 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">104 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.106<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">180 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center">190 &#177; 36.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.322<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral E/e' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">5.96 &#177; 1.42</td>
              <td align="center">5.90 &#177; 2.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.937<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal E/e' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">6.92 &#177; 1.82</td>
              <td align="center">7.17 &#177; 3.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.616<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">18.41 &#177; 4.55</td>
              <td align="center">17.50 &#177; 5.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.626<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESV (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">34 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.086<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDV (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0.606<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.763<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right IMT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 &#177; 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.481<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left IMT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MEDA &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ELSA &gt;75<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plaques</td>
              <td align="center">9 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.287<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">122.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">137.1 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">89.9 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.022<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">99.2 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">108.3 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">0.105<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">39.8 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.058<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.989<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">112.5 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">127 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.005<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.014<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central PP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AIx @75(l/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">17.64 &#177; 10.84</td>
              <td align="center">19.15 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.675<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWV (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test (mean &#177; SD),</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>t-Student (mean &#177; SD) for independent samples and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact. IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time; DT: deceleration time; E/A ratio: ratio of the E-wave and A-wave of the left ventricular diastolic filling, LA: left atrial; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; IMT: intima-media thickness; MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; ELSA: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure. AIx @75: Augmentation Index adjusted for a heart rate of 75 beats per minute; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Psoriasis has been considered an autoimmune, inflammatory disease with important consequences in other systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> There are evidences of higher incidence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and CVDs - such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke among psoriatic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Thus, skin manifestations seem to be just one of the factors associated with this complex condition. It has been speculated that the high amounts of blood inflammatory mediators in psoriatics, in addition to C-reactive protein, such as TNFa and IL-6 may be associated with the inflammatory response to vascular remodeling and cardiovascular changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, we included psoriasis patients with PASI&gt;7, <italic>i.e</italic>., with moderate and severe psoriasis. High C-reactive protein levels found in PG compared with the CG suggests increased inflammatory response, which was associated with higher blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol levels, may contribute to arterial remodeling, as well as to structural and hemodynamic changes observed in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Coban et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> showed that systemic inflammation in psoriasis leads to insulin resistance, which, in turn, causes changes in the synthesis of adipokines, including visfatin, vaspin, omentin and adiponectin, which can increase blood pressure, and LDL-cholesterol and TC levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, factors like an altered lipid metabolism, and inappropriate immune response are involved, resulting in arterial wall inflammation. The increased levels of circulating inflammatory mediators contribute to vascular inflammatory response associated with migration of monocytes and oxidation of LDL-cholesterol, which are key elements in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> However, there are also reports describing the so-called &#8220;lipid paradox&#8221; in inflammatory diseases, mainly rheumatoid arthritis, marked by a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol and TC levels 3-5 years before the onset of signs of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> There also evidences of possible influence of pharmacological interventions on lipid profile of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, despite considerable impairment observed in psoriatic patients, this group showed significant increase in atherogenic lipoprotein levels compared with the CG. Only two (18%) patients used systemic medication, particularly methotrexate. None of the patients used biological drugs. The use of systemic corticosteroids was an exclusion criterion to avoid a bias in the findings.</p>
      <p>A systematic review evaluated the metabolic effects of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> while one study reported differences in lipid profile after one year of treatment, another study reported improvement in lipid concentrations, and their correlation with changes in C-reactive protein levels and blood sedimentation rate, and another study did not find any change in the levels of lipoproteins, even with reduced C-reactive protein levels. Thus, in light of the conflicting results of these studies and the low percentage of patients using methotrexate, we infer that the possible influence of medications is not relevant on our result.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the hemodynamic changes in the PG, the increase in AS, illustrated by an increased PWV, indicates an early vascular aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Our results are in accordance with previous studies that reported an increase in PWV in psoriasis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Increased PWV has been considered an important predictive factor for cardiovascular outcomes and higher mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Carotid atherosclerosis can be assessed by the IMT measurement and presence of plaques. In our study, we also used imaging test, which confirmed the increased left IMT in the PG. This is in agreement with other studies that showed similar results regardless of other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> Comparison of our results with reference values obtained in the ELSA, we showed a higher percentage of patients above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile in the PG. However, this was not true when the results were compared with the MESA. This finding highlights the need for the use of reference tables developed in specific populations.</p>
      <p>Regarding the presence of plaques, the apparently higher incidence of plaques in PG compared with the CG was not statistically significant, probably due to the sample size. Also, although a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with psoriasis was found in the study by Shang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> we did not find significant differences in echocardiographic parameters between the groups. The increased peripheral and central SBP and DBP values found in the PG may be related to the vascular changes observed in these patients, which has also been described in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Although the small number of patients in the PG is a limitations of the study, because of the difficulty in detecting patients who met the inclusion criteria including a PASI&gt;7, we were able to show a close relationship between psoriasis and the factors associated with higher probability to develop cardiovascular outcomes. Such associations, found in moderate-to-severe psoriasis patients, are significantly greater than those reported in the general population. More comprehensive studies, including larger sample sizes are suggested, to demonstrate the importance of other predictive factors of CVDs, including an increased AIx@75 and the IMT of the right carotid artery, which did not show statistical difference in our study.</p>
      <p>Current guidelines recognize the increased risk for CVDs in patients with psoriasis and the need for its early identification and better stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> However, predictive algorithms of cardiovascular risk, such as the Framingham risk score, do not consider the systemic inflammatory effect secondary to psoriasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Functional parameters, such as the measurement of the AS, as well as structural parameters, such as the use of cardiac and vascular imaging tests, and laboratory biomarkers could be used to improve the sensitivity of traditional algorithms of risk stratification in patients with psoriasis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study shows that psoriatic patients have elevations in carotid IMT and PWV, in addition to increased central and peripheral blood pressure, and serum cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>One possible limitation of this study is the small sample size, due to the difficulty in recruiting patients with moderate and severe psoriasis (PASI&gt;7), not using corticosteroids, which could affect the outcome measures. Another possible limitation is the recruitment of patients from one location only.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ang&#233;lica Navarro de Oliveira, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais under the protocol number 1.267.197. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes Psori&#225;sicos: Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Par&#226;metros Cl&#237;nicos, Funcionais e Morfol&#243;gicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-9095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4460-0572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ang&#233;lica Navarro Navarro de Oliveira, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. CEP 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. Email: <email>angelicanavarro@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira AN, Sim&#245;es MM, Sim&#245;es R, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira AN, Sim&#245;es MM, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira AN, Rezende BA, Malachias MVB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A psor&#237;ase correlaciona-se a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, ateromatose precoce e aumento do risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar marcadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o psori&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional transversal, envolvendo 11 participantes psori&#225;sicos e 33 controles. Foram avaliados par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos, laboratoriais, hemodin&#226;micos e de imagem. A rigidez arterial foi avaliada por oscilometria da art&#233;ria braquial. A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram avaliadas por meio da ecografia e ecocardiografia Doppler. As compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre grupos foram realizadas por teste t-Student e Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, adotando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes psori&#225;sicos apresentaram aumento de VOP (9,1 &#177; 1,8 e 8 &#177; 2 m/s, p = 0,033), EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda (p = 0,018) e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de percentil &gt; 75 pela tabela ELSA (54,5 e 18,2%, p = 0,045) e) quando comparados aos controles. Pacientes psori&#225;sicos tamb&#233;m mostraram aumento nos seguintes par&#226;metros em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, respectivamente: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica/central (137,1 &#177; 13,2 e 122,3 &#177; 11,6 mmHg, p = 0,004)/(127 &#177; 13 e 112,5 &#177; 10,4 mmHg, p = 0,005), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica/central (89,9 &#177; 8,9 e 82,2 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0,022) / (91 &#177; 9,3 e 82,2 &#177; 8,3 mmHg, p = 0,014), colesterol total (252 &#177; 43,5 e 198 &#177; 39,8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001), colesterol LDL (167 &#177; 24 e 118 &#177; 40,8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) e prote&#237;na C reativa (7,6 &#177; 35,4 e 1 &#177; 1,2 mg/L, p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes psori&#225;sicos apresentam eleva&#231;&#245;es de VOP e EMI, al&#233;m de maiores press&#245;es arteriais perif&#233;ricas e centrais, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol e de prote&#237;na C reativa, denotando maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Psor&#237;ase</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Oscilometria/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Braquial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A psor&#237;ase &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica inflamat&#243;ria imunomediada e recidivante que afeta a pele e articula&#231;&#245;es, acometendo 2 a 4% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta mundial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A psor&#237;ase vulgar &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o mais comum e incorre em cerca de 85% a 90% dos pacientes psori&#225;sicos. Fenotipicamente &#233; caracterizada por placas cut&#226;neas secas, vermelhas, com escamas branco-prateadas e bem definidas, principalmente em cotovelos, joelho, couro cabeludo e regi&#227;o lombar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As causas da psor&#237;ase s&#227;o multifatoriais, com numerosos componentes chaves, incluindo susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica e gatilhos do meio ambiente, em combina&#231;&#227;o com ruptura da barreira cut&#226;nea e imunodisfun&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A psor&#237;ase, assim como outras doen&#231;as auto-imunes, est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas j&#225; bem documentadas, como disfun&#231;&#245;es articulares, end&#243;crinas e do sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A aterosclerose &#233; um dos mecanismos mais frequentes das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e considerada uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica dos vasos sangu&#237;neos. Sabe-se que a incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose est&#225; aumentada na psor&#237;ase e parece estar diretamente associada &#224; gravidade do acometimento cut&#226;neo observado nesta doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios demonstram a alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular nos psori&#225;sicos, incluindo s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, sendo fundamental a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a corre&#231;&#227;o de seus fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Existem diversos marcadores cl&#237;nicos e subcl&#237;nicos de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco cardiovascular, incluindo achados de exame f&#237;sico, avalia&#231;&#227;o por testes metab&#243;licos, m&#233;todos funcionais e de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre a psor&#237;ase e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares, este trabalho prop&#244;s investigar altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares subcl&#237;nicas, mediante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial (RA), da medida da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum (EMI) e altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FDVE), al&#233;m de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais em pacientes psori&#225;sicos de est&#225;gios moderado e grave. A identifica&#231;&#227;o destas altera&#231;&#245;es pode contribuir para que medidas preventivas e terap&#234;uticas precoces possam ser institu&#237;das neste perfil de paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, anal&#237;tico, realizado entre Maio de 2016 e Mar&#231;o de 2018.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Para o grupo de pacientes psori&#225;sicos (GP) foram recrutados 11 volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino, sem evid&#234;ncia de DCV conhecida ou aparente, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, classificados pelo <italic>Psoriasis Area and Severity Index</italic> (PASI) &gt;7<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> de forma consecutiva, durante atendimento m&#233;dico em um centro de especialidades m&#233;dicas p&#250;blico em Belo Horizonte, MG. Todos os 11 pacientes recrutados no grupo GP, contudo, apresentavam PASI &gt; 10, demonstrando signficativo acometimento cut&#226;neo pela doen&#231;a. Para o grupo controle (GC) foram selecionados 33 volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino saud&#225;veis e sem evid&#234;ncias de DCV diagnosticada ou aparente, n&#227;o acometidos por psor&#237;ase, pareados por idade, oriundos do mesmo centro de especialidades e tamb&#233;m de uma cl&#237;nica particular da mesma cidade. O recrutamento do GC se deu por meio de convite durante avalia&#231;&#227;o dermatol&#243;gica para outras doen&#231;as que n&#227;o a psor&#237;ase. O numero de indiv&#237;duos recrutados foi obtido a partir de c&#225;lculo amostral especifico proposto por Siqueira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Na ocasi&#227;o do c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi feita a suposi&#231;&#227;o de que as vari&#226;ncias das medidas de RA dos participantes do GP e do GC s&#227;o iguais. Al&#233;m disso, considerou-se uma raz&#227;o de 3 controles para 1 caso, devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de psor&#237;ase grave.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para ambos os grupos foram: acometimento por doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica que requeira uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides (AINE) ou corticoterapia sist&#234;mica, acometimento por neoplasias em tratamento ou com menos de 5 anos de diagn&#243;stico, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica grave (ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 30 ml/min), insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;as coronarianas, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER). Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes psori&#225;sicos que apresentaram PASI &lt; 7 (na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do GP).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por m&#233;dico cardiologista e foram investigadas condi&#231;&#245;es como tabagismo (considerados fumantes os pacientes que relataram fumar pelo menos 1 cigarro ao dia nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> etilismo (ingest&#227;o de15 doses/semana nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses - 1 dose equivale a uma lata de cerveja),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> hipertens&#227;o arterial (de acordo com a 7<sup>(a)</sup> Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, 2016),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> dislipidemia (de acordo com a atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose, 2017),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (de acordo com diretriz da American Diabetes Association - 2018)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e uso de medicamentos e fatores que pudessem estar relacionados aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m se submeteram &#224; verifica&#231;&#227;o de peso, altura e c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC), medidas da cintura, do quadril e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril (RCQ). Foram utilizados equipamentos calibrados e certificados por IMETRO/ANVISA.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidas amostras para exames laboratoriais e dosagem de Prote&#237;na C Reativa (PCR), colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL e colesterol total (CT).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes pertencentes ao GP foram classificados segundo o PASI, &#237;ndice elaborado por Fredriksson e Pettersen em 1978,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o das placas. Essa metodologia foi adotada por ser a ferramenta de escolha na classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tendo sido realizada por um dermatologista. A an&#225;lise da extens&#227;o e intensidade do acometimento &#233; feita em quatro regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas: cabe&#231;a, tronco, membros inferiores e membros superiores.</p>
        <p>As mensura&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es arteriais perif&#233;rica (braquial,) central e dos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA foram adquiridos de forma n&#227;o invasiva pelo equipamento <italic>Mobil-O-Graph NG</italic> (IEM, Stolberg, Alemanha), com algoritmo ARC Solver (the <italic>ARC Solver method, Austrian Institute of Technology</italic>) embutido. Este dispositivo &#233; um monitor oscilom&#233;trico de press&#227;o braquial ambulatorial de 24 horas, aprovado pela <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e <italic>Enne Conformite</italic> da Europa. Sua unidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial e RA &#233; validada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>British Hypertension Society</italic> e recentemente pelo <italic>American Heart Association Councilon Hypertension.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ap&#243;s a medida do per&#237;metro do membro e escolha do manguito adequado, o aparelho foi posicionado de maneira semelhante aos procedimentos definidos por diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Foram executadas tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de maneira automatizada e os resultados foram expressos como a m&#233;dia entre as medi&#231;&#245;es obtidas. A estimativa da RA foi feita por meio das vari&#225;veis velocidades de onda de pulso (VOP), <italic>augmentation &#237;ndex</italic> (AIx) ajustado para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 75 batimentos por minuto (AIx@75). O equipamento tamb&#233;m forneceu as medidas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e press&#227;o de pulso (PP), perif&#233;ricas e centrais.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da EMI foi obtida ap&#243;s estudo completo pelo duplex scan de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, por meio do modo bidimensional, com um transdutor linear de 10-MHZ Vivid S6 (GE healthcare, Telaviv, Israel), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A seguir foi obtido a medida a um cent&#237;metro distal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum, de forma semi-autom&#225;tica, na parede posterior do vaso. Considerou-se a EMI m&#233;dia, n&#227;o incluindo as placas, para a determina&#231;&#227;o do percentil da medida da EMI. Uma vez obtidos os valores m&#233;dios da EMI de cada lado, foram comparados com a tabela sugerida, para a obten&#231;&#227;o do percentil equivalente. O maior percentil deve ser considerado aquele no qual se encontra o indiv&#237;duo estudado, de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria. No presente estudo, utilizamos a tabela do Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> que avalia as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, na faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 e 65 anos, de etnia branca, mulata ou negra e comparada tamb&#233;m com a tabela do estudo <italic>Multi Ethinic Study of Aterosclerosis</italic> (MESA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Foram consideradas como tendo aumento significativo as medidas acima do percentil 75.</p>
        <p>Um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional completo associado com estudo Doppler e Doppler tecidual foi realizado, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Analisamos as imagens de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos associadas ao eletrocardiograma (ECG). Foram analisadas as medidas das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), volume atrial esquerdo (AE), espessura parietal, massa ventricular esquerda indexada, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e as imagens ao Color Doppler de todas as valvas. A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FDVE) foi realizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging,</italic> de 2016, pelo estudo Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Foram obtidos os par&#226;metros de pico de velocidade da onda de enchimento precoce do VE (onda E), o pico de velocidade da onda de enchimento atrial (onda A), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (DT) e a medida do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV). As velocidades do Doppler tecidual foram obtidas medial e lateralmente ao anel mitral, no corte de 4 c&#226;maras para a medida do pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial (e&#8217;). Foram adotados os crit&#233;rios recomendados pela <italic>ASE</italic>, atualizados em 2016,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> tanto para a realiza&#231;&#227;o destas t&#233;cnicas, quanto no tocante &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o correspondente: fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em grau I (relaxamento anormal do VE), grau II (padr&#227;o pseudonormal) e grau III (padr&#227;o restritivo). A disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica (ou seja, assintom&#225;tica ou n&#227;o evidente foi diagnosticada por meio das disfun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica do VE.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o do cegamento do ecocardiografista para a psor&#237;ase, pois a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea da doen&#231;a &#233; clinicamente evidente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como contagens e percentuais. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram submetidas ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, e foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP), em caso de normalidade, ou como mediana &#177; dist&#226;ncia interquart&#237;lica ([DI] diferen&#231;a entre o terceiro e o primeiro quartis), caso contr&#225;rio. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi empregado o teste exato de Fisher ou teste qui-quadrado de independ&#234;ncia. A compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre grupos foi realizada via teste t-Student ou Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, em caso de atendimento ou n&#227;o &#224; normalidade. A an&#225;lise foi desenvolvida no programa R vers&#227;o 3.3.2 e foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>Para atender ao objetivo do estudo estimamos a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia das medidas de RA entre o GP e o GC. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi ent&#227;o realizado para se verificar o teste da diferen&#231;a entre duas m&#233;dias. Na ocasi&#227;o do c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi feita a suposi&#231;&#227;o de que as vari&#226;ncias das medidas de RA dos psori&#225;sicos e do grupo controle seriam iguais. Al&#233;m disso, utilizou-se uma raz&#227;o de 3 controles para 1 psori&#225;sico, devido &#224; dificuldade de identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em est&#225;gio moderado e grave (PASI &#8805; 7) sem uso de corticoterapia, considerando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de &#945; = 5% e poder de 1 - &#946; = 80%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra do estudo foi composta por 44 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 33 do GC e 11 do GP. A mediana da idade foi 60,5 &#177; 11,3 anos e 59,1% eram da ra&#231;a branca. Os valores m&#233;dios para ASC, IMC e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril foram 1,93 &#177; 0,20 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, 28,1 &#177; 5,2 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e 0,96 &#177; 0,06, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as idades para GC e GP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos, estilo de vida, comorbidades e exames laboratoriais dos pacientes da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Psori&#225;sico (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,391<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,479<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">21 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda/Negra</td>
                <td align="center">12 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,835<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">79,8 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">84,7 &#177; 21,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,494<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,9 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,079<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,576<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>H&#225;bitos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">7 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">11 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">10 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">198 &#177; 39,8</td>
                <td align="center">252 &#177; 43,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 16,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,283<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 40,8</td>
                <td align="center">167 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C Reativa (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 35,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Os p-valores referem-se aos testes</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes (dados como mediana &#177; DI),</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>qui-quadrado de independ&#234;ncia,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>t-Student para amostras independentes (dados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP) e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>teste exato de Fisher. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao estilo de vida e comorbidades, 29,5% eram etilistas, 29,5% tabagistas, 40,9% eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, 20,5% de diabetes melito e 29,5% de dislipidemia. Os grupos de an&#225;lise n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos exames laboratoriais, o GP apresentou maiores n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e prote&#237;na C reativa (todos com p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os medicamentos de uso sist&#234;mico mais utilizados pelos pacientes deste estudo foram bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (29,5%), estatinas (22,7%) e diur&#233;ticos (18,2%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas para o uso destes medicamentos entre os grupos (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Para o tratamento da psor&#237;ase, 2 pacientes (18%) do GP utilizavam metotrexato. Apenas 1 paciente pertencente ao GP (9%) utilizava corticoide t&#243;pico regularmente para controle das les&#245;es cut&#226;neas, no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do GP apresentaram aumento de VOP (9,1 &#177; 1,8 e 8 &#177; 2 m/s, p = 0,033), EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda (p = 0,018) e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de percentil acima de 75 pela tabela ELSA (54,5 e 18,2%, p = 0,045) e) quando comparados ao GC.</p>
        <p>O GP tamb&#233;m apresentou aumento de PAS perif&#233;rica (137,1 &#177; 13,2 e 122,3 &#177; 11,6 mmHg, p = 0,004), PAS central (127 &#177; 13 e 112,5 &#177; 10,4 mmHg, p = 0,005), PAD perif&#233;rica (89,9 &#177; 8,9 e 82,2 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0,022), PAD central (91 &#177; 9,3 e 82,2 &#177; 8,3 mmHg, p = 0,014), colesterol total (252 &#177; 43,5 e 198 &#177; 39,8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001), colesterol LDL (167 &#177; 24 e 118 &#177; 40,8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) e PCR (7,6 &#177; 35,4 e 1 &#177; 1,2 mg/L, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores do <italic>AIx@75</italic>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros avaliados por ultrassonografia e por oscilometria da art&#233;ria braquial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Psori&#225;sico (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">104 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,106<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">180 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">190 &#177; 36,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,322<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' lateral</td>
                <td align="center">5,96 &#177; 1,42</td>
                <td align="center">5,90 &#177; 2,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,937<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' septal</td>
                <td align="center">6,92 &#177; 1,82</td>
                <td align="center">7,17 &#177; 3,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,616<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,41 &#177; 4,55</td>
                <td align="center">17,50 &#177; 5,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,626<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSFVE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,086<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFVE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,606<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,763<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI D (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,481<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI E (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentil &gt; 75 MESA</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentil &gt; 75 ELSA</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PLACAS</td>
                <td align="center">9 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,287<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">137,1 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">89,9 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,022<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">99,2 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">108,3 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,105<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">39,8 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,058<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,989<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS central (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">112,5 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD central (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,014<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP central (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AIx @75(l/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">17,64 &#177; 10,84</td>
                <td align="center">19,15 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,675<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Os p-valores referem-se aos seguintes testes:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney (dados como mediana &#177; DI),</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>t-Student (dados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP) para amostras independentes e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>exato de Fisher. Onda E: enchimento r&#225;pido do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Onda A: contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. e': pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial ao Doppler tecidual. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A do enchimento diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, E/e': rela&#231;&#227;o entre aos ondas E e e'. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo. VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do VE. VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do VE. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE. EMI: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal. D: direita. E: esquerda. MESA: Multi Ethinic Study of Atherosclerosis. ELSA: Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto.PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; AIx @75 (Augmentation Index ajustado para a FC de 75 batimentos por minuto), VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A psor&#237;ase tem sido considerada como uma condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria auto-imune com repercuss&#245;es importantes em outros sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de maior incide&#770;ncia de obesidade<italic>, diabetes mellitus</italic>, hipertensa&#771;o arterial e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV - como infarto agudo do mioca&#769;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, entre psori&#225;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Desta forma, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas parecem ser apenas um dos fatores associados a esta doen&#231;a complexa. Especula-se que a grande quantidade de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios circulantes nos pacientes psori&#225;sicos, al&#233;m da PCR, como TNFa, IL-6 possam ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a resposta inflamat&#243;ria relacionada ao remodelamento vascular, que possivelmente estaria associado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares observadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram selecionados pacientes psori&#225;sicos com PASI &gt; 7, ou seja, em graus moderado e grave da doen&#231;a. O alto valor de PCR observado nestes pacientes, quando comparado ao grupo controle, sugere intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria que, associada aos mais altos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e colesterol LDL, poderia contribuir para o remodelamento arterial e justificar as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estruturais encontradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Coban et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> demonstraram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da psor&#237;ase promove aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ntese de adipocinas, tais como visfatina, vaspina, omentina e adiponectina que podem elevar o LDL-colesterol e colesterol total, al&#233;m da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose est&#227;o envolvidos o desequil&#237;brio do metabolismo lip&#237;dico e uma resposta imune mal-adaptada, implicando na inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial. Os altos n&#237;veis circulantes de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios da psor&#237;ase contribuem para a gera&#231;&#227;o de uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria vascular associada a migra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos e oxida&#231;&#227;o de colesterol LDL que s&#227;o os elementos chave no desenvolvimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Tem sido, contudo, descrito o chamado &#8220;paradoxo lip&#237;dico&#8221; nas doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, predominantemente na artrite reumatoide, onde os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol diminuem significativamente nos 3 a 5 anos anteriores ao surgimento dos sinais da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Tamb&#233;m h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias das interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, apesar do alto grau de comprometimento da doen&#231;a, o GP apresentou significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o das lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC. Apenas 2 pacientes (18%) utilizavam medica&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, especificamente o metrotexate. Nenhum dos pacientes utilizava medicamentos biol&#243;gicos. O uso de corticoterapia sist&#234;mica foi fator de exclus&#227;o da amostra justamente para evitar um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s sobre os achados. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliou os efeitos metab&#243;licos do metrotexate em pacientes com atrite reumatoide;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> um estudo n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as no perfil lip&#237;dico ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento; outro relatou melhora nos valores lip&#237;dicos, correlacionando-se com mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCR e velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; finalmente, outro n&#227;o encontrou altera&#231;&#245;es das lipoprote&#237;nas, mesmo com redu&#231;&#245;es na PCR. Mediante os resultados conflitantes desses estudos e o baixo percentual de pacientes em uso de metrotexate, inferimos n&#227;o ser relevante a possibilidade de interfer&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o nos resultados do presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas observadas no GP, o aumento da RA demonstrado pela maior VOP revela um precoce envelhecimento vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Nossos resultados mostram-se concordantes com alguns outros trabalhos que j&#225; haviam reportado o aumento da VOP em pacientes psori&#225;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> O aumento da VOP tem sido considerado um importante fator preditivo para desfechos cardiovasculares e maior mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A aterosclerose carot&#237;dea pode ser avaliada por meio da medida da EMI e da presen&#231;a de placas. Para complementar nosso estudo, utilizamos m&#233;todos de imagem que confirmaram um aumento da EMI esquerda no GP, assim como em outros ensaios que encontraram resultado semelhante, independentemente de outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> Quando comparamos nossos achados aos valores de refer&#234;ncia do estudo ELSA, revelamos uma maior incid&#234;ncia de percentil acima de 75 nos pacientes do GP. No entanto, o mesmo resultado n&#227;o foi observado quando foram utilizados os valores de refer&#234;ncia do estudo internacional MESA. Esse achado reflete a necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tabelas de normalidade adequadas e validadas para popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de placas, a aparente maior incid&#234;ncia em pacientes com psor&#237;ase em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC n&#227;o foi estaticamente significativa, provavelmente devido ao tamanho da amostra. Do mesmo modo, apesar do estudo de Shang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> ter apontado maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com psor&#237;ase, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a significativa nos par&#226;metros &#224; ecografia card&#237;aca em nossa amostra. Os valores aumentados de PAS e PAD, tanto perif&#233;rica quanto central, encontrados no grupo GP podem guardar rela&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares encontradas, fato tamb&#233;m j&#225; descrito em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Apesar do numero reduzido de pacientes no GP ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, devido &#224; dificuldade em se identificar pacientes com PASI &gt; 7 que se enquadrassem nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, conseguimos demonstrar uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre a psor&#237;ase e fatores relacionados a maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de desfechos cardiovasculares. Essas associa&#231;&#245;es, verificadas nos casos de psor&#237;ase moderada a grave, s&#227;o significativamente maiores que as encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Estudos mais abrangentes, com uma amostragem maior, poderiam contribuir para demonstrar a import&#226;ncia de outros fatores preditivos de DCV, como eleva&#231;&#227;o do AIx@75 e EMI direita, que n&#227;o se mostraram significativos estatisticamente em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Diretrizes atuais reconhecem o grau aumentado de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com psor&#237;ase e a necessidade de sua identifica&#231;&#227;o e melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> No entanto, os algorr&#237;tmos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, como o de Framingham, n&#227;o consideram o efeito inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico secund&#225;rio da doen&#231;a psori&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Par&#226;metros funcionais, como a medida da RA; estruturais, como os recursos de imagem card&#237;aca e vascular, e os biomarcadores laboratoriais, poderiam ser utilizados para melhorar a sensibilidade dos tradicionais algoritmos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nos pacientes com psor&#237;ase.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstra que pacientes psori&#225;sicos apresentam eleva&#231;&#245;es de EMI carot&#237;dea e VOP, al&#233;m de maiores press&#245;es arteriais centrais e perif&#233;ricas, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol e de PCR.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo apresenta como potencial limita&#231;&#227;o a amostra reduzida, tendo em vista a dificuldade de se identificar pacientes psori&#225;sicos em est&#225;gio moderado e grave (PASI &gt; 7), sem tratamento corticoster&#243;ide, fato que poderia influir nas vari&#225;veis avaliadas. A pesquisa tamb&#233;m apresenta poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o por incluir volunt&#225;rios de uma &#250;nica localidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ang&#233;lica Navarro de Oliveira pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.267.197. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
