<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NSPtyxBT59bYnFjYwQBT3cz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800240</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190163</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Continuous Non-Invasive Cardiac Output: Myth or Reality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi Neto,</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Pr&#233;dio dos Ambulat&#243;rios - Setor de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>240</fpage>
      <lpage>241</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Ouput</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric</kwd>
        <kwd>Impedance</kwd>
        <kwd>Pharmacological</kwd>
        <kwd>Interventions</kwd>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiac output (CO) is an important cardiovascular system function parameter. Changes in cardiac function are commonly observed as a response to physical training and pharmacological interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Unfortunately, the methods for assessing CO are invasive, leading to well-known complications and considered inconvenient in daily practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> For this reason, the search for new noninvasive methods that can accurately detect CO at rest, at physical exertion or as a response to a clinical intervention has become desirable in academic and non-academic circles. The ideal method for measuring CO at rest and during exercise should be noninvasive, safe, reproducible and inexpensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPT) is recommended in the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise tolerance in athletes, the general population and in patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Briefly, CO and systolic volume can be estimated during CPT through measured VO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In 2001, Williams et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> were the first ones to integrate CPT with non-invasive measures of CO using rebreathing (RB) of carbon dioxide, but the technique was quickly abandoned due to its difficulty and inaccuracy. Another non-invasive method is thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB), first described in 1966 by Kubicek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which measures thoracic resistance as a result of changes in blood velocity during the cardiac cycle and uses an algorithm to calculate the CO.</p>
    <p>Another promising technique is based on thoracic bioreactance (TB) (NICOM<sup>TM</sup>, Cheetah Medical Inc., Wilmington, DE), which analyzes the variations in beat-to-beat tension after a high-frequency transthoracic current is applied. This device records the electric current phase in the thorax. The systolic volume is directly proportional to the phase displacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Despite some controversial studies, this technique seemed to be more reliable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> It is worth mentioning that the CO measurement is simple to perform and does not require patient cooperation, both at rest and at the exercise peak. It should be noted that some conditions, such as significant pleural effusion, have a negative impact on the accuracy of this method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a meta-analysis, the percentage errors for CO monitoring devices were 42% for TEB and TB, 40% for RB of carbon dioxide and 62% for the methods of pulse wave analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The most recent meta-analysis that evaluated adult and pediatric patients in different clinical situations (mostly in the hospital setting), it was demonstrated that TEB accuracy showed high heterogeneity between the studies and that the mean percentage error grouped in all the subgroups was above the acceptable 30%. Therefore, TEB could not replace thermodilution and transthoracic echocardiography for the measurement of absolute CO values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Okwose et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed that the RB of an inert gas and TB methods had acceptable levels of agreement to estimate the CO at higher degrees of metabolic demand during a CPT. However, they concluded they could not be used interchangeably because of the great disparity in results at rest and in low-to-moderate intensity exercises. Unlike this study, Torto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> showed that cardio-impedance could be less ideal for supramaximal exercise intensities.</p>
    <p>In this issue, Coll et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> evaluated the test-retest reliability of CO and cardiac work during CPT by TB in healthy adults under routine clinical conditions in an uncontrolled environment.</p>
    <p>They concluded that, according to the findings, there is an obstacle to the clinical use of TB in healthy individuals whereas outliers are not identified (32% of the initial sample). That is, under routine clinical conditions, almost one-third of the patients showed measurement errors and, according to the authors, these outliers were probably due to an underlying technical reason; thus, further improvements in TB are required, such as regarding the use and the quality of the electrodes. This study contested the results of the study by Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> which had demonstrated that TB could be viable under strict control conditions and in the research environment.</p>
    <p>The results of the studies published to date showed that even in situations of in-hospital use and controlled environment (anesthesia, intensive care and even outpatient clinics) in which patients were at rest, noninvasive monitoring of CO showed great variability between the non-invasive methods and frequently showed unacceptable errors in relation to procedures considered as &#8220;gold standard&#8221;, such as thermodilution. In an uncontrolled exercise scenario, both for the diagnosis of diseases and for the improvement of athlete conditioning, the non-invasive methods for CO monitoring seem to be more of a myth than a reality at present, when compared to the standard methods for calculating the CO.</p>
    <p>Further studies are needed to determine CO through noninvasive methods at rest and during exercise. Our hope is that in the near future, and with the progress in technological development, the non-invasive monitoring of CO can be used in controlled and uncontrolled environments, in addition to the current perioperative scenario.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Test-Retest Reliability of Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Measurement during Exercise in Healthy Volunteers in Daily Clinical Routine</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco Cont&#237;nuo N&#227;o Invasivo: Mito ou Realidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi Neto,</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Pr&#233;dio dos Ambulat&#243;rios - Setor de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#245;es Farmacol&#243;gicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Imped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio Respirat&#243;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) &#233; um par&#226;metro importante da fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular. Altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o comumente encontradas como resposta ao treinamento f&#237;sico e interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Infelizmente os m&#233;todos para avaliar o DC s&#227;o invasivos, levando a complica&#231;&#245;es bem conhecidas e considerados inconvenientes para a pr&#225;tica do dia a dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Por este motivo, a procura por novos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos que possam detectar com precis&#227;o o DC tanto em repouso como no exerc&#237;cio ou como resposta a uma interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tornou-se um desejo nos meios acad&#234;micos e n&#227;o acad&#234;micos. O m&#233;todo ideal para medir o DC em repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio deve ser n&#227;o invasivo, seguro, reproduz&#237;vel e barato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TCP) &#233; recomendado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em atletas, popula&#231;&#227;o geral e pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Resumidamente, o DC e volume sist&#243;lico podem ser estimados durante o TCP pelo VO<sub>2</sub> medido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em 2001, Williams et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> foram os primeiros a integrar o TCP com medidas n&#227;o invasivas de DC usando respira&#231;&#227;o repetida (RR) de di&#243;xido de carbono, mas a t&#233;cnica foi rapidamente abandonada devido &#224; sua dificuldade e imprecis&#227;o. Outro m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo &#233; a bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica tor&#225;cica (BET), descrita pela primeira vez em 1966 por Kubicek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que mede a resist&#234;ncia tor&#225;cica como resultado de mudan&#231;as na velocidade do sangue durante o ciclo card&#237;aco e usa um algoritmo para calcular o DC.</p>
      <p>Outra t&#233;cnica mais promissora baseia-se na biorreat&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (BT) (dispositivo NICOM; Cheetah Medical Inc., Wilmington, DE), que analisa as varia&#231;&#245;es da tens&#227;o batimento a batimento ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma corrente de alta frequ&#234;ncia transtor&#225;cica. Este dispositivo registra a fase da corrente el&#233;trica no peito. O volume sist&#243;lico &#233; diretamente proporcional ao deslocamento de fase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar de alguns estudos controversos, essa t&#233;cnica parecia ser mais confi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Vale ressaltar que a medida do DC &#233; simples de executar e n&#227;o requer coopera&#231;&#227;o do paciente, tanto em repouso quanto no pico do exerc&#237;cio. Deve-se notar que condi&#231;&#245;es, como derrame pleural significativo, impactam negativamente na acur&#225;cia deste m&#233;todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise, os erros percentuais para os dispositivos de monitoramento de DC foram de 42% para BET e BT, 40% para RR de di&#243;xido de carbono e 62% para m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise de onda de pulso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Na metan&#225;lise mais recente avaliando pacientes adultos e pedi&#225;tricos em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (a maioria em ambiente hospitalar) mostrou que a acur&#225;cia da BET apresentou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos e que o erro percentual m&#233;dio agrupado em todos os subgrupos estava acima dos 30% aceit&#225;veis. Portanto, a BET n&#227;o poderia substituir a termodilui&#231;&#227;o e a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica para a medi&#231;&#227;o de valores absolutos de DC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Okwose et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram que os m&#233;todos de RR de g&#225;s inerte e BT tiveram n&#237;veis aceit&#225;veis de concord&#226;ncia para estimar o DC em graus mais altos de demanda metab&#243;lica durante um TCP. No entanto, eles conclu&#237;ram que n&#227;o poderiam ser usados de forma intercambi&#225;vel devido &#224; grande disparidade nos resultados de repouso e nos exerc&#237;cios de baixa a moderada intensidade. Ao contr&#225;rio deste estudo, Torto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> mostraram que a cardio-imped&#226;ncia poderia ser menos ideal para intensidades supra m&#225;ximas de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Coll et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> avaliaram a confiabilidade teste-reteste do DC e trabalho card&#237;aco durante TCP, pela BT em adultos saud&#225;veis sob condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de rotina em ambiente n&#227;o controlado. Eles conclu&#237;ram que pelos achados, existe o impedimento do uso cl&#237;nico da BT em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis enquanto os erros de medi&#231;&#227;o (<italic>outliers</italic>) n&#227;o forem identificados (32% da amostra inicial). Ou seja, em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de rotina quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes apresentaram erros de medi&#231;&#227;o, e segundo os autores, estes <italic>outliers</italic> foram devidos provavelmente por uma causa t&#233;cnica subjacente, sendo necess&#225;rio melhorias adicionais na BT como, por exemplo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o e &#224; qualidade dos eletrodos. Este estudo contestou os resultados do estudo de Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que havia demonstrado que a BT poderia ser vi&#225;vel em condi&#231;&#245;es de controle rigoroso e em ambiente de pesquisa.</p>
      <p>Os resultados dos estudos publicados at&#233; o momento, mostraram que mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es de uso hospitalar e de ambiente controlado (anestesia, terapia intensiva e mesmo ambulatorial) em que os pacientes estavam em repouso, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva do DC encontrou grande variabilidade entre os m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos e muitas vezes apresentaram erros inaceit&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos considerados padr&#227;o ouro, como a termodilui&#231;&#227;o. Em um cen&#225;rio de exerc&#237;cios e n&#227;o controlado, tanto para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as como para aprimoramento do condicionamento de atletas, os m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para monitoramento do DC parecem ser mais um mito do que realidade nos dias atuais quando comparados aos m&#233;todos padr&#245;es para o c&#225;lculo do DC.</p>
      <p>&#201; preciso continuar a busca para determina&#231;&#227;o do DC por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos no repouso e no exerc&#237;cio. Nossa esperan&#231;a &#233; que em um futuro pr&#243;ximo e com o progresso no desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, o monitoramento do DC n&#227;o invasivo possa ser usado em ambientes controlados e n&#227;o controlados, al&#233;m do cen&#225;rio perioperat&#243;rio atual.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Confiabilidade Teste-Reteste de Medi&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o-Invasiva de D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco durante Exerc&#237;cio em Volunt&#225;rios Saud&#225;veis sob Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas de Rotina</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
