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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PyGJx3KRfSdcJWXFvwShDYm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005011105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Test-Retest Reliability of Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Measurement during Exercise in Healthy Volunteers in Daily Clinical Routine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Thomas Coll</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9929-4253</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hoppe</surname>
            <given-names>Matthias Wilhelm</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boehme</surname>
            <given-names>Philip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krahn</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiefer</surname>
            <given-names>Christian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kramer</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mondritzki</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pirez</surname>
            <given-names>Phillipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinh</surname>
            <given-names>Wilfried</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital Witten/Herdecke</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Helios Clinics Wuppertal</institution>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Helios Clinics Wuppertal - Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Wuppertal</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Movement and Training Science</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Wuppertal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Wuppertal - Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Klinikum Osnabr&#252;ck GmbH</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Orthopedic, Trauma, Hand and Neuro Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Osnabr&#252;ck</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Orthopedic, Trauma, Hand and Neuro Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr&#252;ck GmbH, Osnabr&#252;ck - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG - Open Innovation &amp; Digital Technologies</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Wuppertal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Open Innovation &amp; Digital Technologies, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceuticals</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Wuppertal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceuticals, Biomarker Research, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG - Translational Science, Clinical Sciences Experimental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Wuppertal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Translational Science, Clinical Sciences Experimental, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceutical</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Wuppertal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceutical, Preclinical Research, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilfried Dinh,</bold> Bayer Pharma AG - Drug Discovery, Clinical Sciences, Experimental Medicine, Aprather Weg 18a Wuppertal 46414 - Germany. E-mail: <email>wilfried.dinh@bayer.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Coll MT, Dinh W; Acquisition of data: Coll MT, Kiefer C, Dinh W; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hoppe MW, Dinh W; Statistical analysis: Hoppe MW; Obtaining financing: Krahn T, Mondritzki T, Dinh W; Writing of the manuscript: Coll MT, Hoppe MW, Boehme P, Dinh W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Coll MT, Boehme P, Krahn T, Kiefer C, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Pirez P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>231</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Thoracic bioreactance (TB), a noninvasive method for the measurement of cardiac output (CO), shows good test-retest reliability in healthy adults examined under research and resting conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> In this study, we evaluate the test-retest reliability of CO and cardiac power (CPO) output assessment during exercise assessed by TB in healthy adults under routine clinical conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> 25 test persons performed a symptom-limited graded cycling test in an outpatient office on two different days separated by one week. Cardiorespiratory (power output, VO<sub>2peak</sub>) and hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, stroke volume, CO, mean arterial pressure, CPO) were measured at rest and continuously under exercise using a spiroergometric system and bioreactance cardiograph (NICOM, Cheetah Medical).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> After 8 participants were excluded due to measurement errors (outliers), there was no systematic bias in all parameters under all conditions (effect size: 0.2-0.6). We found that all noninvasively measured CO showed acceptable test-retest-reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59-0.98; typical error: 0.3-1.8). Moreover, peak CPO showed better reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.80-0.85; effect size: 0.9-1.1) then the TB CO, thanks only to the superior reliability of MAP (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59-0.98; effect size: 0.3-1.8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Our findings preclude the clinical use of TB in healthy subject population when outliers are not identified.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Output</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiography, Impedance/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Reproducibility of Results</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac output (CO) is an important physiological surrogate parameter, reflecting the hemodynamic demands of the organism. CO measuring has a wide application spectrum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and can provide information on hemodynamic status in patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as well as athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In chronic heart failure, CO is decreased and patients suffer from exercise intolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In contrast, the athlete's heart shows structural and functional adaptations due to training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> resulting in a higher CO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Interestingly altered cardiac structure and function do not predict exercise intolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> or CO response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in both cases. Thus, cardiopulmonary exercise testing is necessary and peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) is measured to determine exercise capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> But, estimation of VO<sub>2</sub> is influenced by several non-cardiac factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and can, therefore, be misleading.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Furthermore, CO cannot be accurately predicted from cardiopulmonary exercise testing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, to evaluate hemodynamic status, catheter-based measuring (i.e., Fick method, thermodilution method) is considered as the clinical standard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Since such invasive methods are associated with high risk, their applicability is restricted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Therefore, noninvasive measuring methods (i.e., transoesophageal echocardiography, lithium dilution CO, pulse contour CO, partial CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing, thoracic electrical bioimpedance) were developed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Of the noninvasive measuring methods, especially the thoracic electrical bioimpedance was frequently used in clinical studies and evaluated for its reliability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, thoracic bioreactance (TB) is a further promising technology to noninvasively monitor CO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> TB is based on the measurement of blood flow-related phase shifts of transthoracic electric signals to monitor noninvasively and continuously CO. Therefore theoretically, TB is superior to other methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and has been used in several clinical settings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> But, before TB can be adopted for clinical and performance decision making, test's quality criteria, as the test-retest reliability, must be fulfilled.</p>
      <p>Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> tested the test-retest reliability in a healthy study population. 22 healthy adults performed twice a symptom-limited exercise test. Standard cardiorespiratory data were measured via spiroergometry and the hemodynamic response was monitored via TB using the NICOM<sup>&#174;</sup> system. The authors state that TB allows good test-retest reliability for hemodynamic measurement at rest as well as under submaximal and maximal exertion. This particular study was the first to confirm that TB might be a feasible test method. Noteworthy, the study was performed under tightly controlled research conditions. Overall, three visits were necessary to determine individual cardiorespiratory capability and to perform both exercise tests. Furthermore, to exclude confounders, certain inclusion criteria had to be fulfilled (e.g., non-smokers, empty stomach for &gt; 2 h, no vigorous exercise 24 h before testing, no alcohol or caffeine consumption). Such scientific testing conditions are often difficult to guarantee in daily clinical routine. Thus, it remains unclear, if TB is an appropriate examination procedure not only in a research setting but also in daily clinical routine.</p>
      <p>Contrary to CO based on heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), cardiac power output (CPO) indicates the overall function of the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> CPO is the product of the CO and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and therefore is a measure of cardiac pumping.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Peak cardiac power output (CPO<sub>peak</sub>), the CPO achieved during maximal stress, is a major determinant of exercise intolerance and performance in cardiac patients and healthy persons, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Worth mentioning, CPO measuring can improve medical management<sup>31,32</sup> and risk stratification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in cardiac patients. In chronic heart failure, CPO is a powerful and independent predictor of survival outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> CPO also reflects cardiovascular adaptions and training status in athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In fact, compared to non-athletes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> CPO is higher in athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Thus, CPO might be an additive performance diagnostic parameter, which could help to guide training modalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Like other established measures of exercise capacity, CPO cannot be predicted from resting cardiac parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Under this background, the aims of the present study were: 1) to evaluate the test-retest reliability of TB in healthy adults during the daily clinical routine, and 2) to assess the relationships between CPO and resting measures of cardiac structure and function as well as traditional cardiopulmonary exercise parameters. Here, we applied a progressive statistic approach to provide thresholds above which effects might be meaningful and to present CO and CPO values that may be used as reference values in future studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>In the study, 25 test persons were included into the study. All participants had no history of cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, no cardioactive medication, a blood pressure of &#8804; 140/90 mmHg, a body mass index &lt; 25, a normal electrocardiogram, and a normal echocardiogram at the time of inclusion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This study is a prospective non-interventional diagnostic single-center study. Participants were recruited in a cardiologic and internal medicine facility. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University Witten/Herdecke and written informed consent was obtained. A standard echocardiogram was performed to exclude structural heart diseases and to investigate the relationships between established echocardiographic parameters and cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic values. Heart size, wall thickness, systolic, and diastolic function were all in physiological limits. All participants underwent two cardiopulmonary exercise tests separated by on week. During testing, TB using the NICOM<sup>TM</sup> device was applied.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac structure and function using a standard ultrasound system (Vivid 7, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). A complete transthoracic study was performed, including 2D, M-mode, spectral, and color Doppler techniques according to current recommendations and guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Standard parameters were: interventricular septal wall thickness in diastole, left ventricle end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole, and fractional shortening. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by means of modified biplane Simpson's method. Doppler tissue imaging was performed at the junction of the septal and lateral mitral annulus in apical 4-chamber view to determine peak mitral annular velocity during early filling (E`) and the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (V).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
        <p>A symptom-limited incremental exercise test was performed in a seated position on a cycling ergometer (ec-3000, customed GmbH, Germany). The tests were performed by trained personal. After 5 min of rest, participants started at 0 W and the workload increased every 2 min by 25 W (standard WHO protocol). HR, blood pressure on the right arm using a sphygmomanometer, and a 12-lead electrocardiogram were obtained at rest and each stage as well as for 3 min post-exercise. The respiratory gas analysis was performed using a spiroergometry system (Cortex Metalyzer&#174; 3B, Leipzig, Germany, software Metasoft studio 5.1.2 SR1). Ventilatory oxygen consumption and standard gas exchange data were measured breath-by-breath and averaged over 30 s. The following standard parameters were measured: Time to exhaustion, maximum workload, ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2peak</sub>). The anaerobic threshold was determined using the V-slope method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> The submaximal load was determined as the second last completed incremental. VO<sub>2peak</sub> was defined as the highest VO<sub>2</sub> observed during testing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Thoracic bioreactance</title>
        <p>TB (NICOM&#174;, Cheetah Medical, Portland, Oregon, USA) was added for noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring during rest and exercise. The examination was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol, as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the parameters that were calculated by the Cheetah NICOM&#174; system. The NICOM&#174; system uses four sensors applied to the right and left sides of the chest. Each sensor consists of an outer transmitting electrode and an inner receiving electrode. The outer electrodes transmit a low amplitude alternating electrical current with a frequency of 75 kHz to the thoracic cavity. The electrical properties of the thorax cyclically change due to the pulsatile volume of blood ejected from the heart. The pulsatile blood flow in the large thoracic arteries causes time delays (phase shifts) between the applied alternating electrical current and the thoracic voltage measured by the inner electrodes. Based on the measured phase shift the maximum aortic flow (dX/dtmax) and the ventricular ejection time (time from aortic valve opening to aortic valve closure, VET) were measured. Finally, the SV was obtained as SV = DX/DT &#215; VET. Thereon, the CO, and finally the CPO, was derived.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> The SV data were measured beat-by-beat and averaged over 60 s.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Parameters calculated by the Cheetah NICOM&#174; system</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center">Equation</th>
                <th align="center">measuring unit</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke Volume (SV)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e01">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mi>CO</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>HR</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">ml/beat</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke Volume Index</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e02">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mi>SV</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>BSA</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">ml/m<sup>2</sup>/beat</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac Output (CO)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e03">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">HR</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">SV</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo mathvariant="bold">/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn mathvariant="bold">1000</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">l/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac Index (CI)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e04">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mi>CO</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>BSA</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean arterial pressure (MAP)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e05">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>SBP</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:mrow>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                                  <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                                  <mml:mi>DBP</mml:mi>
                                </mml:mrow>
                              </mml:mfenced>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Peripheral Resistance</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e06">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mn>80</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mi>MAP</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>CO</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">dynes x sec/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Peripheral Resistance Index</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math id="e07">
                      <mml:semantics>
                        <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                          <mml:mn>80</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mi>MAP</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>Cl</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mstyle>
                      </mml:semantics>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                </td>
                <td align="center">dynes x sec/cm<sup>5</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>HR: heart rate; BSA: body surface area; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>In a first step, participants were excluded from statistical analyses due to measurement errors (outliers), which were defined as &#8805;mean &#177; twofold pooled standard deviation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The test-retest reliability of cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic parameters was analyzed by (1) the difference in means to detect systematic bias, (2) intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to examine the relative reliability, and (3) typical error (TE) of measurements to quantify the absolute reliability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> To examine the difference in means, a progressive statistical approach using magnitude-based inferences for practical significance were computed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Compared to traditional null-hypothesis testing, that is influenced by the sample size, magnitude-based inferences ground an analysis, how big the observed effect is, and if the effect is lower, similar, or higher than the smallest worthwhile difference (SWD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Therefore, means and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) was computed first. Then, the disposition of the mean differences in relation to the SDWs were investigated. While the SDW for the maximal workload was calculated from the pooled standard deviation multiplied by 0.2, the SWD for all other physiological variables were calculated from the pooled standard deviations multiplied by 0.6, because it is well known that physiological variables showed a clearly higher spontaneous variability than biomechanical measures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Finally, the likelihoods for test 2 showing &#8220;true&#8221; higher, similar, or lower values than test 1 were determined and qualitatively described using the following probabilistic scale: &lt;1%, <italic>most unlikely</italic>; 1 to &lt;5%, <italic>very unlikely</italic>; 5 to &lt;25%, <italic>unlikely</italic>; 25 to &lt;75%, <italic>possibly</italic>; 75 to &lt;95%, <italic>likely</italic>; 95 to &lt;99%, <italic>very likely</italic>, and &#8805;99%, <italic>most likely</italic>. If the likelihoods for having both higher and lower values were &#8805;5%, the differences were described as <italic>unclear</italic>. Otherwise, the differences were interpreted according to the observed likelihoods. To clarify the meaningfulness of the differences, standardized differences labeled as effect sizes (ESs) were calculated and interpreted accordingly: 0.2 to &lt;0.6, <italic>small</italic>; 0.6 to &lt;1.2, <italic>moderate</italic>; 1.2 to &lt;2.0, <italic>large</italic>; 2.0 to &lt;4.0, <italic>very large</italic>; and &#8805;4.0, <italic>extreme large</italic>. To express the relative reliability, ICCS and 90% CIs were computed. The coefficients were described as follows: &lt;0.20, <italic>very low</italic>; 0.20 to &lt;0.50, <italic>low</italic>; 0.50 to &lt;0.75, <italic>moderate</italic>; 0.75 to &lt;0.90, <italic>high</italic>; 0.90 to &lt;0.99, <italic>very high</italic>; and &#8805;0.99, <italic>extremely high</italic>. To quantify the absolute reliability, TEs and 90% CIs were calculated. The meaningfulness of the TEs was expressed via standardization for which the aforementioned scale for standardized differences was applied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The relationships between the CPO and measures of cardiac structure and function as well as traditional cardiopulmonary exercise parameters were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficients (r) that were interpreted accordingly: &lt;0.1, <italic>trivial</italic>; 0.1 to &lt;0.3, <italic>small</italic>, 0.3 to &lt;0.5, <italic>moderate</italic>; 0.5 to &lt;0.7, <italic>large</italic>; 0.7 to &lt;0.9, <italic>very large</italic>; 0.9 to 1.0, <italic>almost perfect.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Lastly, common variances from coefficients of determinations (R<sup>2</sup>) were computed. Thereby, a cutting-off value of 50% was defined to clarify, if two variables are dependent or independent from each other.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>25 participants completed both exercise tests. 17 participants (10 male, 7 female) were finally included. 8 participants were excluded due to measurement errors (outliers). Anthropometric, echocardiographic, and spiroergometric data of the participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric, echocardiographic, and maximal exercise characteristics of the participants (male: n = 10; female: n = 7)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; 90% CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">46 &#177; 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVSd (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVed (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">46.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PLWd (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FS (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E&#180; (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E&#180;</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tlim (min:s)</td>
              <td align="center">19:42 &#177; 4:39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pmax (W)</td>
              <td align="center">187 &#177; 23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> (ml/min/kg)</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VAT (%VO<sub>2peak</sub>)</td>
              <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFNXX">
            <p>
              <italic>CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; IVSd: interventricular septal diastole; LVed: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; PLWd: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; FS: fractional shortening; EF: ejection fraction; E': peak mitral annular velocity during early filling; E/E`: ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; Tlim: time to exhaustion; Pmax: maximum workload; VO<sub>2peak:</sub> peak oxygen uptake; VAT: ventilatory anaerobic threshold.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Reliability</title>
        <p>Data concerning systematic bias are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. It shows the differences in means between test 1 and test 2 for all hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary parameters measured at rest and during submaximal and peak exercise conditions. For all parameters, there were <italic>unclear</italic> to <italic>very likely trivial</italic> differences with <italic>small</italic> to <italic>moderate</italic> ESs (ES: 0.2-0.6).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in means of the resting, submaximal and maximal hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Test 1<break/>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Test 2<break/>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Bias<break/>
								</th>
                <th align="center">SWD</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Likelihood (%) for Bias beeing higher/trivial/lower than SWD</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">ES &#177; 90% CI</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; 90% CI</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; 90% CI</th>
                <th align="center"> Mean &#177; 90% CI</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rest</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.1</td>
                <td align="center">11.3/77.4/11.3 (unclear)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.3 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">5.61 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">6.04 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center">+0.43 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">43.6/56.4/0.0 (possibly trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">+4 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">13.2/86.2/0.6 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.2 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">+3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">15.1/84.4/0.5 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.2 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">-4 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">8.5/53/38.5 (unclear)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.2 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Submaximal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">-0.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
                <td align="center">9.1/89.9/1.0 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.3 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">13.95 &#177; 1.23</td>
                <td align="center">13.66 &#177; 1.04</td>
                <td align="center">-0.29 &#177; 1.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.77</td>
                <td align="center">1.6/92.5/5.9 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.5 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">-1 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">2.9/94.2/2.9 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.4 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">-3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">2.4/91.1/6.5 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">-3 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0.8/90.7/8.5 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Maximal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">-0.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
                <td align="center">11.3/87.0/1.7 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.3 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">16.09 &#177; 1.31</td>
                <td align="center">15.51 &#177; 1.28</td>
                <td align="center">-0.58 &#177; 1.01</td>
                <td align="center">2.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.0/89.9/9.1 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.4 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">-3 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">1.7/90.1/8.2 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.4 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">164 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">-3 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">1.0/89.9/9.1 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.2 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">-1 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">1.8/94.2/4.0 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.3 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P (W)</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">190 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">+3 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">3.2/95.0/1.8 (very likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">2.40 &#177; 0.27</td>
                <td align="center">2.39 &#177; 0.29</td>
                <td align="center">-0.01 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
                <td align="center">3.1/93.2/3.7 (likely trivial)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CI: confidence interval; SWD: smallest worthwhile differences; ES: effect size; CPO: cardiac power output; CO: cardiac output; SV: stroke volume; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean aterial pressure; P: workload; VO<sub>2:</sub> oxygen uptake.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> summarizes the relative and absolute reliability expressed by ICCs and TEs, respectively, for all measured parameters. The ICCS ranged from <italic>moderate</italic> (ICC: 0.59) to <italic>very high</italic> (ICC: 0.98), whereas the TEs ranged from <italic>small</italic> (ES: 0.3) to <italic>large</italic> (ES: 1.8). CPO demonstrated superior relative and absolute reliability under all measurement conditions (ICC: 0.80-0.85; ES: 0.9-1.1) than its underlying parameters (ICC: 0.59-0.98; ES: 0.3-1.8).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relative (ICC) and absolute reliability (TE) of the resting, submaximal, and maximal cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Relative Reliability</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Absolute Reliability (SI)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICC &#177; 90% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE &#177; 90% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ES &#177; 90% CI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rest</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.16 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 0.0</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.14 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.07 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.2 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.08 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.2 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.08 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.2 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Submaximal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.13 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 &#177; 0.28 (moderate)</td>
                <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.60</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.6 (large)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.19 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.4(large)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.03 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.02 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">2 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.1(small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Maximal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPO (W)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.15 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.20 (moderate)</td>
                <td align="center">1.78 &#177; 0.57</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.4 (large)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.19 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.4 (large)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (1/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.08 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.2 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.15 (high)</td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3 (moderate)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P (W)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.03 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.03 (very high)</td>
                <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.1 (small)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; CI: confidence interval; TE: typical error; ES: effect size; CV: coefficient of variation; CPO: cardiac power output; CO: cardiac output; SV: stroke volume; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; P: workload; VO<sub>2:</sub> oxygen uptake.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relationships</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the relationships between echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function, traditional cardiopulmonary exercise parameters, and peak CPO. The peak CPO correlated <italic>moderately</italic> with VO<sub>2peak</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>: r = 0.68; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.47) and VAT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>: r = 0.55; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.31), but only <italic>small</italic> with left ventricular wall thickness (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>: r = 0.33; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.11), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1F</xref>: r = 0.38; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.14), and systolic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>: r = -0.32; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.11) as well as <italic>trivial</italic> with diastolic function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>: r = 0.20; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.04).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationships between the CPO and established cardiorespiratory and echocardiographic characteristics. CPO: cardiac power output; VO<sub>2peak:</sub> peak oxygen uptake; VAT: ventilatory anaerobic threshold; EF: ejection fraction; E/E&#8216;: ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; r: Pearson correlation coefficient; R<sup>2</sup>: coefficient of determination.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0231-90116-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our main findings were: (1) there were no systematic bias for all measured parameters during all conditions, (2) all noninvasively measured hemodynamic parameters showed small to large test-retest-reliability, whereas the CPO<sub>peak</sub> demonstrated a superior reliability than its underlying parameters, and (3) CPO was independent of measures of cardiac structure and function as well as traditional cardiopulmonary exercise parameters.</p>
      <p>Our first finding was that there was no systematic bias during all examination conditions. These outcomes are in line with further studies, investigating hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary exercise parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Overall, in our study, systematic bias due to learning, subject motivation, and fatiguing effects as well as errors in calibration procedures can be excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> This assumption supports our research design. </p>
      <p>The second major finding was that all noninvasively measured hemodynamic parameters showed an acceptable test-retest reliability during rest, submaximal, and maximal exertion. Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> first showed a good test-retest reliability of TB in a healthy population at rest as well as during submaximal and maximal exertion. However, acceptable test-retest reliability was impacted by the fact that we have previously excluded a significant number of outliers (n = 8) due to measurement errors. It is further noteworthy that the reliability of our TB measurements was to some degree inferior compared to a previous study in which the reliability of a comparable technology (beat by beat signal morphology impedance cardiography) to evaluate the hemodynamic response was assessed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> One possible explanation for the differences may be that we investigated the reliability under less standardized conditions, another one could be related to significant technological differences.</p>
      <p>Overall, when outliers are excluded, TB can be considered as an appropriate technology to not only assess hemodynamic status in a research setting but also in everyday practice.</p>
      <p>The central task of the heart is to produce a sufficient CO and maintain an adequate MAP. Therefore, cardiac performance can be best explained by CPO, because it takes both the flow- and pressure-generating capacities of the heart into account.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In chronic heart failure, the application of hemodynamic measuring to standard cardiopulmonary exercise testing may help to explain the underlying mechanism of exercise intolerance with impact on clinical decision making,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> therapy planning, and performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> as well as risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Chomsky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> showed that CO respond to exercise is a strong predictor of mortality in cardiac transplantation candidates. In addition, Lang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstrated CPO as the most powerful and independent predictor of survival chronic heart failure outcome in patients with chronic heart failure and that may enhance the prognostic power of traditional cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
      <p>In sports medicine, monitoring of the training status is essential to guide the training process. Training leads to significant structural and functional changes of the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In a randomized cross-over study, Marshall et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> assessed the effect of moderate exercise training on cardiac performance in non-athletic adults. Due to training, the CPO<sub>peak</sub> increased by 16%, whereas the CPO at rest remained unchanged. In highly trained endurance athletes, Schlader et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> found double CPO<sub>peak</sub> values compared to non-athletes. These results have been confirmed by Klasnja et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in football and basketball players.</p>
      <p>In our study, the CPO<sub>peak</sub> showed superior reliability than the underlying physiological single parameters. However, it should be noted that the reliability of the CPO was potentially influenced by the reliability of the MAP (which was higher) rather than that of the SV and CO (which were lower). Thus, CPO measuring by TB seems to be feasible due to its surrogate character. It is, however, important to mention that we have averaged all our beat-by-beat measured TB data, including the CPO, over 60 s, which might have also artificially improved our statistical outcomes. The reason for our data processing method was that we aimed to investigate the global cardiac performance. Such a data processing proceed is of course inadequately, when aiming to assess transient cardiac abnormalities during exercise like ischemia. Since the beat-by-beat reliability of our TB based measures remains unknown, we recommend other impedance-based technologies, which offer a reliable beat-by-beat analysis of hemodynamic parameters during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The third major finding was that CPO was found to be independent of cardiac structure and function at rest as well as to traditional cardiopulmonary exercise parameters. Klasnja et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> previously demonstrated a weak correlation between CPO<sub>peak</sub> and resting parameters of left ventricular morphology and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> We also did not find a strong relation between CPO<sub>peak</sub> and echocardiographic findings at rest. Our findings show once again that resting parameters cannot be used to estimate maximal cardiovascular performance.</p>
      <p>For the first time driven by our progressive statistics,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> we report the SWDs for all investigated TB parameters. From a practical point of view, the provided thresholds can be used as a framework to judge in healthy adults, whether observed differences in the analyzed parameters should be interpreted or not in a daily medical routine. Further, it is promising to use these thresholds as cutting-off values for minimal required effects detected by longitudinal or cross-sectional studies using the here investigated TB measures in the future. For example, in healthy adults, the calculated SWD of the CPO was 0.7 W, meaning that longitudinal or cross-sectional differences should only be interpreted, when this cut-off value is exceeded.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of our study is the high dropout rate (n=8). However, to detect outliers, we objectively defined them as those values, which were greater than the pooled standard deviation. Based on this approach and our recruited healthy adults, it can be assumed that the detected outliers had not a physiological cause. Contrary, it is more likely that the identified outliers had rather an underlying technical reason. Therefore, further improvements in TB, for example, regarding the application and quality of electrodes are required. Consequently, technical errors must be executed by proprietary algorithms, before valid decisions are possible. When taken these aspects together, our findings indicate that TB can only be considered as a reliable technology for measuring hemodynamic parameters after outliers have been excluded.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, at this stage, our results preclude the clinical use of TB in healthy subject population when outliers are not identified even if a previous study seem to show its possible application in a strictly controlled research setting.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by Bayer Pharma.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Christian Kiefer, from University Hospital Witten/Herdecke.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Witten/Herdecke under the protocol number 131/2914. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Confiabilidade Teste-Reteste de Medi&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o-Invasiva de D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco durante Exerc&#237;cio em Volunt&#225;rios Saud&#225;veis sob Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas de Rotina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Thomas Coll</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9929-4253</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hoppe</surname>
            <given-names>Matthias Wilhelm</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boehme</surname>
            <given-names>Philip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krahn</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiefer</surname>
            <given-names>Christian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kramer</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mondritzki</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pirez</surname>
            <given-names>Phillipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinh</surname>
            <given-names>Wilfried</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Helios Clinics Wuppertal - Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University Wuppertal - Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Orthopedic, Trauma, Hand and Neuro Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr&#252;ck GmbH, Osnabr&#252;ck - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Open Innovation &amp; Digital Technologies, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceuticals, Biomarker Research, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Translational Science, Clinical Sciences Experimental, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Research &amp; Development, Pharmaceutical, Preclinical Research, Wuppertal - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilfried Dinh,</bold> Bayer Pharma AG - Drug Discovery, Clinical Sciences, Experimental Medicine, Aprather Weg 18a Wuppertal 46414 - Alemanha. E-mail: <email>wilfried.dinh@bayer.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Coll MT, Dinh W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Coll MT, Kiefer C, Dinh W; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hoppe MW, Dinh W; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Hoppe MW; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Krahn T, Mondritzki T, Dinh W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Coll MT, Hoppe MW, Boehme P, Dinh W; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Coll MT, Boehme P, Krahn T, Kiefer C, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Pirez P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A biorreat&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (BT), um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo destinado &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), mostra boa confiabilidade teste-reteste em adultos saud&#225;veis examinados em condi&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa e repouso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> No presente estudo, avaliamos a confiabilidade teste-reteste da avalia&#231;&#227;o do DC e trabalho card&#237;aco (TC) durante exerc&#237;cio, avaliado por BT em adultos saud&#225;veis sob condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de rotina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> 25 indiv&#237;duos realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico gradual sintoma-limitante em ambiente ambulatorial em dois dias diferentes, com intervalo de uma semana. Par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios (trabalho card&#237;aco, VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>) e hemodin&#226;micos (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, volume sist&#243;lico, DC, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, TC) foram medidos em repouso e continuamente sob exerc&#237;cio utilizando sistema espiroergom&#233;trico e cardi&#243;grafo de biorreat&#226;ncia (NICOM, Cheetah Medical).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s 8 participantes terem sido exclu&#237;dos devido a erros de medi&#231;&#227;o (outliers), n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico em nenhum dos par&#226;metros em todas as condi&#231;&#245;es (tamanho do efeito: 0,2-0,6). Observamos que todos os d&#233;bitos card&#237;acos medidos de forma n&#227;o invasiva apresentaram n&#237;veis aceit&#225;veis de confiabilidade teste-reteste (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse: 0,59-0,98; erro t&#237;pico: 0,3-1,8). Al&#233;m disso, TC m&#225;ximo apresentou melhor confiabilidade (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse: 0,80-0,85; tamanho do efeito: 0,9-1,1), seguido do DC pela BT, gra&#231;as apenas &#224; confiabilidade superior da PAM (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse: 0,59-0,98; tamanho do efeito: 0,3-1,8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Nossos achados impedem o uso cl&#237;nico da BT em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quando outliers n&#227;o forem identificados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiografia de Imped&#226;ncia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reprodutibilidade dos Testes</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) &#233; um importante par&#226;metro fisiol&#243;gico alternativo, refletindo as demandas hemodin&#226;micas do organismo. A medida do DC apresenta amplo espectro de aplica&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> podendo fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o estado hemodin&#226;mico em pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, o DC diminui e os pacientes sofrem de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em contrapartida, o cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta apresenta adapta&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais devido ao treinamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> resultando em maior DC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; interessante notar que a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o predizem intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> ou resposta de DC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em nenhum dos casos. Assim, faz-se necess&#225;rio o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>) &#233; medido para determinar a capacidade de esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, a estimativa de VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; influenciada por diversos fatores n&#227;o card&#237;acos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> podendo, portanto, ser enganosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o DC n&#227;o pode ser predito com precis&#227;o a partir de testes de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, para avaliar o estado hemodin&#226;mico, medi&#231;&#245;es feitas por cateter (e.g.: o m&#233;todo de Fick, m&#233;todo de termodilui&#231;&#227;o) s&#227;o consideradas como o padr&#227;o cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Como esses m&#233;todos invasivos est&#227;o associados a alto risco, sua aplicabilidade &#233; restrita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, foram desenvolvidos m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasivos (e.g.: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, DC com dilui&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;tio, DC com contorno de pulso, reinala&#231;&#227;o parcial de CO<sub>2</sub>, bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica tor&#225;cica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Dos m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasivos, a bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica tor&#225;cica tem sido frequentemente utilizada em estudos cl&#237;nicos e avaliada quanto &#224; sua confiabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Entretanto, a biorreat&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (BT) &#233; uma tecnologia ainda mais promissora para o monitoramento n&#227;o invasivo do DC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A BT se baseia na medi&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as de fase relacionadas ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo de sinais el&#233;tricos transtor&#225;cicos para monitorar o DC de forma n&#227;o invasiva e cont&#237;nua. Portanto, teoricamente, a BT &#233; superior a outros m&#233;todos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e tem sido utilizada em diversos contextos cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Por&#233;m, antes que a BT possa ser adotada na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, deve-se atender alguns crit&#233;rios relacionados &#224; qualidade do teste, como a confiabilidade teste-reteste.</p>
        <p>Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> testaram a confiabilidade teste-reteste em uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Vinte e dois adultos saud&#225;veis realizaram teste de esfor&#231;o sintoma-limitante por duas vezes. Dados cardiorrespirat&#243;rios padr&#227;o foram medidos por meio de espirometria e a resposta hemodin&#226;mica foi monitorada via BT pelo sistema NICOM<sup>&#174;</sup>. Os autores afirmam que a BT permite boa confiabilidade teste-reteste para medidas hemodin&#226;micas em repouso e sob esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo. O presente estudo, em particular, foi o primeiro a confirmar que a BT pode ser um m&#233;todo de teste vi&#225;vel. &#201; importante frisar que o estudo foi realizado sob condi&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa rigorosamente controladas. No geral, tr&#234;s visitas foram necess&#225;rias para determinar a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria individual e realizar os dois testes de esfor&#231;o. Al&#233;m disso, para excluir confundidores, certos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o tinham que ser cumpridos (e.g., n&#227;o fumantes, est&#244;mago vazio por &gt; 2 h, nenhum exerc&#237;cio vigoroso 24 h antes do teste, aus&#234;ncia de consumo de &#225;lcool ou cafe&#237;na). Geralmente, essas condi&#231;&#245;es para testes cient&#237;ficos s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de se garantir na rotina cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Assim, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a BT &#233; um procedimento apropriado, n&#227;o apenas em um ambiente de pesquisa, mas tamb&#233;m na rotina cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do DC baseado na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e no volume sist&#243;lico (VS), o trabalho card&#237;aco (TC) indica a fun&#231;&#227;o geral do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O TC &#233; o produto do DC e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e, portanto, a medida do bombeamento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O trabalho card&#237;aco m&#225;ximo (TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub>), ou seja, o TC alcan&#231;ado durante esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, &#233; um dos principais determinantes da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e do desempenho em pacientes card&#237;acos e pessoas saud&#225;veis, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante mencionar que a medi&#231;&#227;o do TC pode melhorar o tratamento cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> em pacientes card&#237;acos. Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, o TC &#233; um preditor poderoso e independente do desfecho de sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> O TC tamb&#233;m reflete adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e o estado de treinamento em atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> De fato, em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o atletas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> o TC &#233; maior em atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Assim, o TC pode ser um par&#226;metro diagn&#243;stico adicional de desempenho, o que poderia auxiliar nas modalidades de treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Assim como outras medidas estabelecidas de capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, o TC n&#227;o pode ser predito a partir de par&#226;metros card&#237;acos em repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) avaliar a confiabilidade teste-reteste da BT em adultos saud&#225;veis durante a rotina cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e 2) avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre TC e medidas de repouso da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, bem como par&#226;metros tradicionais de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar. Aqui, aplicamos uma abordagem estat&#237;stica progressiva para fornecer limiares acima dos quais os efeitos podem ser significativos e apresentar valores de DC e TC que podem ser usados como valores de refer&#234;ncia em estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, 25 indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos. Nenhum dos participantes possu&#237;a hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou pulmonares, nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o cardioativa, press&#227;o arterial &lt;140/90 mmHg, &#237;ndice de massa corporal &lt;25, eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiograma normal no momento da inclus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo prospectivo unic&#234;ntrico diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o intervencional. Os participantes foram recrutados em um centro cardiol&#243;gico e de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da University Witten/Herdecke, com obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento livre e esclarecido. Realizou-se ecocardiograma padr&#227;o para excluir cardiopatias estruturais e investigar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estabelecidos e os valores cardiopulmonar e hemodin&#226;mico. As dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas, espessura parietal, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica estavam todos dentro dos limites fisiol&#243;gicos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a dois testes de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar com intervalo de uma semana. Durante o teste, aplicou-se BT com o dispositivo NICOM<sup>TM</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se ecocardiografia para avaliar a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca utilizando um sistema de ultrassom padr&#227;o (Vivid 7, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Realizou-se estudo transtor&#225;cico completo, incluindo as t&#233;cnicas 2D, modo M, espectral e Doppler colorido, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es e diretrizes vigentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Os par&#226;metros padr&#227;o foram: espessura da parede do septo interventricular na di&#225;stole, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi medida pelo m&#233;todo biplanar modificado de Simpson. Realizou-se o exame Doppler tecidual na jun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral septal e lateral em corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras para determinar a velocidade anular mitral m&#225;xima durante o enchimento precoce (E&#8217;) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de fluxo transmitral inicial e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral (V).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o incremental sintoma-limitante foi realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada em um cicloerg&#244;metro (ec-3000, customed GmbH, Alemanha). Os testes foram realizados por uma equipe treinada. Ap&#243;s 5 min de descanso, os participantes come&#231;aram em 0 W e a carga de trabalho foi aumentada a cada 2 minutos em 25 W (protocolo padr&#227;o da OMS). FC, press&#227;o arterial no bra&#231;o direito com esfigmoman&#244;metro e eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram obtidos em repouso e em cada est&#225;gio, bem como por 3 min p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. A an&#225;lise de gases respirat&#243;rios foi realizada usando um sistema de espirometria (Cortex Metalyzer<sup>&#174;</sup> 3B, Leipzig, Alemanha, software Metasoft studio 5.1.2 SR1). O consumo de oxig&#234;nio ventilat&#243;rio e os dados de trocas gasosas padr&#227;o foram medidos respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, obtendo-se a m&#233;dia de 30 s. Os seguintes par&#226;metros padr&#227;o foram medidos: Tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, carga m&#225;xima de trabalho, limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio (LAV) e consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>). O limiar anaer&#243;bico foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo V-slope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> A carga subm&#225;xima foi determinada como o pen&#250;ltimo est&#225;gio incremental conclu&#237;do. O VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> foi definido como o maior VO<sub>2</sub> observado durante o teste. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biorreat&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica</title>
          <p>A BT (NICOM&#174;, Cheetah Medical, Portland, Oregon, EUA) foi adotada para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva durante a fase de repouso e a fase de esfor&#231;o. O exame foi realizado de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os par&#226;metros que foram calculados pelo sistema Cheetah NICOM&#174;. O sistema NICOM&#174; utiliza quatro sensores aplicados no lado direito e no lado esquerdo do t&#243;rax. Cada sensor consiste em um eletrodo transmissor externo e um eletrodo receptor interno. Os eletrodos externos transmitem uma corrente el&#233;trica alternada de baixa amplitude com frequ&#234;ncia de 75 kHz para a cavidade tor&#225;cica. As propriedades el&#233;tricas do t&#243;rax se modificam ciclicamente devido ao volume puls&#225;til de sangue ejetado do cora&#231;&#227;o. O fluxo sangu&#237;neo puls&#225;til nas grandes art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas causa retardos (mudan&#231;as de fase) entre a corrente el&#233;trica alternada aplicada e a tens&#227;o tor&#225;cica medida pelos eletrodos internos. Com base na mudan&#231;a de fase medida, o fluxo a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo (dX/dtmax) e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular (tempo entre a abertura da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e o fechamento da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, VET) foram medidos. Por fim, o volume sist&#243;lico foi obtido como VS =DX/DT &#215; VET. A partir da&#237;, obteve-se o DC e, finalmente, o TC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Os dados de VS foram medidos batimento por batimento e calculados, tendo seu valor m&#233;dio calculado ao longo de 60 s.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros calculados pelo sistema Cheetah NICOM&#174;</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="center">Equa&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">unidade de medida</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico (VS)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e08">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mi>DC</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>FC</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">ml/batimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice do volume sist&#243;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e09">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mi>VS</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>ASC</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">ml/m<sup>2</sup>/batimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco (DC)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e010">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mi>FC</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mi>VS</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">l/min</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco (IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e011">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mi>DC</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>ASC</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e012">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">PAS</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                  <mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi>
                                    <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">PAD</mml:mi>
                                  </mml:mrow>
                                </mml:mfenced>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e013">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mn>80</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>DC</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">dines x seg/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Resist&#234;ncia Perif&#233;rica Total</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math id="e014">
                        <mml:semantics>
                          <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                            <mml:mn>80</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>IC</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mstyle>
                        </mml:semantics>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">dines x seg/cm<sup>5</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Em uma primeira etapa, os participantes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas devido a erros de medi&#231;&#227;o (outliers), que foram definidos como &#8805;m&#233;dia &#177; dois desvios-padr&#227;o combinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A confiabilidade teste-reteste dos par&#226;metros cardiopulmonares e hemodin&#226;micos foi analisada pela (1) diferen&#231;a nas m&#233;dias para detectar vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico, (2) coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) para examinar a confiabilidade relativa e (3) erro t&#237;pico (ET) das medi&#231;&#245;es para quantificar a confiabilidade absoluta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Para examinar a diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias, utilizou-se uma abordagem estat&#237;stica progressiva com infer&#234;ncias baseadas em magnitude para signific&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o teste de hip&#243;tese nula tradicional, que &#233; influenciado pelo tamanho da amostra, infer&#234;ncias baseadas em magnitude fundamentam a an&#225;lise, a magnitude do efeito observado e determinam se o efeito &#233; menor, similar ou maior que a menor diferen&#231;a detect&#225;vel (MDD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Portanto, m&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 90% foram computados primeiro. Em seguida, investigou-se a disposi&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s MDDs. Embora a MDD para a carga m&#225;xima foi calculada a partir do desvio padr&#227;o combinado multiplicado por 0,2, a MDD para todas as outras vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas foi calculada a partir dos desvios padr&#227;o combinados multiplicados por 0,6, pois sabe-se que as vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas mostram variabilidade espont&#226;nea claramente maior que medidas biomec&#226;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Por fim, as probabilidades para o teste 2 mostrando valores &#8220;verdadeiros&#8221; maiores, semelhantes ou menores que o teste 1 foram determinadas e descritas qualitativamente utilizando-se a seguinte escala probabil&#237;stica: &lt;1%, <italic>mais improv&#225;vel</italic>; 1 a &lt;5%, <italic>muito improv&#225;vel</italic>; 5 a &lt;25%, <italic>improv&#225;vel</italic>; 25 a &lt;75%, <italic>possivelmente</italic>; 75 a &lt;95%, <italic>provavelmente</italic>; 95 a &lt;99%, <italic>muito provavelmente</italic>, e &#8805;99%, <italic>bem prov&#225;vel</italic>. Nos casos em que as probabilidades de se ter valores maiores e menores foram &#8805;5%, as diferen&#231;as foram descritas como <italic>pouco claras</italic>. Caso contr&#225;rio, as diferen&#231;as foram interpretadas de acordo com as probabilidades observadas. Para esclarecer o significado das diferen&#231;as, diferen&#231;as padronizadas rotuladas como tamanhos de efeito (TE) foram calculadas e interpretadas de acordo: 0,2 a &lt;0,6, <italic>pequeno</italic>; 0,6 a &lt;1,2, <italic>moderado</italic>; 1,2 a &lt;2,0, <italic>grande</italic>; 2,0 a &lt;4,0, <italic>muito grande</italic>; e &#8805;4.0, <italic>extremamente grande</italic>. Para expressar a confiabilidade relativa, foram computados os CCI e IC 90%. Os coeficientes foram descritos da seguinte forma: &lt;0,20, <italic>muito baixo</italic>; 0,20 a &lt;0,50, <italic>baixo</italic>; 0,50 a &lt;0,75, <italic>moderado</italic>; 0,75 a &lt;0,90, <italic>alto</italic>; 0,90 a &lt;0,99, <italic>muito alto</italic>; e &#8805;0.99, <italic>extremamente alto</italic>. Para quantificar a confiabilidade absoluta, foram calculados os TE e IC 90%. A signific&#226;ncia dos TE foi expressa por meio de padroniza&#231;&#227;o para a qual foi aplicada a escala acima para diferen&#231;as padronizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre o TC e as medidas da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, assim como os par&#226;metros tradicionais de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, foram investigadas por meio dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) que foram adequadamente interpretados: &lt;0,1, <italic>trivial</italic>; 0,1 a &lt;0,3, <italic>pequeno;</italic> 0,3 a &lt;0,5, <italic>moderado</italic>; 0,5 a &lt;0,7, <italic>grande</italic>; 0,7 a &lt;0,9, <italic>muito grande</italic>; 0,9 a 1,0, <italic>quase perfeito</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Por fim, foram calculadas as vari&#226;ncias comuns dos coeficientes de determina&#231;&#245;es (R<sup>2</sup>). Desse modo, definiu-se um valor de corte de 50% para esclarecer se duas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o dependentes ou independentes umas das outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>25 participantes conclu&#237;ram os dois testes de esfor&#231;o. 17 participantes (10 homens, 7 mulheres) foram inclu&#237;dos. 8 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a erros de medi&#231;&#227;o (outliers). Os dados antropom&#233;tricos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e espiroergom&#233;tricos dos participantes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo dos participantes (masculino: n = 10; feminino: n = 7)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; 90% IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIVd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEdf (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PPEd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEN (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tlim (min:s)</td>
                <td align="center">19:42 &#177; 4:39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pmax (W)</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (ml/min/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAV (%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>)</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SIVd: di&#225;stole septal interventricular; VEdf: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PPEd: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEN: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; E&#8217;: velocidade anular mitral m&#225;xima durante o enchimento precoce; E/E&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre a velocidade de influxo mitral inicial e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial anular mitral; Tlim: tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o; Pmax: carga m&#225;xima de trabalho; VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bico ventilat&#243;rio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Confiabilidade</title>
          <p>Os dados relativos ao vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. Os dados mostram as diferen&#231;as nas m&#233;dias entre o teste 1 e o teste 2 para todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiopulmonares medidos em repouso e durante condi&#231;&#245;es subm&#225;ximas e m&#225;ximas de esfor&#231;o. Para todos os par&#226;metros, havia diferen&#231;as <italic>pouco claras</italic> a <italic>triviais muito prov&#225;veis</italic> com TE <italic>pequeno</italic> a <italic>moderado</italic> (TE: 0,2-0,6).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es nas m&#233;dias das caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas e cardiorrespirat&#243;rias em repouso, subm&#225;ximas e m&#225;ximas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste 1</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste 2</th>
                  <th align="center">Vi&#233;s <break/>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">MDD</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Probabilidade (%) para Vi&#233;s maior/ trivial/menor que MDD</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">TE &#177; 90% CI</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; 90% IC</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; 90% IC</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; 90% IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Repouso</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3/77,4/11,3 (pouco claro)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,3 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,61 &#177; 0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">6,04 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,43 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">43,6/56,4/0,0 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">+4 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2/86,2/0,6 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,2 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">+3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1/84,4/0,5 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,2 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">-4 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5/53/38,5 (pouco claro)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,2 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Subm&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1/89,9/1,0 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,3 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,95 &#177; 1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">13,66 &#177; 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29 &#177; 1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6/92,5/5,9 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,5 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9/94,2/2,9 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,4 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">131 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">-3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4/91,1/6,5 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">112 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">-3 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8/90,7/8,5 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3/87,0/1,7 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,3 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,09 &#177; 1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">15,51 &#177; 1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,58 &#177; 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0/89,9/9,1 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,4 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">-3 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7/90,1/8,2 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,4 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">161 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0/89,9/9,1 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,2 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8/94,2/4,0 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,3 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">190 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">+3 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2/95,0/1,8 (muito provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,40 &#177; 0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">2,39 &#177; 0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1/93,2/3,7 (provavelmente trivial)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MDD: menor diferen&#231;a detect&#225;vel; TE: tamanho do efeito; TC: trabalho card&#237;aco; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; P: carga de trabalho; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> resume a confiabilidade relativa e absoluta expressa por CCI e TE, respectivamente, para todos os par&#226;metros medidos. Os CCI variaram de moderado (CCI: 0,59) a <italic>muito alto</italic> (CCI: 0,98), ao passo que os TE variaram de <italic>pequeno</italic> (TE: 0,3) a <italic>grande</italic> (TE: 1,8). O TC demonstrou confiabilidade relativa e absoluta superior sob todas as condi&#231;&#245;es de medi&#231;&#227;o (CCI: 0,80-0,85; TE: 0,9-1,1) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus par&#226;metros subjacentes (CCI: 0,59-0,98; TE: 0,3-1,8).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Confiabilidade relativa (CCI) e absoluta (ET) das caracter&#237;sticas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas de repouso, subm&#225;ximas e m&#225;ximas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Confiabilidade relativa</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Confiabilidade absoluta (SI)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center"> CCI &#177; 90% IC</th>
                  <th align="center"> ET &#177; 90% IC</th>
                  <th align="center"> ET &#177; 90% IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Repouso</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,16 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,14 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,07 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,2 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,08 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,2 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,08 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,2 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Subm&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,13 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 &#177; 0,28 (moderado)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,6 (grande)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,19 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,4 (grande)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,03 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,02 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,1(pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,15 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,20 (moderado)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78 &#177; 0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,4 (grande)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,19 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,4 (grande)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (1/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,08 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,2 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,15 (alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3 (moderado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P (W)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,03 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,03 (muito alto)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,1 (pequeno)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ET: erro t&#237;pico; TE: tamanho do efeito; CV: coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o; TC: trabalho card&#237;aco; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; P: carga de trabalho; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref> mostra as rela&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, os par&#226;metros tradicionais de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e o TC m&#225;ximo. O TC m&#225;ximo apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o <italic>moderada</italic> com VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>: r = 0,68; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,47) e LAV (Figura 1B: r = 0,55; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,31), por&#233;m apenas apresentou <italic>pequena</italic> correla&#231;&#227;o a com espessura da parede ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E</xref>: r = 0,33; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,11), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1F</xref>: r = 0,38; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,14) e sist&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>: r = -0,32; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,11), al&#233;m de correla&#231;&#227;o <italic>trivial</italic> com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (Figura 1D: r = 0,20; R<sup>2</sup>= 0,04).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Rela&#231;&#245;es entre o TC e caracter&#237;sticas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estabelecidas. TC: trabalho card&#237;aco; VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bico ventilat&#243;rio; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; E/E&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre a velocidade inicial de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral; r: Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson; R<sup>2</sup>: coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0231-90116-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos principais achados foram: (1) n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico para todos os par&#226;metros medidos durante todas as condi&#231;&#245;es, (2) todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos medidos n&#227;o invasivamente mostraram confiabilidade teste-reteste pequena a grande, ao passo que o TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> demonstrou confiabilidade superior aos seus par&#226;metros subjacentes e (3) O TC mostrou-se independente das medidas da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, bem como dos par&#226;metros tradicionais do esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar.</p>
        <p>Nosso primeiro achado foi que n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico durante todas as condi&#231;&#245;es do exame. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos posteriores que investigaram os par&#226;metros de esfor&#231;o hemodin&#226;micos e cardiopulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> No geral, em nosso estudo, o vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico devido &#224; aprendizagem, motiva&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo e efeitos fatigantes, bem como erros nos procedimentos de calibra&#231;&#227;o, podem ser exclu&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Essa hip&#243;tese sustenta o desenho da nossa pesquisa. </p>
        <p>O segundo grande achado foi que todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos medidos n&#227;o invasivamente mostraram uma confiabilidade teste-reteste aceit&#225;vel durante os esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximo, m&#225;ximo e em repouso. Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> mostraram, inicialmente, boa confiabilidade teste-reteste da BT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o sadia em repouso, bem como durante esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos e m&#225;ximos. No entanto, a confiabilidade teste-reteste aceit&#225;vel foi impactada pelo fato de que, anteriormente, exclu&#237;mos um n&#250;mero significativo de outliers (n=8) devido a erros de medi&#231;&#227;o. Vale ressaltar, ainda, que a confiabilidade de nossas medidas de BT foi, at&#233; certo ponto, inferior em compara&#231;&#227;o a um estudo anterior no qual foi avaliada a confiabilidade de uma tecnologia compar&#225;vel (imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica baseada na morfologia do sinal batimento por batimento) para avaliar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para as diferen&#231;as pode ser pelo fato de que investigamos a confiabilidade sob condi&#231;&#245;es menos padronizadas, e outra explica&#231;&#227;o poderia estar relacionada a diferen&#231;as tecnol&#243;gicas significativas.</p>
        <p>No geral, quando se excluem os outliers, a BT pode ser considerada uma tecnologia apropriada para avaliar n&#227;o apenas o estado hemodin&#226;mico em um ambiente de pesquisa, mas tamb&#233;m na pr&#225;tica cotidiana.</p>
        <p>A tarefa central do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; produzir CO suficiente e manter uma PAM adequada. Portanto, o desempenho card&#237;aco pode ser melhor explicado pelo TC, por considerar as capacidades de gera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo e de gera&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da medida hemodin&#226;mica ao teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar padr&#227;o pode ajudar a explicar o mecanismo subjacente de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio com impacto na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> planejamento terap&#234;utico e desempenho,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> bem como na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Chomsky et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> mostraram que a resposta do DC ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade em candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, Lang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstraram o TC como o preditor mais potente e independente do desfecho de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, podendo aumentar o poder progn&#243;stico do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar tradicional. </p>
        <p>Na medicina esportiva, o monitoramento do estado do treinamento &#233; essencial para orientar o processo de treinamento. O treinamento leva a mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais significativas do sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em um estudo cruzado randomizado, Marshall et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> avaliaram o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico moderado sobre o desempenho card&#237;aco em adultos n&#227;o atletas. Devido ao treinamento, o TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> aumentou 16%, enquanto o TC em repouso permaneceu inalterado. Em atletas altamente treinados, que praticam treino de resist&#234;ncia, Schlader et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> encontraram valores de TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> duplos em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o atletas. Esses resultados foram confirmados por Klasnja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em jogadores de futebol e basquete.</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, o TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> mostrou confiabilidade superior aos par&#226;metros individuais fisiol&#243;gicos subjacentes. No entanto, deve-se notar que a confiabilidade do TC foi potencialmente influenciada pela confiabilidade da PAM (que foi maior) e n&#227;o pela confiabilidade do VS e DC (que foram menores). Assim, o TC medido pela BT parece ser vi&#225;vel devido ao seu car&#225;ter alternativo. No entanto, &#233; importante mencionar que obtivemos uma m&#233;dia de todos os dados da BT medidos batimento a batimento, incluindo o TC, ao longo de 60 s, o que pode tamb&#233;m ter melhorado artificialmente nossos resultados estat&#237;sticos. O motivo da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do nosso m&#233;todo de processamento de dados foi que o nosso objetivo era investigar o desempenho card&#237;aco global. Essa abordagem de processamento de dados &#233; evidentemente inadequada quando se pretende avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas transit&#243;rias durante o esfor&#231;o, como a isquemia. Tendo em vista que a confiabilidade batimento a batimento das medidas baseadas em BT permanece desconhecida, recomendamos outras tecnologias baseadas em imped&#226;ncia, que oferecem an&#225;lises confi&#225;veis batimento a batimento dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O terceiro achado principal foi que o TC foi considerado independente da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em repouso, bem como dos par&#226;metros tradicionais de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar. Klasnja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstraram anteriormente uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre os par&#226;metros de TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e em repouso da morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventriculares esquerdas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em repouso. Nossos achados mostram mais uma vez que os par&#226;metros de repouso n&#227;o podem ser usados para estimar o desempenho cardiovascular m&#225;ximo. </p>
        <p>Pela primeira vez, motivados por nossas estat&#237;sticas progressivas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> relatamos as MDDs de todos os par&#226;metros de BT investigados. Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, os limiares fornecidos podem ser usados como um arcabou&#231;o para avaliar adultos saud&#225;veis, para determinar se as diferen&#231;as observadas nos par&#226;metros analisados devem ser interpretadas ou n&#227;o na rotina m&#233;dica di&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; promissor utilizar esses limiares como valores de corte para efeitos m&#237;nimos requeridos detectados por estudos longitudinais ou transversais usando as medidas de BT aqui investigadas, no futuro. Por exemplo, em adultos saud&#225;veis, a MDD calculada do TC foi de 0,7 W, o que significa que diferen&#231;as longitudinais ou transversais s&#243; devem ser interpretadas quando esse valor de corte &#233; excedido.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; a alta taxa de abandono (n = 8). No entanto, para detectar outliers, eles foram definidos objetivamente como valores maiores que o desvio padr&#227;o combinado. Com base nessa abordagem e nos adultos saud&#225;veis recrutados, pode-se supor que os outliers detectados n&#227;o apresentavam causa fisiol&#243;gica. Ao contr&#225;rio, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel que os outliers identificados tenham uma causa t&#233;cnica subjacente. Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias melhorias adicionais na BT como, por exemplo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o e &#224; qualidade dos eletrodos. Consequentemente, erros t&#233;cnicos devem ser executados por algoritmos pr&#243;prios antes de se possibilitar decis&#245;es v&#225;lidas. Quando reunidos esses aspectos, nossos achados indicam que a BT s&#243; pode ser considerada uma tecnologia confi&#225;vel para medir par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de outliers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nesta fase, nossos resultados impedem o uso cl&#237;nico da BT em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quando os outliers n&#227;o s&#227;o identificados, mesmo que um estudo anterior pare&#231;a demonstrar sua poss&#237;vel aplica&#231;&#227;o em um ambiente de pesquisa estritamente controlado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela Bayer Pharma.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Christian Kiefer pela University Hospital Witten/Herdecke.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da University of Witten/Herdecke sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 131/2914. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
