<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ssZ5WQb78XSMXPf87rVPRsg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800229</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190152</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Group Means and Inter-Individual Analysis in Post-exercise Hypotension: Effects of Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9902-7390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Brito,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte - Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65. Postal Code: 05508-030, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>leandrobrito@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>229</fpage>
      <lpage>230</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality &amp; Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-Exercise Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Citrulline</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hypertension is pointed out as one of the most aggressive risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, since it is directly associated with nearly 8 million obits per year related to cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac arrest or stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Hypertensives with low levels of physical activity present higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even when receiving anti-hypertensive medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The regular practice of exercise, mainly aerobic exercises, is highly recommended due to its hypotensive effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Actually, a single session of exercise is already able to promote a sustained reduction of blood pressure, this phenomenon is called post-exercise hypotension (PEH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Kenney and Seals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> were the first to term the most accepted version of PEH as a phenomenon - It is the decrease of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure after an acute session of exercise to below a control value followed by no clinical hypotensive symptom. PEH has been faced as a clinically relevant tool, mainly due to its known magnitude and for lasting many hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this context, a meta-analysis including 65 studies recently showed reductions of blood pressure averaging from 6/4 mmHg for systolic/diastolic after aerobic exercise session,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> while hour-to-hour analysis reported a decrease for 16 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Despite established, PEH presents a large variation in magnitude and duration across the literature, which suggest that many factors of influence and different mechanisms are involved in promoting PEH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Along this line, Casonatto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> suggested that citrulline malate oral supplementation might favor a greater PEH in middle-age treated hypertensives. For this, the authors supplemented the subjects with citrulline malate in a randomized double-blinded study controlled by placebo. The supplementation of citrulline malate increases arginine plasma levels, which favors the augment of nitric oxide through the cycle of citrulline-nitric oxide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, the authors suggest that greater levels of nitric oxide were responsible for a greater decrease in systemic vascular resistance and subsequently PEH. However, in healthy subjects, Halliwill et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> did not observe any influence on blood pressure, calf and forearm vascular resistance post-exercise after inhibiting systemic nitric oxide synthase. It is also important to highlight that citrulline malate did not promote hypotensive effect stand-alone, which suggests a greater effect only when it is associated to exercise. Such results bring an open field for future studies to investigate how citrulline malate and aerobic exercise can together promote a greater PEH and the mechanisms behind it.</p>
    <p>Although reproducibility is good for PEH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> subjects present not uniform blood pressure responses post-exercise. Such pattern has encouraged researchers to explore individual analysis as an additional approach to show their data and not only the statistical difference for group means.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The authors of the study discussed in this Short Editorial also highlighted inter-individual analysis in which they categorized &#8220;responders&#8221; (i.e. who the blood pressure decrease post-exercise) and &#8220;non-responders&#8221; (i.e. who the blood pressure did not change or was increased post-exercise). This type of analysis allows even though is observed no mean differences, most of the subjects might present clinically relevant blood pressure decrease post-exercise, which occurred for some variables in the discussed study. However, it is not still totally settled which is the best approach to interpret inter-individual data, and researchers should be careful about assumptions and conclusions when introduce this analysis.</p>
    <p>The best strategy is still to be matched to define a &#8220;responder&#8221; and a &#8220;non-responder&#8221;, and the debate remains whether it needs to be based on changes clinically relevant or representing a measure defined by a mathematical approach. Concerning the magnitude of PEH to determine a clinically relevant change for PEH is also not still determined; a quite acceptable option might be employing the error of blood pressure measurement to be overcame by exercise reducing blood pressure below these values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nonetheless, few well-designed studies have adequately investigated the reproducibility of PEH to characterize a universal error measurement. Then, to calculate the error in each study would be the best approach, taking blood pressure measurements at rest in two different days considering the subjects and the same evaluator involved in the study.</p>
    <p>Thus, the results presented by Casonatto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> suggest a possible associated effect of citrulline malate oral supplementation in promoting greater PEH in hypertensives, and which mechanisms are involved in this response should be explored in the future. Another unsolved question was raised in this study; might oral supplementation with citrulline malate associated to aerobic exercise be a promising tool to promote other cardiovascular benefits, such as vascular function, in both, acute and chronic studies?</p>
    <p>Regarding analysis to report data, studies investigating group mean data demonstrated the clinical implications for PEH, but inter-individual analysis may be a step forward in the comprehension of this phenomenon. Then, to identify whether and what are the clinical meanings for &#8220;responders&#8221; and &#8220;non-responders&#8221;.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Inter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour Analysis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>M&#233;dias de Grupos e An&#225;lise Interindividual na Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: Efeitos da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o Oral com Citrulina Malato</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9902-7390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Brito,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte - Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65. CEP: 05508-030, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>leandrobrito@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade &amp; Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s-Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Citrulina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; apontada como um dos fatores de risco mais agressivos para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, estando diretamente associada a quase 8 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como parada card&#237;aca ou acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Hipertensos com baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica apresentam maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, mesmo quando recebem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios, principalmente aer&#243;bicos, &#233; altamente recomendada por seu efeito hipotensor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> De fato, uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio j&#225; &#233; capaz de promover uma redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o arterial. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; chamado de hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Kenney e Seals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> foram os primeiros a definir a vers&#227;o mais aceita da HPE como um fen&#244;meno - diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica para n&#237;veis abaixo do valor de controle ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios seguido pela falta de sintomas cl&#237;nicos de hipotens&#227;o. A HPE vem sendo considerada uma ferramenta clinicamente relevante, particularmente por sua conhecida magnitude e por durar muitas horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Neste contexto, uma metan&#225;lise recente com 65 estudos revelou redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica de 6 e 4 mmHg, respectivamente, ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> enquanto uma an&#225;lise hora-a-hora relatou diminui&#231;&#227;o por 16 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar de estabelecida, a HPE apresenta uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o de magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o na literatura, o que sugere o envolvimento de diversos fatores de influ&#234;ncia e de mecanismos diferentes na promo&#231;&#227;o da HPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nesta mesma linha, Casonatto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sugeriram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina malato pode favorecer uma maior HPE em hipertensos de meia-idade em tratamento. Os autores chegaram a esta conclus&#227;o ap&#243;s realizarem um estudo randomizado duplo-cego controlado por placebo, no qual os participantes recebiam uma suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina malato. A suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina malato eleva os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de arginina, ajudando a aumentar o &#243;xido n&#237;trico por meio do ciclo citrulina-&#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Assim, os autores indicaram que os n&#237;veis mais altos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico foram respons&#225;veis pela maior diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e posteriormente da HPE. No entanto, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, Halliwill et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o observaram qualquer influ&#234;ncia na press&#227;o arterial ou na resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o e da perna p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a inibi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante salientar que a citrulina malato n&#227;o gerou um efeito hipotensor independente, sugerindo que seu efeito &#233; maior apenas quando associada ao exerc&#237;cio. Tais resultados abrem caminho para que futuros estudos investiguem como a citrulina malato e o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico podem promover juntos uma HPE mais elevada e os mecanismos por tr&#225;s deste processo.</p>
      <p>Embora a reprodutibilidade da HPE seja boa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os participantes n&#227;o apresentaram respostas uniformes de press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Tal padr&#227;o tem incentivado os pesquisadores a explorar a an&#225;lise individual como uma forma adicional de reportar dados e n&#227;o apenas a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica das m&#233;dias de grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os autores do estudo discutido neste minieditorial destacaram tamb&#233;m a an&#225;lise interindividual, categorizada em "respondentes" (indiv&#237;duos que tiveram diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio) e "n&#227;o-respondentes" (aqueles cuja press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#227;o ou aumentou p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio). Apesar de n&#227;o se observar diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias, este tipo de an&#225;lise permite observar que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos apresenta diminui&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante da press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, o que ocorreu em algumas vari&#225;veis do estudo discutido. Contudo, a melhor maneira de interpretar dados interindividuais ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente estabelecida e os pesquisadores devem ser cautelosos com hip&#243;teses e conclus&#245;es ao introduzir esta an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia mais adequada para definir o conceito de "respondente" e "n&#227;o-respondente" ainda precisa ser determinada, continuando o debate sobre se estes termos devem ser baseados em altera&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes ou representarem uma medida estabelecida por uma abordagem matem&#225;tica. A influ&#234;ncia da magnitude na determina&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as clinicamente relevantes da HPE tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi definida; uma op&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel seria adotar o erro da medida da press&#227;o arterial a ser superado pelo exerc&#237;cio e reduzir a press&#227;o arterial abaixo desses valores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Entretanto, poucos estudos bem elaborados investigaram adequadamente a reprodutibilidade da HPE para caracterizar uma medi&#231;&#227;o universal de erro. Portanto, calcular o erro em cada estudo seria a melhor op&#231;&#227;o, medindo a press&#227;o arterial dos sujeitos em repouso em dois dias diferentes e com o mesmo avaliador envolvido no estudo.</p>
      <p>Assim, os resultados apresentados por Casonatto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicam um poss&#237;vel efeito associado da suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina malato em promover maior HPE em hipertensos, e os mecanismos envolvidos nessa resposta deveriam ser explorados no futuro. Outra quest&#227;o foi levantada no estudo: a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina malato associada ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; uma ferramenta promissora na promo&#231;&#227;o de outros benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares, como na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em casos tanto agudos quanto cr&#244;nicos?</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise para o relat&#243;rio de dados, estudos que investigaram os dados m&#233;dios de grupos mostraram as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas da HPE, mas a an&#225;lise interindividual pode ser um passo adiante na compreens&#227;o deste fen&#244;meno. Subsequentemente, seria realizada a identifica&#231;&#227;o de quais s&#227;o os significados cl&#237;nicos para "responsivos" e "n&#227;o-responsivos".</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Respostas Interindividuais &#224; Suplementa&#231;&#227;o Oral de Citrulina Malato na Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s-Exerc&#237;cio em Hipertensos: Uma An&#225;lise de 24 Horas</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
