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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">j6n68HVhYcdfbVcwT8cqrLB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005011104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190115</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5397-5694</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Casonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5382-8360</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Enokida</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Massaharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grandolfi</surname>
            <given-names>Kamila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Londrina</city>
            <state>PR</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;, Londrina, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliano Casonatto,</bold> Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; - Rua Marselha, 591. Postal Code 86041-140, Londrina, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>juliano2608@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Casonatto J; Acquisition of data: Enokida DM, Grandolfi K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Casonatto J, Enokida DM, Grandolfi K; Writing of the manuscript: Casonatto J, Enokida DM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grandolfi K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>218</fpage>
      <lpage>228</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Studies have persuasively demonstrated that citrulline has a key role in the arginine-nitric oxide system, increasing nitric oxide bioavailability, an important mediator of peripheral vasodilation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To analyze the inter-individual post-exercise hypotension responsiveness following acute citrulline supplementation in hypertensives.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Forty hypertensives were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (control-placebo, control-citrulline, exercise-placebo, and exercise-citrulline). They ingested placebo or citrulline malate [CM] (6 grams). During the exercise session, individuals performed 40 minutes of walking/running on a treadmill at 60-70% of HR reserve. For the control session, the individuals remained seated at rest for 40 minutes. Office blood pressure (BP) was taken every 10 minutes until completing 60 minutes after the experimental session. The ambulatory BP device was programmed to take the readings every 20 minutes (awake time) and every 30 minutes (sleep time) over the course of 24 hours of monitoring. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Unlike the other experimental groups, there were no &#8220;non-responders&#8221; in the exercise/citrulline (EC) for &#8220;awake&#8221; (systolic and diastolic BP) and &#8220;24 hours&#8221; (diastolic BP). The effect sizes were more consistent in the EC for systolic and diastolic ambulatorial BP response. The effects were &#8220;large&#8221; (&gt; 0.8) for &#8220;awake&#8221;, &#8220;asleep&#8221;, and &#8220;24 hours&#8221; only in the EC for diastolic BP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <bold>Conclusion:</bold>
          </title>
          <p>CM supplementation can increase the post-exercise hypotensive effects in hypertensives. In addition, the prevalence of non-responders is lower when associated with aerobic exercise and CM supplementation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Citruline</kwd>
        <kwd>Amino Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Dietary Supplements</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is defined as a sustained reduction in blood pressure (BP) after a single bout of exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This transient reduction can last up to 22h after completion of an exercise session.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> For this reason, PEH is now considered to be an important physiological phenomenon,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> which can play a major role in BP management. It is important to emphasize that PEH is a physiological phenomenon characterized by a reduction in BP following exercise compared with pre-exercise or control session values, with may be sustained for some hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, for the PEH to be clinically significant, an important magnitude and maintenance of this reduction for some hours are necessary. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that the magnitude of PEH following a single bout of exercise was correlated with chronic changes in rest BP after a period of exercise training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, despite this possible relationship, some individuals present PEH (i.e., &#8220;responders&#8221;) while others do not (i.e., &#8220;non-responders&#8221;). Past studies have identified &#8220;responders&#8221; and &#8220;non-responders&#8221; in non-hypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and hypertensive populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> This means that, in the same intervention group, some individuals may demonstrate PEH whereas others show no changes or even an increased BP response to exercise training. Indeed, results from PEH studies are generally limited to presenting the mean BP reduction responses of the training group, ignoring inter-individual variations which can lead to misinterpretation, as positive effects from a given exercise training protocol may not be fully applied for each person individually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, studies have persuasively demonstrated that citrulline (a non-essential amino acid) has a key role in the arginine-nitric oxide system, increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> an important mediator of peripheral vasodilation. Thus, it is possible that PEH could be more pronounced after citrulline supplementation, especially in hypertensives, since the BP responses would be different as PEH can be caused by different mechanisms between normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Previous studies have shown that hypertensive individuals present cardiac output reduction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> while normotensive individuals present a reduction in total peripheral resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> For this reason, a non-pharmacological vasodilatation strategy can help hypertensive patients to activate another PEH mechanism together with a cardiac output decrease resulting in additional PEH effects.</p>
      <p> Other experiments have observed that the plasma and salivary NO were associated with PEH after resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and aerobic exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> in subjects with chronic diseases. Additionally, citrulline supplementation has shown promise with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection and preliminary evidence is also available for citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible/older populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For these reasons, this study aimed to analyze the inter-individual PEH responsiveness following an acute citrulline supplementation in hypertensives. Our hypotheses were: i) there would be an inter-individual variability in BP responsiveness following a single bout of aerobic exercise and ii) citrulline oral supplementation could contribute to reducing the rate of non-responders.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>After sample size calculation (see statistical analysis session), 40 hypertensive, sedentary individuals participated in the study. All volunteers (both sexes) were adults without osteoarticular disabilities and had medical authorization to practice physical exercise. Participants were recruited from an exercise program project linked to the university that offered stretching and functional exercise sessions to the external community. The study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and the Institutional Ethics Committee approved all experimental procedures and protocols (78697617.4.0000.0108). Each participant was fully informed of all potential risks and experimental procedures, after which, informed written consent was obtained. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the basic characteristics of the participants.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of participants and antihypertensive medications</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Citrulline</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Citrulline</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">62.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.7</td>
                <td align="center">60.6</td>
                <td align="center">16.8</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">15.2</td>
                <td align="center">58.6</td>
                <td align="center">8.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.864</td>
                <td align="center">0.469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77.2</td>
                <td align="center">16.5</td>
                <td align="center">76.5</td>
                <td align="center">9.0</td>
                <td align="center">79.6</td>
                <td align="center">17.2</td>
                <td align="center">72.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.419</td>
                <td align="center">0.740</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.59</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">1.61</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.309</td>
                <td align="center">0.286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">27.9</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">30.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">30.8</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td align="center">29.1</td>
                <td align="center">5.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.625</td>
                <td align="center">0.603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.9</td>
                <td align="center">101.4</td>
                <td align="center">9.1</td>
                <td align="center">98.5</td>
                <td align="center">14.9</td>
                <td align="center">99.1</td>
                <td align="center">11.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.159</td>
                <td align="center">0.923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DIUR</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB+ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI+DIUR</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB+ACEI+DIUR</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; BB: beta-blockers; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; DIUR: diuretics.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups clinical trial was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The participants were randomly allocated (using a random number table - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.random.org/">https://www.random.org/</ext-link>) into four different experimental groups (exercise/citrulline [EC]; exercise/placebo [EP]; control/citrulline [CC]; control/placebo [CP]). The participants ingested a sachet, which contained citrulline malate (CM) (6 grams) or placebo (6 grams of corn starch) dissolved in water.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study design.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The substances were ingested 120 minutes before the experimental or control session. Anthropometric measures were taken before the rest period. The exercise session consisted of a 5 min warm up (50% of 65% HR [heart rate] reserve) and 40 minutes of running/walking at 60-70% HR reserve on a treadmill. This was followed by a progressive cooldown (5 minutes). The exercise intensity was also evaluated based on the Borg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE 6-20 score). The RPE was collected every 5 minutes over the course of 40 minutes during the running/walking exercise period. The exercise intensity was reduced if the participant reported RPE &#8805; 15, independently of HR. In the control session, the participants remained seated in a quiet room for 40 min.</p>
        <p>After the exercise/control sessions, the BP was measured every 10 minutes over the course of 60 minutes (laboratory phase). Next, the participants were allowed 15 minutes to take a shower and change their clothes before the ambulatory BP device was attached on their arm. The ambulatory BP was recorded over 24 hours. The participants were asked to return to the laboratory the next day to remove the device.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03378596).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometry</title>
        <p>The weight was measured by a digital anthropometric scale (Urano, OS 180A, Canoas, Brazil), with an accuracy of 0.1 kg and height was measured by a stadiometer with an accuracy of 0.1 cm, in accordance with the procedures described by Gordon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The body mass index was defined as the body mass (kg) divided by the square of the body height.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Office blood pressure (laboratorial phase)</title>
        <p>The office BP measurements were taken with an oscillometric device (Omron MX3 Plus, Bannockburn, USA) previously validated for clinical measures in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Firstly, the participants remained seated (rest period) in a calm, quiet, and thermoneutral (22&#176;-24&#176;C) environment for 20 min. BP was measured three times during the rest period (at 10 min, 15 min, and 20 min). The rest BP value was considered as the average of these three measurements. Immediately following the sessions (exercise or control), BP was measured in a quiet environment for 60minutes. The BP measurements were taken according to the American Heart Association recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatorial blood pressure measures (ambulatorial phase)</title>
        <p>The ambulatorial BP measurements were taken with an oscillometric device (Dyna-MAPA - S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) attached on the left arm, always by the same investigator, in accordance with procedures described by the American Heart Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The participants received instructions to keep their arm extended during the measures. The device was calibrated by direct comparison with a mercury sphygmomanometer, by a trained technical person, in agreement with recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The monitor was set to register the systolic and diastolic BP and HR every 20 minutes during &#8220;daytime&#8221; (08:00 am to 11:00 pm) and every 30 minutes during &#8220;night-time&#8221; (11:00 pm to 08:00 am) to reduce sleep disturbances. The device screen was electronically blinded to avoid feedback. All participants were instructed to register and report their sleep time in a diary on the following day.</p>
        <p>The data were recorded in the device memory and then sent to a computer using specific software (Aplica&#231;&#227;o Dyna Mapa - Version 5.0.382.12) for analysis. The average of the valid readings was above 90% for all participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Assuming a standard deviation (SD) of 5 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> for the systolic BP, an alpha of 5% and a desired statistical power of 80% for detecting a minimum difference of 7 mmHg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> 7 subjects were required in each group. The Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to examine the normality of the data distribution. The data are presented in the text as mean and SD. Levene&#8217;s homogeneity test was applied before the ANOVA one-way. Turkey (if homogeneity was accepted) or Games-Howell (if homogeneity was not accepted) multiple comparisons were employed to examine differences between pairs of trials. Effect size from the paired t-test was calculated (d = mean/SD). The results of the periods (60 minutes, awake, asleep, and 24 hours) were obtained through the average of the respective periods. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        <p>To assess the inter-individual BP responsiveness, we first assessed the reproducibility of pre-exercise BP between &#8220;-10&#8221; and &#8220;0&#8221; minutes of rest BP measures (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). For this analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, model 2,k), coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error measurements (SEM) were considered. The CV between pre-exercise BP measurements was calculated as follows: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e01"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>CV</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close="" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SD</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>X</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>X</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. SD<sub>d</sub> represents the SD of the differences between the 2 measurements, and X<sub>1</sub> and X<sub>2</sub> represent the 2 measurement means, respectively. <inline-formula><mml:math id="e02"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>SEM</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>SDx</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ICC</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, with SD representing the SD of the first pre-exercise BP measure. The SEM was used as a measure of variability, but primarily for the minimal detectable change (MDC) calculation. MDC, which is the minimal change necessary to provide confidence that the results are not a random variation or measurement error, was calculated as follows: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e03"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>MDC</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>score</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Cl</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>zSEMx</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. All above-mentioned procedures were adopted according to Haley and Fragala-Pinkham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and Darter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The participants were considered as &#8220;responder&#8221; if their BP reached a value equal to or greater than the MDC.</p>
        <p>The statistical analysis was generated using the SPSS, version 20, system for windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The exercise intensity was reduced for three participants (15 [EC], 18 and 19 [EP]) because they reported RPE &#8805; 15. The exercise intensity based on HR reserve varied between 51-59% during the time (9 &#177; 3 minutes) that they could not keep 60-70% HR reserve.</p>
      <p>The results of the variables related to the MDC calculation were: 0.915 (ICC), 5.08 (CV), 5.25 (SEM) and 2.37 (MDC) for systolic BP, and 0.846 (ICC), 5.64 (CV), 3.74 (SEM) and 1.69 (MDC) for diastolic BP.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the absolute and relative BP changes in the different experimental groups. A significant reduction in systolic BP was identified for the EC when compared with the CP in the first 60 minutes (relative changes) after the experimental session. The same lowering effects were observed over the course of 24 hours (absolute changes) and for the &#8220;awake&#8221; and &#8220;24 hour&#8221; periods, considering relative changes (&#916;% Awake and &#916;% 24 hours) compared to the CP. No significant differences were found for the CC and EP.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Absolute (rest, 60 min, awake, asleep, and 24 hours) and relative (&#916;% 60 min, &#916;% Awake, &#916;% Asleep, &#916;% 24 hours) blood pressure changes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Citrulline</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Citrulline</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rest (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">142</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">0.714</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 min (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">138</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">137</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">1.240</td>
              <td align="center">0.310</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">0.334</td>
              <td align="center">0.801</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asleep (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
              <td align="center">0.709</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24 hours (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">0.216</td>
              <td align="center">0.884</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% 60 min</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;2.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;6.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;15.0**</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.737</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% Awake</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;4.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.1</td>
              <td align="center">15.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;21.0</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.469</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% Asleep</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;15.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.8</td>
              <td align="center">16.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.5</td>
              <td align="center">19.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;17.0</td>
              <td align="center">14.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.588</td>
              <td align="center">0.627</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% 24 hours</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;11.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;6.0</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.2</td>
              <td align="center">16.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;20.1</td>
              <td align="center">16.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.935</td>
              <td align="center">0.141</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rest (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0.889</td>
              <td align="center">0.456</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 min (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0.237</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">2.847</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asleep (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">1.083</td>
              <td align="center">0.369</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24 hours (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">71*</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">3.999</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% 60 min</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.796</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% Awake</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;1.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;4.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;6.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;13.9&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.917</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% Asleep</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;6.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;10.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;9.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;13.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.923</td>
              <td align="center">0.439</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916;% 24 hours</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;3.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;6.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;7.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;14.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.505</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>SD: standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; &#916;%: +/- percent change from &#8220;rest&#8221; value.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs control-placebo (Tukey post-hoc);</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs control-placebo and control-citrulline (Games-Howell post-hoc);</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs. control-placebo and control-citrulline (Tukey post-hoc).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents the effect sizes from the paired t-test (rest vs 60 min, awake, asleep, and 24 hours) for each experimental group. Considering systolic BP, the CP showed a significant effect for the asleep and 24 hours, the EP showed a significant effect for the awake and asleep, and the EC showed a significant effect for all periods (60 min, awake, asleep, and 24 hours). Additionally, considering diastolic BP, the CP presented a significant effect for the asleep, the CC presented a significant effect for the 60 min, asleep, and 24 hours, the EP presented a significant effect for the awake and asleep, and the EC presented a significant effect for the awake, asleep, and 24 hours.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Effect size from Paired t test (versus rest [d = mean/SD])</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Citrulline</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Citrulline</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ES</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ES</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ES</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ES</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 min</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
              <td align="center">-0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.109</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.127</td>
              <td align="center">1.81</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.428</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asleep</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.027</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24 hours</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.156</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 min</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.717</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.707</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.968</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Awake</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.333</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
              <td align="center">2.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asleep</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.027</td>
              <td align="center">1.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
              <td align="center">2.16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24 hours</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.905</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">2.27</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>
              <italic>SD: standard deviation; ES: effect-size; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The percentages of responders and non-responders in the different experimental groups for different time periods (60 min, awake, asleep, and 24 hours) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>. The percentages of the systolic BP responders varied from 20% (CC) to 90% (EC) for 60 min; 60% (CC and EP) to 100% (EC) for awake; 60% (CC and EP) to 90% (EC) for asleep; and 60% (CC and EP) to 90% (EC) for 24 hours.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage of responders and non-responders and inter-individual percentage changes (min; max) on Control-Placebo, Control&#8209;Citrulline, Exercise-Placebo and Exercise-Citrulline groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control-Citrulline</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Placebo</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exercise-Citrulline</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Min:Max (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Min:Max (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Min:Max (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Min:Max (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>60 min</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-7)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-4)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-17)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;2)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;17)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(0;10)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;-1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Awake</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-18)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-4;-16)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-9;-24)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(0;9)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(5;16)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(2;13)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Asleep</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-5;-21)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-33)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-8;-32)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(4;7)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;9)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(0;13)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(1;1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>24 hours</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-5;-18)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-20)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-6;-26)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(0;9)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;14)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(1;11)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;-1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DBP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>60 min</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(-7;-7)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-10)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(0;12)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">(1;14)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;18)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Awake</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;-19)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-21)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(-8;-27)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;10)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(0;10)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Asleep</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(-6;-30)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;-31)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-28)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(-6;-28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(2;5)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(6;6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>24 hours</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responders</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-15)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-1;-20)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(-3;-22)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(-7;-25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-responders</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;6)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(5;5)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(-2;2)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>
              <italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The percentages of the diastolic BP responders varied from 10% (CC) to 40% (CP) for 60 min; 50% (CP) to 100% (EC) for awake; 70% (CP) to 100% (CC and EC) for asleep; and 60% (CP) to 100% (EC) for 24 hours.</p>
      <p>Absolute systolic and diastolic BP individual changes for each experimental group in the 60 min, awake, asleep, and 24 hours are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> (systolic) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> (diastolic). All participants in the EC demonstrated a reduction in systolic BP in the 60 min, awake, and 24 hours. For the asleep period, only one EC participant (number 23) did not present a reduction in systolic BP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Individual changes &#8211; Systolic blood pressure. Dashed line: MDC (minimal detectable change).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All participants in the EC presented a reduction in diastolic BP in the awake, asleep, and 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Individual changes &#8211; Diastolic blood pressure. Dashed line: MDC (minimal detectable change).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study were: (i) there was considerable inter-individual responsiveness variability in systolic and diastolic BP responses following all experimental protocols, (ii) despite the inter-individual responsiveness variability, there was PEH only when associated with CM supplementation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on inter-individual analysis of PEH following a single bout of aerobic exercise preceded by CM supplementation in hypertensive subjects.</p>
      <p>Unlike the other experimental groups, there were no &#8220;non-responders&#8221; in the EC for &#8220;awake&#8221; (systolic and diastolic BP) and &#8220;24 hours&#8221; (diastolic BP). These results are interesting since &#8220;non-responders&#8221; have generally been identified both in non-hypertensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and hypertensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> populations. It is important to clarify that in an intervention group, some individuals may demonstrate improvement in a given outcome (responder) whereas others show no changes or even an adverse response to exercise training (non-responders or adverse responders).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In fact, the heterogeneity of responses to exercise training is a current concern in exercise investigations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> since even homogeneous samples may demonstrate a wide range of heterogeneous responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In addition, results of PEH are generally limited to presenting the average reductions in the experimental group, ignoring inter-individual variations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> which can lead to misinterpretation since not all individuals respond favorably.</p>
      <p>It is important to consider that the results reported by central tendency measures can vary depending on the analysis. In medical studies, it is common to take measurements before and after medical interventions. How to measure the changes from baseline is a common question posed by researchers. For example, in the present study, when absolute values were used for inter-group comparisons (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), no statistical differences were found for systolic BP. On the other hand, using the percentage difference (delta), a significant reduction was found in the EC for &#8220;60 min&#8221; post-exercise. Another inconsistency can be seen in diastolic BP analysis. When absolute values were used for inter-group comparisons, a significant difference was found in the EC for &#8220;24 hours&#8221; post-exercise. On the other hand, using the percentage difference, significant reductions were found in the EC for &#8220;awake&#8221; and "24 hours" post-exercise. In specific situations, some studies (e.g., Vickers)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> suggested avoiding using percentage changes. Despite these inconsistencies, clinicians may prefer to choose the method that will most obviously demonstrate the health-improvement. Some researchers may choose the method that can be best understood by the majority of people interested in the research.</p>
      <p>However, one of the most common questions driving the evaluation of intervention programs is "how does this effect compare with the effects of other interventions?". Therefore, previous studies have encouraged the use of &#8220;effect size&#8221; in quantitative studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Researchers are often stimulated to report effect sizes for three reasons. First, to present the magnitude of the reported effects in a standardized metric; second, effect sizes allow researchers to draw meta-analytic conclusions by comparing standardized effect sizes across studies, and third, effect sizes from previous studies can be used when planning a new study, providing an indication of the average sample size needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In the present study, we found that the effect sizes (from the paired t-test [versus rest]) were more consistent in the EC for systolic and diastolic ambulatorial BP response, however, it is important to highlight that for diastolic BP the effects were &#8220;large&#8221; (&gt; 0.8) for &#8220;awake&#8221;, &#8220;asleep&#8221;, and &#8220;24 hours&#8221; in the EC.</p>
      <p>Despite some inconsistencies in the "effect size" outcomes for systolic and diastolic BP in the other experimental groups, the percentage of &#8220;responders&#8221; and &#8220;non-responders&#8221; and inter-individual percentage changes in the different groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>) could aid understanding. There were no &#8220;non-responders&#8221; in the EC for systolic and diastolic BP responses for &#8220;awake&#8221; (systolic and diastolic), &#8220;asleep&#8221; and &#8220;24 hours&#8221; (diastolic). These responses are important, considering that the BP response following a single bout of exercise has been considered as a simple predictive clinical tool that can help to identify and manage &#8220;high responder&#8221; and &#8220;low responder&#8221; subjects to exercise training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concerning the physiological mechanisms that might be involved in this response, we hypothesized that the vascular resistance reduction due to increased NO concentration could potentiate the PEH. Previous studies reported that oral citrulline supplementation raises plasma arginine concentration and augments NO production by the citrulline-NO cycle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It is exactly because of this vasodilation resulting from greater NO release that citrulline oral supplementation might potentiate the PEH response, especially in hypertensive individuals. It is important to highlight that hypertensive individuals present deficiency in peripheral vasodilation modulators, such as a compensation mechanism so autonomous nervous system can work to reduce cardiac output.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For this reason, we expect that citrulline oral supplementation could contribute to improving the peripheral vasodilation mechanisms in hypertensive individuals, resulting in a greater magnitude and/or duration of PEH. Unfortunately, in the present study we did not evaluate important NO biomarkers such as nitrite and nitrate.</p>
      <p>Independent of the mechanisms that are involved in this response, the present study demonstrated that the exercise plus citrulline (intermediate of NO metabolism) caused a greater hypotensive effect and this effect can last up to 24 hours. This finding suggests that NO might be involved in this response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and it might be over stimulated by exercise plus citrulline compared to one of them in isolation.</p>
      <p>Concerning the CP and CC results, we expected that acute citrulline supplementation, independent of exercise, could contribute to improving hypotension effect, resulting in a lower prevalence of non-responders in comparison to CP. Contradicting our hypothesis, the results indicate that acute citrulline supplementation was not related to lower prevalence of non-responders. Previous studies have demonstrated that the acute ingestion of citrulline increased NO synthesis, but endothelium-mediated vasodilation was not improved in older adults with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Recent studies have evaluated endothelial function after some days of citrulline supplementation. Bailey et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> found increases in nitrite levels (21%) after 7 days of citrulline supplementation in healthy young men. Likewise, oral citrulline supplementation (6 g/day) for 7 days increased plasma nitrate levels by 37% in middle-aged men with increased arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Evidence suggests that resting BP level may influence the hypotensive effect of citrulline supplementation. For instance, previous study found decreases in BP (7/3 mmHg) after 8 weeks of citrulline supplementation (6 g/day) in prehypertensive and hypertensive obese postmenopausal women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Therefore, we suppose that citrulline supplementation (without exercise) can induce vasodilation only after some weeks.</p>
      <p>Despite the interesting findings of this study, it is important to consider that there is no consensus to distinguish &#8220;responders&#8221; from &#8220;non-responders&#8221; due to the lack of agreement on whether to define &#8220;response&#8221; as a clinically relevant change or a clearly measurable change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Additionally, BP measurements incorporate some degree of error (instrumentation noise + biological noise), and changes can often occur due to factors independent of the intervention (biological variability).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> For this reason, the authors decided not to apply a theoretical construct (based on SD, confidence intervals, or smallest worthwhile change) to determine the extent to which changes were the direct result of the intervention or effectively "random" external causes. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that independent of the theoretical measurement error degree adopted, the EC group presented more "responsive" individuals in all hypothetical situations.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study should be considered. The results from the few available studies differ considerably, making comparisons somewhat difficult. Although drug therapies were not changed during the study, patients were using different types of medication, and this factor might have affected the results. Moreover, it is recommended that future studies include NO availability measurements, such as nitrite and nitrate. These measurements associated with the evaluation of important mechanisms such as peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output might help us to understand the citrulline action combined with exercise in hypertensives.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>These results suggest that acute CM supplementation can increase the post-exercise hypotensive effects in hypertensives. In addition, the prevalence of non-responders is lower when associating aerobic exercise and CM supplementation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical messages</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>There was considerable inter-individual responsiveness variability in systolic and diastolic BP responses following all experimental protocols.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Despite the inter-individual responsiveness variability, there was a PEH potentiation by the CM supplementation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by FUNADESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daniel Massaharu Enokida, from Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; under the protocol CAAE: 78697617.4.0000.0108 - Appraisal number: 2.593.090. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Respostas Interindividuais &#224; Suplementa&#231;&#227;o Oral de Citrulina Malato na Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s-Exerc&#237;cio em Hipertensos: Uma An&#225;lise de 24 Horas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5397-5694</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Casonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5382-8360</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Enokida</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Massaharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grandolfi</surname>
            <given-names>Kamila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;, Londrina, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliano Casonatto,</bold> Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; - Rua Marselha, 591. CEP 86041-140, Londrina, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>juliano2608@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Casonatto J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Enokida DM, Grandolfi K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Casonatto J, Enokida DM, Grandolfi K; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Casonatto J, Enokida DM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Grandolfi K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FUNADESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Daniel Massaharu Enokida pela Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 78697617.4.0000.0108 - N&#250;mero do Parecer: 2.593.090. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Estudos demonstraram de maneira persuasiva que a citrulina tem um papel fundamental no sistema arginina-&#243;xido n&#237;trico, aumentando a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, um importante mediador da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Analisar a responsividade interindividual da hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o aguda com citrulina em hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Quarenta hipertensos foram aleatoriamente designados para um dos quatro grupos experimentais (controle-placebo, controle-citrulina, exerc&#237;cio-placebo e exerc&#237;cio-citrulina). Eles ingeriram placebo ou citrulina malato [CM] (6 gramas). Durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, os indiv&#237;duos realizaram 40 minutos de caminhada/corrida em esteira a 60-70% da FC de reserva. Para a sess&#227;o de controle, os indiv&#237;duos permaneceram sentados em repouso por 40 minutos. A medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) no consult&#243;rio foi realizada a cada 10 minutos at&#233; completar 60 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o experimental. O dispositivo ambulatorial de PA foi programado para fazer as leituras a cada 20 minutos (tempo de vig&#237;lia) e a cada 30 minutos (tempo de sono) ao longo de 24 horas de monitoramento. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Diferentemente de outros grupos experimentais, n&#227;o houve &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; no exerc&#237;cio/citrulina (EC) para &#8220;acordado&#8221; (PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) e &#8220;24 horas&#8221; (PA diast&#243;lica). Os tamanhos de efeito foram mais consistentes no EC para a resposta sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da PA ambulatorial. Os efeitos foram &#8220;grandes&#8221; (&gt; 0,8) para &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221;, e para &#8220;24 horas&#8221; apenas no EC para a PA diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM pode aumentar os efeitos hipotensivos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; &#233; menor quando associada ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Citrulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Amino&#225;cidos</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Suplementos Nutricionais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE) &#233; definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essa redu&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria pode durar at&#233; 22h ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Por esse motivo, a HPE &#233; considerada atualmente um importante fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> o qual pode desempenhar um papel crucial no controle da PA. &#201; importante enfatizar que a HPE &#233; um fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico caracterizado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio ou da sess&#227;o de controle, sendo poss&#237;vel manter essa redu&#231;&#227;o por algumas horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, para que a HPE seja clinicamente significativa, &#233; necess&#225;rio que uma magnitude expressiva seja mantida durante algumas horas. Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores relataram que a magnitude da HPE ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios estava correlacionada com altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas na PA em repouso ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, apesar dessa poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o, alguns indiv&#237;duos apresentam HPE (ou seja, &#8220;respondedores&#8221;) enquanto outros n&#227;o (isto &#233;, &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221;). Estudos anteriores identificaram &#8220;respondedores&#8221; e &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o hipertensas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e hipertensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Isso significa que, no mesmo grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, alguns indiv&#237;duos podem demonstrar HPE, enquanto outros n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es ou apresentam at&#233; mesmo aumento da resposta da PA ao treinamento f&#237;sico. De fato, os resultados dos estudos de HPE geralmente est&#227;o limitados a apresentar as respostas m&#233;dias da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA no grupo de treinamento, ignorando varia&#231;&#245;es interindividuais que podem levar a erros de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, pois os efeitos positivos de um determinado protocolo de treinamento podem n&#227;o ser totalmente aplic&#225;veis individualmente para cada pessoa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, estudos demonstraram de forma persuasiva que a citrulina (um amino&#225;cido n&#227;o essencial) tem um papel fundamental no sistema arginina-&#243;xido n&#237;trico, aumentando a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> um importante mediador da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a HPE seja mais pronunciada ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina, especialmente em hipertensos, uma vez que as respostas da PA seriam diferentes, pois a HPE pode ser causada por diferentes mecanismos em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos. Estudos anteriores mostraram que indiv&#237;duos hipertensos t&#234;m redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> enquanto indiv&#237;duos normotensos apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Por esse motivo, uma estrat&#233;gia de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica pode ajudar pacientes hipertensos a ativar outro mecanismo de HPE, juntamente com diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, resultando em efeitos adicionais de HPE.</p>
        <p>Outros experimentos observaram que o plasma e o NO salivar estavam associados &#224; HPE ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e resistidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Al&#233;m disso, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de citrulina mostrou-se promissora apresentando evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas (animais) de prote&#231;&#227;o aterog&#234;nica-endotelial, e tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis evid&#234;ncias preliminares de benef&#237;cios induzidos pela citrulina para a sa&#250;de muscular e metab&#243;lica (por vias vasculares e n&#227;o vasculares) em popula&#231;&#245;es suscet&#237;veis/mais velhas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por essas raz&#245;es, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a responsividade interindividual da HPE ap&#243;s uma suplementa&#231;&#227;o aguda com citrulina em hipertensos. Nossas hip&#243;teses foram: i) haveria uma variabilidade interindividual na responsividade da PA ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e ii) a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina poderia contribuir para reduzir a taxa de &#8220;n&#227;o-respondedores&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral (ver sess&#227;o de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica), 40 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e sedent&#225;rios participaram do estudo. Todos os volunt&#225;rios (ambos os sexos) eram adultos sem defici&#234;ncia osteoarticular e tinham autoriza&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para praticar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Os participantes foram recrutados de um projeto de programa de exerc&#237;cios ligado &#224; universidade que oferecia sess&#245;es de alongamento e exerc&#237;cios funcionais para a comunidade externa. O estudo atendeu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional aprovou todos os procedimentos e protocolos experimentais (78697617.4.0000.0108). Cada participante foi informado de todos os riscos potenciais e procedimentos experimentais, ap&#243;s o que o consentimento informado foi obtido. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas dos participantes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes e medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Citrulina</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Citrulina</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>DP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>DP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>DP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>DP</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">60,6</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,864</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">76,5</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">79,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,419</td>
                  <td align="center">0,740</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,309</td>
                  <td align="center">0,286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">30,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">30,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">29,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,625</td>
                  <td align="center">0,603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">101,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">99,1</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159</td>
                  <td align="center">0,923</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BB</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIUR</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BB+IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA+DIUR</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BB+IECA+DIUR</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>
                  <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; BB: betabloqueadores; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; DIUR: diur&#233;ticos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um ensaio cl&#237;nico duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, de grupos paralelos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Os participantes foram alocados aleatoriamente (utilizando uma tabela de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.random.org/">https://www.random.org/</ext-link>) em quatro grupos experimentais diferentes (exerc&#237;cio/citrulina [EC]; exerc&#237;cio/placebo [EP]; controle/citrulina [CC]; controle/placebo [CP]). Os participantes ingeriram um sach&#234; contendo citrulina malato (6 gramas) ou placebo (6 gramas de amido de milho) dissolvido em &#225;gua.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Desenho do estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As subst&#226;ncias foram ingeridas 120 minutos antes da sess&#227;o experimental ou de controle. Medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas antes do per&#237;odo de descanso. A sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios consistiu em um aquecimento de 5 min (50% de 65% da FC [frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca] de reserva) e 40 minutos de corrida/caminhada a 60-70% da FC de reserva em uma esteira. Isto foi seguido por um per&#237;odo de desaquecimento progressivo (5 minutos). A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m foi avaliada com base na Escala de Percep&#231;&#227;o Subjetiva do Esfor&#231;o de Borg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> (escore da PSE 6-20). O escore da PSE foi coletado a cada 5 minutos ao longo de 40 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio de corrida/caminhada. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio era reduzida caso o participante relatasse PSE &#8805; 15, independentemente da FC. Na sess&#227;o de controle, os participantes permaneceram sentados em uma sala silenciosa por 40 min.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio/controle, a PA foi medida a cada 10 minutos ao longo de 60 minutos (fase laboratorial). Em seguida, os participantes tiveram permiss&#227;o de 15 minutos para tomar banho e trocar de roupa antes que o aparelho de PA ambulatorial fosse anexado ao seu bra&#231;o. A PA ambulatorial foi registrada por 24 horas. Os participantes foram convidados a retornar ao laborat&#243;rio no dia seguinte para remover o dispositivo.</p>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi registrado em ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03378596).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antropometria</title>
          <p>O peso foi aferido por balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica digital (Urano, OS 180A, Canoas, Brasil), com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg, e a altura foi medida por um estadi&#244;metro com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, de acordo com os procedimentos descritos por Gordon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi definido como a massa corporal (kg) dividida pelo quadrado da altura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (fase laboratorial)</title>
          <p>As medidas da PA no consult&#243;rio foram realizadas com um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico (Omron MX3 Plus, Bannockburn, EUA) previamente validado para medidas cl&#237;nicas em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Primeiramente, os participantes permaneceram sentados (per&#237;odo de repouso) em um ambiente calmo, silencioso e termoneutro (22&#176;C a 24&#176;C) por 20 min. A PA foi medida tr&#234;s vezes durante o per&#237;odo de descanso (aos 10 min, 15 min e 20 min). O valor da PA em repouso foi considerado como a m&#233;dia dessas tr&#234;s medidas. Imediatamente ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es (de exerc&#237;cio ou controle), a PA foi medida em um ambiente silencioso por 60 minutos. As medidas da PA foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial (fase ambulatorial)</title>
          <p>As medidas da PA ambulatorial foram realizadas com um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico (Dyna-MAPA - S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) acoplado no bra&#231;o esquerdo, sempre pelo mesmo investigador, de acordo com procedimentos descritos pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os participantes receberam instru&#231;&#245;es para manter o bra&#231;o estendido durante as medidas. O aparelho foi calibrado por compara&#231;&#227;o direta com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, por um t&#233;cnico treinado, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O monitor foi configurado para registrar a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e a FC a cada 20 minutos durante o &#8220;dia&#8221; (08:00 &#224;s 23:00) e a cada 30 minutos durante a &#8220;noite&#8221; (23:00 &#224;s 08:00) para reduzir dist&#250;rbios no sono. A tela do dispositivo foi eletronicamente ocultada para evitar <italic>feedback</italic>. Todos os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a registrar e relatar seu tempo de sono em um di&#225;rio no dia seguinte.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram gravados na mem&#243;ria do dispositivo e, em seguida, enviados para um computador, atrav&#233;s de um software espec&#237;fico (Aplicativo Dyna Mapa - Vers&#227;o 5.0.382.12), para an&#225;lise. A m&#233;dia das leituras v&#225;lidas ficou acima de 90% para todos os participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Assumindo um desvio padr&#227;o (DP) de 5 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> para a PA sist&#243;lica, um alfa de 5% e um poder estat&#237;stico desejado de 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima de 7 mmHg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> para cada grupo foram necess&#225;rios 7 indiv&#237;duos. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi empregado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados no texto como m&#233;dia e DP. O teste de homogeneidade de Levene foi aplicado antes da ANOVA unidirecional. Os testes de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Turkey (caso a homogeneidade tenha sido determinada) ou de Games-Howell (caso a homogeneidade n&#227;o tenha sido determinada) foram empregados para examinar diferen&#231;as entre pares de ensaios. O tamanho de efeito do teste <italic>t</italic> pareado foi calculado (d = m&#233;dia/DP). Os resultados dos per&#237;odos (60 minutos, acordado, dormindo e 24 horas) foram obtidos pela m&#233;dia dos respectivos per&#237;odos. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a responsividade interindividual da PA, primeiro avaliamos a reprodutibilidade da PA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio entre os minutos &#8220;-10&#8221; e &#8220;0&#8221; das medidas de PA em repouso (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Para essa an&#225;lise, foram considerados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC, modelo 2, k), coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) e erro padr&#227;o da medida (EPM). O CV entre as medidas de PA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foi calculado da seguinte forma: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e04"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>CV</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close="" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SD</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>X</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>X</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. O DP<sub>d</sub> representa o DP das diferen&#231;as entre as 2 medi&#231;&#245;es, e X<sub>1</sub> e X<sub>2</sub> representam a m&#233;dia de 2 medi&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente. <inline-formula><mml:math id="e05"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>EPM</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>DPx</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ICC</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, com DP representando o desvio-padr&#227;o da primeira medida da PA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, sendo utilizado como uma medida de variabilidade, mas principalmente para o c&#225;lculo da m&#237;nima mudan&#231;a detect&#225;vel (MMD). A MMD, que &#233; a mudan&#231;a m&#237;nima necess&#225;ria para fornecer confian&#231;a de que os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o uma varia&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria ou erro de medi&#231;&#227;o, foi calculada da seguinte forma: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e06"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>MMD</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>escore</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>IC</mml:mi><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>xEPMx</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. Todos os procedimentos acima mencionados foram adotados de acordo com Haley e Fragala-Pinkham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e Darter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os participantes foram considerados como &#8220;respondedores&#8221; se a PA atingisse um valor igual ou superior &#224; MMD.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o sistema SPSS, vers&#227;o 20, para <italic>Windows</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi reduzida para tr&#234;s participantes (15 [EC], 18 e 19 [EP]) porque relataram PSE &#8805; 15. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio baseada na FC de reserva variou entre 51-59% durante o tempo (9 &#177; 3 minutos) em que eles n&#227;o conseguiram manter 60-70% da FC de reserva.</p>
        <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao c&#225;lculo da MMD foram: 0,915 (ICC), 5,08 (CV), 5,25 (EPM) e 2,37 (MMD) para PA sist&#243;lica, e 0,846 (ICC), 5,64 (CV), 3,74 (EPM) e 1,69 (MMD) para PA diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as altera&#231;&#245;es absolutas e relativas da PA nos diferentes grupos experimentais. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA sist&#243;lica foi identificada para o grupo EC quando comparada com o CP nos primeiros 60 minutos (altera&#231;&#245;es relativas) ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o experimental. Os mesmos efeitos de redu&#231;&#227;o foram observados ao longo de 24 horas (mudan&#231;as absolutas) e para os per&#237;odos &#8220;acordado&#8221; e 24 horas, considerando as mudan&#231;as relativas (&#916;% Acordado e &#916;% 24 horas) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CP. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para o CC e EP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial absolutas (repouso, 60min, acordado, dormindo e 24 horas) e relativa (&#916;% 60 min, &#916;% acordado, &#916;% dormindo, &#916;% 24 horas)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Citrulina</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Citrulina</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">F</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Repouso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0,714</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 min (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">1,240</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acordado (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
                <td align="center">0,801</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dormindo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
                <td align="center">0,709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 horas (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,884</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;15,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,737</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% Acordado</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">15,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;21,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,469</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% Dormindo</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;17,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% 24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;11,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;20,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,935</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Repouso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 min (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acordado (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2,847</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dormindo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 Horas (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">3,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,796</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% Acordado</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;13,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,917</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% Dormindo</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;10,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;13,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;% 24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;14,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,505</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; &#916;%: +/- porcentagem de altera&#231;&#227;o do valor de "descanso".</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle&#8209;placebo (post-hoc de Tukey);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle-placebo e controle-citrulina (post-hoc de Games-Howell);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle-placebo e controle&#8209;citrulina (post-hoc de Tukey).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os tamanhos de efeito do teste <italic>t</italic> pareado (repouso <italic>vs</italic>. 60 min, &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas) para cada grupo experimental. Considerando a PA sist&#243;lica, o grupo CP apresentou um efeito significativo no grupo &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas, o grupo EP mostrou efeito significativo para os grupos &#8220;acordado&#8221; e &#8220;dormindo&#8221;, e o EC mostrou efeito significativo para todos os per&#237;odos (60 min, &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas). Al&#233;m disso, considerando a PA diast&#243;lica, o grupo CP apresentou efeito significativo para o grupo &#8220;dormindo&#8221;, o CC apresentou efeito significativo para 60 min, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas, o grupo EP apresentou efeito significativo para &#8220;acordado&#8221; e &#8220;dormindo&#8221;, e o EC apresentou um efeito significativo. para os grupos &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tamanho de efeito do teste t pareado (versus repouso [d = m&#233;dia/DP])</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Citrulina</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Citrulina</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 min</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
                <td align="center">-0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
                <td align="center">1,81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acordado</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dormindo</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 min</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,717</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,968</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acordado</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,333</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dormindo</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">2,16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">2,27</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TE: tamanho do efeito; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As porcentagens de &#8220;respondedores&#8221; e &#8220;n&#227;o-respondedores&#8221; nos diferentes grupos experimentais para diferentes per&#237;odos de tempo (60 min, &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas) s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref>. As porcentagens dos &#8220;respondedores&#8221; da PA sist&#243;lica variaram de 20% (CC) a 90% (EC) para 60 min; 60% (CC e EP) a 100% (EC) para &#8220;acordado&#8221;; 60% (CC e EP) a 90% (EC) para &#8220;dormindo&#8221;; e 60% (CC e EP) a 90% (EC) para 24 horas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Porcentagem de respondedores e n&#227;o respondedores e altera&#231;&#245;es percentuais interindividuais (m&#237;n; m&#225;x) nos grupos Controle-Placebo, Controle-Citrulina, Exerc&#237;cio-Placebo e Exerc&#237;cio-Citrulina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Controle-Citrulina</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Exerc&#237;cio-Citrulina</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th> M&#237;n:M&#225;x (%) </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#237;n:M&#225;x (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#237;n:M&#225;x (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#237;n:M&#225;x (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>60 min</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-7)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-4)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-17)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;2)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;17)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(0;10)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;-1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acordado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-18)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-4;-16)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-9;-24)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(0;9)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(5;16)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(2;13)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dormindo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-5;-21)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-33)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-8;-32)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(4;7)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;9)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(0;13)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(1;1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>24 horas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-5;-18)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-20)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-6;-26)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(0;9)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;14)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(1;11)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;-1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>DBP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>60 min</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(-7;-7)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-10)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(0;12)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(1;14)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;18)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acordado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-13)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;-19)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-21)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(-8;-27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;10)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(0;10)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dormindo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(-6;-30)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;-31)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-28)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(-6;-28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(2;5)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(6;6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>24 horas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-15)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-1;-20)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(-3;-22)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(-7;-25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-respondedores</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;6)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(5;5)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(-2;2)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As porcentagens dos respondedores de PA diast&#243;lica variaram de 10% (CC) a 40% (CP) para 60 min; 50% (CP) a 100% (EC) para &#8220;acordado&#8221;; 70% (CP) a 100% (CC e EC) para &#8220;dormindo&#8221;; e 60% (CP) a 100% (EC) para 24 horas.</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es absolutas da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica para cada grupo experimental nos grupos 60 min, &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref> (sist&#243;lica) e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> (diast&#243;lica). Todos os participantes do grupo EC demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica nos grupos 60 min, &#8220;acordado&#8221; e 24 horas. Para o per&#237;odo de sono, apenas um participante do EC (n&#250;mero 23) n&#227;o apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es individuais - Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Linha tracejada: MMD (m&#237;nima mudan&#231;a detect&#225;vel).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os participantes do EC apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA diast&#243;lica nos grupos &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e 24 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es individuais - Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Linha tracejada: MMD (m&#237;nima mudan&#231;a detect&#225;vel).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0218-90115-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram: (i) houve consider&#225;vel variabilidade da responsividade interindividual nas respostas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da PA seguindo todos os protocolos experimentais, (ii) apesar da variabilidade da responsividade interindividual, a HPE ocorreu somente quando associada &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM. Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro relato de an&#225;lise interindividual da HPE ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico precedido pela suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio de outros grupos experimentais, n&#227;o houve "n&#227;o-respondedores" no EC para os grupos "acordado" (PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) e 24 horas (PA diast&#243;lica). Estes resultados s&#227;o interessantes, uma vez que os &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; foram geralmente identificados em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-hipertensas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e hipertensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#201; importante esclarecer que, em um grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, alguns indiv&#237;duos podem demonstrar melhora em um determinado desfecho (&#8220;respondedor&#8221;), enquanto outros n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es ou apresentam at&#233; mesmo uma resposta adversa ao treinamento f&#237;sico (&#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; ou &#8220;respondedores adversos&#8221;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> De fato, o a heterogeneidade das respostas ao treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o atual das investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre exerc&#237;cios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> j&#225; que mesmo amostras homog&#234;neas podem demonstrar uma ampla gama de respostas heterog&#234;neas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os resultados da HPE geralmente est&#227;o limitados a apresentar redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias no grupo experimental, ignorando as varia&#231;&#245;es interindividuais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> o que pode levar a erros de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que nem todos os indiv&#237;duos respondem favoravelmente.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante considerar que os resultados relatados por medidas de tend&#234;ncia central podem variar dependendo da an&#225;lise. Em estudos m&#233;dicos, &#233; comum realizar medi&#231;&#245;es antes e depois das interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Como medir as mudan&#231;as a partir da linha basal &#233; uma quest&#227;o comum colocada pelos pesquisadores. Por exemplo, no presente estudo, quando os valores absolutos foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>), n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas para a PA sist&#243;lica. Por outro lado, utilizando a diferen&#231;a percentual (delta), uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa foi encontrada no EC para o grupo &#8220;60 min&#8221; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Outra inconsist&#234;ncia pode ser observada na an&#225;lise da PA diast&#243;lica. Quando valores absolutos foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos, uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada na EC para &#8220;24 horas&#8221; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Por outro lado, utilizando a diferen&#231;a percentual, foram encontradas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no EC para &#8220;acordado&#8221; e &#8220;24 horas&#8221; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, alguns estudos (por exemplo, Vickers)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> sugeriram evitar o uso de altera&#231;&#245;es percentuais. Apesar dessas inconsist&#234;ncias, os m&#233;dicos podem preferir escolher o m&#233;todo que demonstrar&#225; mais claramente a melhoria da sa&#250;de. Alguns pesquisadores podem escolher o m&#233;todo mais bem compreendido pela maioria das pessoas interessadas na pesquisa.</p>
        <p>No entanto, uma das quest&#245;es mais comuns que conduz a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos programas de interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; "como este efeito se compara com os efeitos de outras interven&#231;&#245;es?". Portanto, estudos anteriores encorajaram o uso do &#8220;tamanho de efeito&#8221; em estudos quantitativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Pesquisadores s&#227;o frequentemente estimulados a relatar tamanhos de efeito por tr&#234;s raz&#245;es. Primeiro, por apresentarem a magnitude dos efeitos relatados em uma m&#233;trica padronizada; segundo, os tamanhos de efeito permitem que os pesquisadores extraiam conclus&#245;es meta-anal&#237;ticas comparando tamanhos de efeito padronizados entre estudos e, terceiro, tamanhos de efeito de estudos anteriores podem ser utilizados &#8203;&#8203;no planejamento de um novo estudo, fornecendo uma indica&#231;&#227;o do tamanho m&#233;dio da amostra necess&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No presente estudo, descobrimos que os tamanhos de efeito (do teste <italic>t</italic> pareado [<italic>versus</italic> repouso]) foram mais consistentes no grupo EC para as respostas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da PA ambulatorial; entretanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que para a PA diast&#243;lica os efeitos foram &#8220;grandes&#8221; (&gt; 0,8) para &#8220;acordado&#8221;, &#8220;dormindo&#8221; e &#8220;24 horas&#8221; no grupo EC.</p>
        <p>Apesar de algumas inconsist&#234;ncias nos resultados do "tamanho de efeito" para a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em outros grupos experimentais, a porcentagem de "respondedores" e "n&#227;o respondedores" e mudan&#231;as percentuais interindividuais nos diferentes grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>) podem ajudar o entendimento. N&#227;o houve "n&#227;o-respondedores" no grupo EC para as respostas da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica para "acordado" (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica), "dormindo" e "24 horas" (diast&#243;lica). Essas respostas s&#227;o importantes, considerando-se que a resposta da PA ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foi considerada uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica preditiva simples que pode ajudar a identificar e gerenciar indiv&#237;duos com &#8220;alta responsividade&#8221; e &#8220;baixa responsividade&#8221; ao treinamento f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que podem estar envolvidos nessa resposta, hipotetizamos que a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular devido ao aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO poderia potencializar a HPE. Estudos anteriores relataram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina aumenta a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de arginina e aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO pelo ciclo citrulina-NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> &#201; justamente devido &#224; essa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, resultante da maior libera&#231;&#227;o de NO, que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina pode potencializar a resposta da HPE, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. &#201; importante ressaltar que os hipertensos apresentam defici&#234;ncia nos moduladores da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, como um mecanismo de compensa&#231;&#227;o, de forma que o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo pode trabalhar para reduzir o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por essa raz&#227;o, esperamos que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina possa contribuir para melhorar os mecanismos de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, resultando em maior magnitude e/ou dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE. Infelizmente, no presente estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos importantes biomarcadores de NO, como o nitrito e o nitrato.</p>
        <p>Independentemente dos mecanismos envolvidos nessa resposta, o presente estudo demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio associado &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina (intermedi&#225;rio do metabolismo do NO) causou maior efeito hipotensor, e que esse efeito pode durar at&#233; 24 horas. Esse achado sugere que o NO pode estar envolvido nessa resposta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> podendo ser hiperestimulado pelo exerc&#237;cio somado &#224; citrulina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com cada um isoladamente.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados dos grupos CP e CC, esper&#225;vamos que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o aguda com citrulina, independente do exerc&#237;cio, pudesse contribuir para melhorar o efeito da hipotens&#227;o, resultando em uma menor preval&#234;ncia de &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; em compara&#231;&#227;o com o CP. Contradizendo nossa hip&#243;tese, os resultados indicam que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o aguda com citrulina n&#227;o esteve relacionada &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia de &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221;. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a ingest&#227;o aguda de citrulina aumentou a s&#237;ntese de NO, mas a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo endot&#233;lio n&#227;o melhorou em idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Estudos recentes avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s alguns dias de suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina. Bailey et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> encontraram aumentos nos n&#237;veis de nitrito (21%) ap&#243;s 7 dias de suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina em homens jovens saud&#225;veis. Da mesma forma, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com citrulina (6 g/dia) por 7 dias aumentou os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de nitrato em 37% em homens de meia-idade com rigidez arterial aumentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que os n&#237;veis de PA em repouso podem influenciar o efeito hipotensor da suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina. Por exemplo, estudos anteriores encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es na PA (7/3 mmHg) ap&#243;s 8 semanas de suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina (6 g/dia) em mulheres obesas na p&#243;s-menopausa, pr&#233;-hipertensas e hipertensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Portanto, supomos que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com citrulina (sem exerc&#237;cio) pode induzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o somente depois de algumas semanas.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos achados interessantes deste estudo, &#233; importante considerar que n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso na distin&#231;&#227;o entre &#8220;respondedores&#8221; e &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; devido &#224; falta de concord&#226;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;resposta&#8221; como uma mudan&#231;a clinicamente relevante ou claramente mensur&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as medidas da PA incorporam algum grau de erro (ru&#237;do de instrumenta&#231;&#227;o + ru&#237;do biol&#243;gico), e altera&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer devido a fatores independentes da interven&#231;&#227;o (variabilidade biol&#243;gica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Por essa raz&#227;o, os autores decidiram n&#227;o aplicar um construto te&#243;rico (baseado em DP, intervalos de confian&#231;a ou mudan&#231;a m&#237;nima digna de nota) para determinar at&#233; que ponto as mudan&#231;as foram o resultado direto da interven&#231;&#227;o ou de causas externas efetivamente "aleat&#243;rias". Por outro lado, &#233; importante ressaltar que, independente do grau te&#243;rico de erro adotado, o grupo EC apresentou mais indiv&#237;duos "responsivos" em todas as situa&#231;&#245;es hipot&#233;ticas.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser consideradas. Os resultados dos poucos estudos dispon&#237;veis diferem consideravelmente, tornando as compara&#231;&#245;es relativamente dif&#237;ceis. Embora as terapias medicamentosas n&#227;o tenham sido alteradas durante o estudo, os pacientes estavam usando diferentes tipos de medica&#231;&#227;o, e esse fator pode ter afetado os resultados. Al&#233;m disso, recomenda-se que estudos futuros incluam medidas de disponibilidade de NO, como nitrito e nitrato. Essas medidas, associadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos importantes como a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, podem nos ajudar a compreender a a&#231;&#227;o da citrulina associada ao exerc&#237;cio em hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o aguda de CM pode aumentar os efeitos hipotensivos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de &#8220;n&#227;o respondedores&#8221; &#233; menor quando associamos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Mensagens cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Houve consider&#225;vel variabilidade da responsividade interindividual nas respostas da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica seguindo-se todos os protocolos experimentais.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Apesar da variabilidade da resposta interindividual, houve uma potencializa&#231;&#227;o da HPE atrav&#233;s da suplementa&#231;&#227;o com CM.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
