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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3PPqCMHmWyW9fqfHT7BsWKy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2019000800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190134</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Presystolic Wave is Associated with Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction Assessed by Myocardial Performance Index in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8329-4603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kul</surname>
            <given-names>Selim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dursun</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;hsan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayhan</surname>
            <given-names>Semiha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sayin</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Rasit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>B&#252;lb&#252;l</surname>
            <given-names>Nilg&#252;n Esen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ate&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>Ali R&#305;za</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Trabzon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Trabzon - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Trabzon Kanuni Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Endocrinology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Trabzon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trabzon Kanuni Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Endocrinology, Trabzon - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Trabzon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Internal Medicine, Trabzon - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Samsun Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Trabzon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Samsun Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Samsun - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Selim Kul</bold> Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology - So&#287;uksu Mahallesi Vatan Caddesi N&#176;: 9 Ortahisar 61040, Trabzon, 61700 - Turkey E-mail: <email>selimkul@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kul S, Dursun I, Ayhan S, Sayin MR, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Aky&#252;z AR; Acquisition of data: Kul S, Ayhan S, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Aky&#252;z AR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kul S, Aky&#252;z AR; Statistical analysis: Kul S, Dursun I, Sayin MR, Ate&#351; AH; Writing of the manuscript: Kul S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kul S, Dursun I, Ayhan S, Sayin MR, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Ate&#351; AH, Aky&#252;z AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>207</fpage>
      <lpage>215</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Myocardial performance index (MPI), demonstrates both systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. Presystolic wave (PSW) is frequently detected on Doppler examination of the left ventricular outflow tract and possible mechanism of PSW is impaired LV compliance and left ventricular stiffness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship between PSW and MPI in type 2 diabetic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>A total of 129 type 2 diabetic patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of PSW on Doppler echocardiography. There were 90 patients (38 male, mean age 57.77 &#177; 10.91 years) in the PSW-positive group and 39 patients (13 male; mean age: 55.31 &#177; 11.29 years) in the PSW-negative group. The p values of &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> MPI was higher in PSW- positive group (0.63 &#177; 0.17vs 0.52 &#177; 0.13, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, subclinical left ventricle dysfunction (LVD) was higher in the PSW- positive group (p = 0.029). Univariate analysis showed that the presence of PSW associated with abnormal MPI (p = 0.031). Pearson correlation analysis showed that PSW velocity correlated with MPI (r: 0.286, p = 0.006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Presence of the PSW on Doppler examination was associated with subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with DM type 2. This easy-to-perform echocardiographic parameter may be related to subclinical LVD among patients with type 2 DM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Type 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction,Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a common, albeit frequently missed, clinical entity affecting even asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> These patients suffer excessive left ventricular (LV) enlargement, which starts as a normal functional consequence but later progresses to subclinical LV dysfunction (LVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Patients with type 2 DM actually suffer subclinical LVD at variable rates between 25% and 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The earliest stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy are reportedly characterized by both subclinical LV systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and subclinical LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Importantly, the latest studies have indicated a continuum in the progress of subclinical LVD despite fine glycemic control over a period of 5 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This phenomenon may be indicative of a heightened risk of new-onset heart failure in even well-controlled type 2 DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
      <p>First defined by Tei et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> myocardial performance index (MPI) is a surrogate marker of both ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. Its utility has been investigated in a variety of cardiac conditions including myocardial infarction, hypertension (HT), diabetes, and heart failure, and an increased MPI is reportedly an ominous prognostic sign and independent predictor for morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A presystolic wave (PSW) is commonly found when the LV outflow tract (LVOT) is examined with the Doppler examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> PSW may theoretically be associated with poor LV compliance and increased LV stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Given the hypothetical link between PSW and subclinical LVD in type 2 DM, we theorized that PSW may be associated with subclinical LVD in patients with type 2 DM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Patients with Type 2 DM who were referred to the Cardiology and Endocrinology clinic of the Trabzon Kanuni Education and Research Hospital were enrolled by the study. A total of 129 patients were included in this study consecutively. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of PSW on Doppler echocardiography. There were 90 patients (38 male, mean age 57.77 &#177; 10.91 years) in the PSW- positive group and 39 patients (13 male; mean age: 55.31 &#177; 11.29 years) in the PSW-negative group. Demographic characteristics, biochemical parameters, and echocardiographic characteristics of the patients were compared between the groups. The following subjects were excluded: those with a history of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, angina pectoris, recent myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass surgery, peripheral arterial disease, cardiac failure, moderate to severe valvular heart disease, valvular operation, history of stroke and transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure, chronic liver diseases, hematological disorders, malignancy, thromboembolic disorders, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, and acute bacterial endocarditis. The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and all patients provided informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular risk factor assessment</title>
        <p>History of arterial HT, DM, hyperlipidemia (HL), and smoking, as well as a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), were recorded for all patients. Type 2 DM was diagnosed on the basis of a history of treated DM and/or had a fasting blood glucose level equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl. HL was considered to exist when fasting total cholesterol level was &#8805; 200 mg/dl, fasting low-density lipoprotein level &#8805; 160 mg/dl, fasting triglyceride (TG) level &#8805; 200 mg/dl, or using medication for HL. HT was said to be present in the case of a history of treated or untreated HT or when a mean systolic blood pressure of &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or a mean diastolic blood pressure of &#8805; 90 mmHg were obtained by averaging two blood pressure readings taken from each arm. The family history of CAD included a history of CAD or sudden cardiac death in first-degree male relative younger than 55 years or a first-degree female relative younger than 65 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>All subjects underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination using the Philips Epic 7 system (Philips Epic 7 Ultrasound AS) unit with a 2.5 MHz FPA probe. The conventional M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler parameters were done in compliance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> All echocardiographic examinations were performed by an experienced echocardiographer who was unaware of the patients&#8217; clinical and demographic data. Quantification of LV end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and posterior and septal wall thicknesses were carried out. The Devereux equation was used to derive LV mass (LVM): LVM = 0.8 &#215; [1.04 (LVEDD + IVST + PWT)<sup>3</sup>-(LVEDD<sup>3</sup>)] + 0.6, where LVEDD denotes LV end-diastolic diameter, IVST denotes intraventricular septal wall thickness, and PWT denotes posterior wall thickness. The LVM index was calculated by the formula: LVM/body surface area. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the &#8216;BSA (m<sup>2</sup>) = 0.007184 x Height (cm)<sup>0.725</sup> x Weight (kg)<sup>0.425</sup> &#8216; formula. LV hypertrophy was considered positive if LVM index was above 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and above 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> LVOT&#8217;s portion just proximal to the aortic valve was interrogated with pulsed wave Doppler in the apical five-chamber window in order to check the presence of a PSW just before the LVOT flow. PSW peak velocity was quantified whenever a quantifiable PSW signal was present <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Tissue Doppler evaluation of the left ventricle was performed from the apical four-chamber view with a frame rate of greater than 80/s. All quantifications were performed on frozen images obtained from three to five cardiac cycles. Mitral annular velocities were quantified with the sample volume being placed at the junction of the mitral valve annulus and the septal myocardial wall. Time elapsed between the end of A&#8217; wave and the beginning of the E&#8217; wave and between the beginning of and the end of the S wave was defined as (a) and ejection time (ET), respectively, in tissue Doppler recordings done from the apical four-chamber. MPI was calculated using the &#8216;MPI = (IVCT + IVRT)/ET = [(a) &#8722; (ET)]/(ET)&#8217; formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). There existed intraobserver and interobserver variability of 3% to 5% for conventional Doppler and TDI-derived variables (PSW velocity, Em, Am, and MPI). 0.5 and over MPI level was defined as subclinical LVD.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Arrow shows the PSW. PSW, presystolic wave.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial performance index calculation. ET: ejection time; IVCT: isovolumetric contraction time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; A - time spent between closure and reopening of tricuspid valve. MPI = (IVCT+IVRT)/ET = ((A)-(ET))/(ET). MPI: myocardial performance index.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>The minimum number of subjects required in each group was determined to be 32 in order to find a significant difference between the two groups. Type I Error = 0.05, Test Power 0.80. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 19 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) software package. The continuous variables were reported as mean&#177;SD or median (interquartile range) while the categorical variables were reported as frequency and percentage. Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to test the distribution of the quantitative variables. Independent samples t-test was used to make inter-group comparisons for normally distributed quantitative data and Mann Whitney-U test for non-normally distributed data between. Qualitative variables were compared were with the Chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed to assess the relations between the abnormal MPI and clinical and echocardiographic variables. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to investigate the association between PSW peak velocity and mitral A and septal A' velocities. Spearman correlation analysis was carried out to investigate the association between PSW peak velocity and Em to Am ratio and septal E&#8217; to A&#8217; ratio. The confidence interval was set at 95 % and statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Age, sex, HT, current smoking, dyslipidemia, and family history for CAD were similar in the PSW-positive and negative groups. There was no difference between the groups in terms of left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), body mass index (BMI), BSA and duration of DM. There were no patients with LVH in both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and biochemical characteristics of PSW positive and negative patients with type 2 DM</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">PSW - negative (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">PSW- positive (n = 90)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">55.31 &#177; 11.29</td>
              <td align="center">57.77 &#177; 10.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex, male, n</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">0.343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">0.257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smokers, n</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0,541</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family CAD, n</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">0.632</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">30.42 &#177; 4.97</td>
              <td align="center">31.29 &#177; 5.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.423</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.86 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">1.87 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.847</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM year</td>
              <td align="center">7 ( 1-10)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4-12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVM, gr</td>
              <td align="center">124.17 &#177; 19.95</td>
              <td align="center">123.51 &#177; 32.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.908</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI, gr/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">67.37 &#177; 10.15</td>
              <td align="center">66.04 &#177; 16.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.647</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Biochemical parameters</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mgr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">173.43 &#177; 60.14</td>
              <td align="center">179.38 &#177; 64.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.760</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR,%</td>
              <td align="center">103.14 &#177; 17.71</td>
              <td align="center">91.10 &#177; 21.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride,mgr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">145.91 &#177; 90.44</td>
              <td align="center">127.67 &#177; 68.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c, mgr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">120.72 &#177; 44.32</td>
              <td align="center">126.85 &#177; 30.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.607</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c, mgr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">49.70 &#177; 11.86</td>
              <td align="center">47.73 &#177; 10.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.627</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HbA1c, %</td>
              <td align="center">8.15 &#177; 1.74</td>
              <td align="center">8.26 &#177; 1.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.844</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HbA1c mmol</td>
              <td align="center">65.57 &#177; 19.03</td>
              <td align="center">66.87&#177; 19.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">7.77 &#177; 2.12</td>
              <td align="center">7.47 &#177; 1.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.614</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PLT, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">240.85 &#177; 63.80</td>
              <td align="center">244.41 &#177; 77.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.881</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hb, gr/dL</td>
              <td align="center">13.44 &#177; 1.49</td>
              <td align="center">13.57 &#177; 1.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.789</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RDW, fL</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 (12.9-14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 (13.05-14.20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.863</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPV, fL</td>
              <td align="center">9.31 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">8.80 &#177; 0.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; LVM: left ventricle mass; LVMI: left ventricle mass index; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC: white blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; RDW: red distribution weight; MPV: mean platelet volume; PLT: platelet.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Biochemical parameters of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Serum fasting glucose, serum creatinine, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, and hemoglobin A1C were not different between both groups. There was no difference between the glomerular filtration rate of both groups. There was no difference between white blood cells, hemoglobin, platelet, mean platelet volume and red distribution width between the two groups.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic characteristics of the PSW-positive and negative groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, interventricular septal diameter, S velocity, mitral E deceleration time were similar in the PSW-positive and negative groups. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and posterior wall diameter was similiar in both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardioographic variables of PSW positive and negative patients with type 2 DM</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">PSW negative (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">PSW positive (n = 90)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (65-65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.858</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDd, cm</td>
              <td align="center">4.33 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">4.26 &#177; 0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESd, cm</td>
              <td align="center">2.61 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">2.57 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.584</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD, cm</td>
              <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">3.27 &#177; 0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.531</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVSd, cm</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWd, cm</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.177</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S velocity, cm/sn</td>
              <td align="center">6.29 &#177; 1.23</td>
              <td align="center">6.39 &#177; 1.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.731</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E' velocity, cm/sn</td>
              <td align="center">9.18 &#177; 2.40</td>
              <td align="center">7.47 &#177; 2.35</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A' velocity, cm/sn</td>
              <td align="center">8.50 &#177; 1.87</td>
              <td align="center">10.18 &#177; 2.21</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Em velocity, cm/sn</td>
              <td align="center">94.95 &#177; 17.23</td>
              <td align="center">80.20 &#177; 18.81</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Am velocity, cm/sn</td>
              <td align="center">82.23 &#177; 14,00</td>
              <td align="center">91.69 &#177; 20.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MEdt, msn</td>
              <td align="center">169.35 &#177; 37.39</td>
              <td align="center">160,32 &#177; 34.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.209</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPI</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Subclinic LV dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Em to Am ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (1.07-1.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 (0.72 -1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E' to A' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 (0.81-1.39)</td>
              <td align="center"> 0.70 (0.56-0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; IVSd: interventricular septal diameter; PWd: posterior wall diameter; LVEDd: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVESd: left ventricle end-systolic diameter; LAD: left atral diameter; MPI: myocardial performance index; MEdt: mitral E wave deceleration time; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Doppler echocardiographic variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Em, and septal E' wave velocities were greater in the PSW-negative group but Am and septal A' wave velocities were greater in the PSW-positive group. Em to Am ratio and septal E&#8217; to A&#8217; ratio were greater in the PSW-negative group. MPI was greater in the PSW-positive group (0.52 &#177; 0.13 vs 0.63 &#177; 0.17, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Univariate analysis showed that the presence of PSW associated with abnormal MPI (p = 0.031) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In addition, subclinical left ventricle dysfunction was more prevalent in the PSW-positive group (p = 0.029).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>MPI level of PSW-positive and PSW-negative subjects. MPI: myocardial performance index; PSW: presystolic wave.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate analysis for abnormal MPI.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratios (% 95 CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of DM</td>
              <td align="center">1.026 (0.967 - 1.089)</td>
              <td align="center">0.402</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.014 (0.978 - 1.050)</td>
              <td align="center">0.445</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.818 (0.369 - 1.813)</td>
              <td align="center">0.621</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">2.057 (0.931 - 1.074)</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence of PSW</td>
              <td align="center">2.435(1.084 - 5.466)</td>
              <td align="center">0.031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">0.525 (0.195 - 1.417)</td>
              <td align="center">0.203</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">1.153 (0.331 - 4.009)</td>
              <td align="center">0.823</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">4.135 (0.908 - 18.836)</td>
              <td align="center">0.067</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">1.012 (0.942 - 1.088)</td>
              <td align="center">0.741</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">1.006 (0.995 - 1.017)</td>
              <td align="center">0.270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">0.987 (0.965 - 1.009)</td>
              <td align="center">0.241</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trygliceride</td>
              <td align="center">0.999 (0.990 - 1.008)</td>
              <td align="center">0.812</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>MPI: myocardial performance index; DM: diabetes mellitus; PSW: presystolic wave; CAD: coronary artery disease; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The Pearson correlation analysis showed that PSW velocity was significantly correlated with mitral A wave (r: 0.402, p &lt; 0.001) and septal A&#8217; (r: 0.493, p &lt; 0.001) velocities. PSW velocity was correlated with MPI (r: 0.286, p = 0.006) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that PSW velocity was significantly negatively correlated with Em to Am ratio (r: -0,527, p &lt; 0.001) and septal E&#8217; to A&#8217; ratio (r: -0.572, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation analysis between PSW velocity and MPI. PSW: presystolic wave; MPI: myocardial performance index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We demonstrated an overall prevalence of PSW of 69% among type 2 DM with preserved LV ejection fraction. As compared to those without, patients with PSW had a significantly higher prevalence of subclinical LVD. Furthermore, PSW had a correlation with subclinical LVD among these patients.</p>
      <p>A PSW is formed late in diastole commonly encountered on Doppler examination of the LVOT, which has been linked to LVDD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Mittal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> showed a direct correlation between PSW velocity and transmitral A wave velocity; significant inverse correlation with the Em to Am ratio; and no correlation with age and LVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Joshi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> reported a significant correlation between PSW velocity with mitral A- wave velocity and septal A&#8217; velocity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Among hypertensive patients, Akyuz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> showed that PSW velocity was directly correlated with lateral A&#8217; wave velocity and inversely with the Em to Am ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> We detected a significant direct correlation between PSW velocity and mitral A-wave velocity, septal A&#8217; wave velocity but there was a significant inverse relation with the mitral E to A ratio and septal E&#8217; to A&#8217; ratio. Akyuz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> demonstrated a significant correlation between PSW velocity and age, LVM among hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Similar to Akyuz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> we showed a correlation between PSW velocity and age. Unlike they, however, we failed to show any correlation between PSW velocity and LVM.</p>
      <p>As of 2015, DM affects a total of 30.3 million Americans or 9.4% of the US population. Of these individuals, 7.2 million had clinically silent DM. Moreover, 1.5 million Americans yearly are added to the diabetic population in the US.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Diabetes is characterized by an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, mainly in the form of CAD, as the main source of morbidity and mortality among affected persons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Simone et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> recently reported that the risk of heart failure is heightened among type 2 diabetics and that this effect still occurs even persons do not sustain myocardial infarction or suffer HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Hence, the term diabetic cardiomyopathy has been recommended by medical communities, referring to the dysfunctional ventricle in the absence of CAD and HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Hyperglycemia is the source of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE). The latter are proteins with longer half-lives that have altered functional properties after being exposed to sugars and becoming glycated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></p>
      <p>When in excess, AGE formation may alter myocardial proteins structure and lead to stiff myocardium. The latter is a direct consequence of AGEs forming crosslinks between collagen molecules, which limits their degradation and leads to their accumulation in myocardial tissue, with resulting myocardial stiffness and reduced myocardial relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Diabetics suffer altered myocardial function largely due to hypertrophied ventricles, metabolic abnormalities, extracellular matrix remodelling, fibrosis, vascular changes, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Hyperglycemia may also promote myocyte apoptosis necrosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> resulting in net myocardial cell loss,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> reduced ventricular contractility, and systolic dysfunction. In combination, these phenomena cause reduced LV systolic and diastolic function among diabetics.</p>
      <p>We used MPI to detect subclinical LVD. MPI is a noninvasive tool reflecting both systolic and diastolic ventricular functions, which is easy-to-perform.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Its use may predict future LV impairment and development of clinical heart failure long before they become clinically apparent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It has been conclusively reported that MPI independent of blood pressure, heart rate, valvular regurgitation, ventricular geometry, preload, and afterload in patients who are lying flat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
      <p>It is important for the clinician to determine subclinical LVD before apparent LVD occurs. For this purpose, we used MPI to identify subclinical LVD in type 2 DM. We demonstrated that MPI was significantly greater in PSW positive type 2 DM patients. This means that subclinical LVD is higher in the PSW positive group in type 2 DM. In addition, we found a correlation with PSW velocity and MPI in type 2 DM in this study. According to our study results, the presence of PSW on Doppler echocardiography and increased PSW velocity may be related to subclinical LVD in type 2 DM patients.</p>
      <p>We did not aim to investigate the causal relationship between PSW and subclinical LVD in our study, but this relationship can be explained by several theories. The increased formation of AGEs secondary to hyperglycemia may alter structural proteins and lead to increased myocardial stiffness and impaired LV relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A possible mechanism of PSW is impaired LV compliance and increased LV stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Impaired left ventricle compliance and increased stiffness may cause the occurrence of PSW in diabetic patients. In addition, PSW is associated with LVDD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Development of LVDD may be one of the reasons for the occurrence of PSW in diabetic patients. As a result, PSW can be expected to occur in diabetic patients with subclinical LVD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Presystolic wave on echocardiography was associated with subclinical LVD in patients with DM type 2. PSW is a simple and easily detectable echocardiographic parameter seen in late diastole and may associated with subclinical left ventricle dysfunction in type 2 DM.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>Myocardial structural changes were not tested using imaging modalities. Type 2 diabetic patients alone were included in our study, limiting the use of our findings for the general population. Our findings may have been altered by antidiabetic drugs used by our patients. As our study is a cross-sectional study, its findings do fall short in making a causal relationship between MPI and PSW.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Trabzon Kanuni Education and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2017-64. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Selim Kul</bold> Trabzon Ahi Evren Gogus Kalp Ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology - So&#287;uksu Mahallesi Vatan Caddesi No: 9 Ortahisar 61040, Trabzon, 61700 - Turquia E-mail: <email>selimkul@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kul S, Dursun I, Ayhan S, Sayin MR, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Aky&#252;z AR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kul S, Ayhan S, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Aky&#252;z AR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kul S, Aky&#252;z AR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kul S, Dursun I, Sayin MR, Ate&#351; AH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kul S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kul S, Dursun I, Ayhan S, Sayin MR, &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#214;, B&#252;lb&#252;l NE, Ate&#351; AH, Aky&#252;z AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) avalia as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A onda pressist&#243;lica (OPS) &#233; geralmente detectada no exame Doppler da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e seus poss&#237;veis mecanismos s&#227;o complac&#234;ncia prejudicada e rigidez do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre OPS e IPM em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>129 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os sujeitos foram alocados em dois grupos, com base na presen&#231;a de OPS no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com Doppler. Foram inclu&#237;dos 90 pacientes (38 homens, idade m&#233;dia 57,77 &#177; 10,91 anos) no grupo OPS-positiva e 39 pacientes (13 homens; idade m&#233;dia 55,31 &#177; 11,29 anos) no grupo OPS-negativa. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O IPM foi mais alto no grupo OPS-positiva (0,63 &#177; 0,17 vs 0,52 &#177; 0,13, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica (DVE) foi maior no grupo OPS-positiva (p = 0,029). An&#225;lise univariada mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o de OPS com IPM anormal (p = 0,031), assim como o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade de OPS e IPM (r: 0,286, p = 0,006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Presen&#231;a de OPS na ecocardiografia com Doppler foi associada &#224; DVE subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Esse exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o pode ser relacionado &#224; DVE subcl&#237;nica entre pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica comum, embora frequentemente n&#227;o detectada, que acomete pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esses pacientes t&#234;m um aumento excessivo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), que come&#231;a como uma consequ&#234;ncia funcional normal, mas progride para uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica (DVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A taxa de pacientes com DM2 que sofrem de DVE subcl&#237;nica na verdade variam entre 25% e 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os est&#225;gios iniciais da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica s&#227;o caracterizados pela disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica (DSVE) e pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica (DDVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> &#201; importante ressaltar que os estudos mais recentes t&#234;m indicado uma tend&#234;ncia de progresso da DVE subcl&#237;nica, apesar de um controle glic&#234;mico preciso, dentro de cinco anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse fen&#244;meno pode indicar um risco elevado de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mesmo quando o DM2 est&#225; bem controlado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
        <p>Definido por Tei et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> o &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) &#233; um marcador substituto das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ventricular. Seu uso tem sido investigado em uma variedade de condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo que IPM aumentando &#233; um sinal progn&#243;stico de risco e preditor independente de morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> &#201; comum detectar ondas pressist&#243;licas (OPS) quando a via de sa&#237;da de VE &#233; examinada por Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As OPS podem, teoricamente, estar associadas com baixa complac&#234;ncia e aumento da rigidez do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Dada a liga&#231;&#227;o hipot&#233;tica entre OPS e DVE subcl&#237;nica em casos de DM2, nossa teoria &#233; que as OPS podem estar associadas com DVE subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com DM2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com DM2 encaminhados para o ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia e endocrinologia do Hospital de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa Trabzon Kanuni. Ao todo, 129 sujeitos foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente na amostra. de OPS no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com Doppler. Foram inclu&#237;dos 90 pacientes (38 homens, idade m&#233;dia 57,77 &#177; 10,91 anos) no grupo OPS-positiva e 39 pacientes (13 homens; idade m&#233;dia 55,31 &#177; 11,29 anos) no grupo OPS-negativa. Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram as vari&#225;veis de compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva, <italic>angina pectoris</italic>, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, valvopatia moderada a grave, opera&#231;&#227;o valvar, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral e isquemia transit&#243;ria, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ataque, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas do f&#237;gado, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos, malignidade, dist&#250;rbios tromboemb&#243;licos, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e endocardite bacteriana aguda. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, DM, hiperlipidemia (HL) e tabagismo, bem como hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), foi registrado para todos os pacientes. O DM2 foi diagnosticado com base na hist&#243;ria de DM tratada e/ou ap&#243;s medi&#231;&#227;o de glicose no sangue em jejum igual ou superior a 126 mg/dl. Considerou-se HL o n&#237;vel de colesterol total em jejum &#8805; 200 mg/dl, n&#237;vel de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade em jejum &#8805; 160 mg/dl, n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos em jejum (TG) &#8805; 200 mg/dl ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para HL. Hipertens&#227;o foi considerada presente no caso de hist&#243;rico da doen&#231;a tratada ou n&#227;o tratada, ou quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia de &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia de &#8805; 90 mmHg foram obtidas pela m&#233;dia de duas medi&#231;&#245;es em cada bra&#231;o. Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC incluiu relato de DAC ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca de um parente masculino de primeiro grau com menos de 55 anos, ou parente de primeiro grau com menos de 65 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico usando a unidade Philips Epic 7 (Philips Epic 7 Ultrasound AS) com uma sonda FPA de 2,5 MHz. Os par&#226;metros convencionais do modo M, modo B e Doppler foram realizados em conformidade com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os exames foram realizados por ecocardiografistas experientes que n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes. Foi feita a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE e da espessura das paredes posterior e septal.</p>
          <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux foi utilizada para derivar massa do VE (MVE): MVE = 0,8 &#215; [1,04 (DDVE + EIPS + EPP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>- (DDVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)] + 0,6, onde DDVE &#233; o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, EIPS &#233; a espessura intraventricular da parede septal e EPP a espessura da parede posterior. O &#237;ndice MVE foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: MVE/&#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula ASC (m<sup>2</sup>) = 0,007184 x Altura (cm)<sup>0,725</sup> x Peso (kg)<sup>0,425</sup>. Hipertrofia do VE foi considerada positiva se o &#237;ndice de MVE fosse superior a 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e a 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A por&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) imediatamente proximal &#224; valva a&#243;rtica foi investigada com Doppler de onda puls&#225;til em janela apical de cinco c&#226;maras para varificar a presen&#231;a de OPS antes do fluxo da VSVE. O pico de velocidade da OPS era quantificado sempre que um sinal de OPS quantific&#225;vel estava presente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). A avalia&#231;&#227;o tecidual do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por Doppler foi realizada a partir da visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras com taxa de quadros superior a 80/s. Todas as quantifica&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em imagens congeladas obtidas em tr&#234;s a cinco ciclos card&#237;acos. As velocidades anulares mitrais foram quantificadas com o volume da amostra adicionado &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar mitral e &#224; parede mioc&#225;rdica septal. O tempo decorrido entre o final da onda A and e o in&#237;cio da onda E, e entre o in&#237;cio e o final da onda S foi definido como (a) e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE), respectivamente, nas grava&#231;&#245;es de Doppler tecidual em corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. O IPM foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula IPM = (TCIV + TRIV)/TE = [(a) - (TE)]/(TE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Houve varia&#231;&#227;o de 3% a 5% intraobservador e interobservador no Doppler e em vari&#225;veis derivadas de IDT (OPS, Em, Am e IPM). Valores a partir de 0,5 para o IPM foram a defini&#231;&#227;o de DVE subcl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A seta indica a OPS. OPS: onda pressist&#243;lica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>C&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica. TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o; TCIV: tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; A: tempo entre o fechamento e a reabertura da valva tric&#250;spide. IPM = (TCIV+TRIV)/TE = ((A)-(TE))/(TE). IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo determinado de sujeitos necess&#225;rios em cada grupo foi 32, para que houvesse uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. Erro tipo I = 0,05, Poder do teste = 0,80. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas no software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para Windows 19 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expostas em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Com o teste t de amostras independentes, foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos para dados quantitativos normalmente distribu&#237;dos e, com o teste de Mann Whitney-U, para dados distribu&#237;dos n&#227;o normalmente. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. Realizou-se an&#225;lise univariada para avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre IPM anormal e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usada para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade do pico da OPS e velocidades A' mitral e A' septal. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi aplicada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade do pico da OPS e a raz&#227;o Em para Am e E' para A&#8217; septal. Utilizou-se intervalo de confian&#231;a 95% (IC95%), e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi pautada por p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo no presente, dislipidemia e hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC foram semelhantes nos grupos OPS-positiva e OPS-negativa. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE), &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), ASC e tempo de DM. N&#227;o havia pacientes com LVH em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos dos participantes do estudo est&#227;o listados tamb&#233;m na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre grupos para glicemia de jejum, creatinina s&#233;rica, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, triglic&#233;rides em jejum e hemoglobina A1C. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular tamb&#233;m foi a mesma para ambos os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a, ainda, no que diz respeito a gl&#243;bulos brancos, hemoglobina, plaquetas, volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas e largura da distribui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas vermelhas entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e bioqu&#237;micas dos pacientes com OPS positiva e negativa e DM tipo 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">OPS negativa (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">OPS positiva (n = 90)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55,31 &#177; 11,29</td>
                <td align="center">57,77 &#177; 10,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo, masculino, n</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">0,257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumantes no presente, n</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC na fam&#237;lia, n</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,42 &#177; 4,97</td>
                <td align="center">31,29 &#177; 5,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,847</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM em anos</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1-10)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4-12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVE, gr</td>
                <td align="center">124,17 &#177; 19,95</td>
                <td align="center">123,51 &#177; 32,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,908</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE, gr/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">67,37 &#177; 10,15</td>
                <td align="center">66,04 &#177; 16,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, mgr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">173,43 &#177; 60,14</td>
                <td align="center">179,38 &#177; 64,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFG,%</td>
                <td align="center">103,14 &#177; 17,71</td>
                <td align="center">91,10 &#177; 21,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides, mgr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">145,91 &#177; 90,44</td>
                <td align="center">127,67 &#177; 68,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c, mgr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">120,72 &#177; 44,32</td>
                <td align="center">126,85 &#177; 30,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,607</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c, mgr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">49,70 &#177; 11,86</td>
                <td align="center">47,73 &#177; 10,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c, %</td>
                <td align="center">8,15 &#177; 1,74</td>
                <td align="center">8,26 &#177; 1,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c mmol</td>
                <td align="center">65,57 &#177; 19,03</td>
                <td align="center">66,87&#177; 19,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gl&#243;bulos brancos x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">7,77 &#177; 2,12</td>
                <td align="center">7,47 &#177; 1,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas x 10<sup>9</sup>/l</td>
                <td align="center">240,85 &#177; 63,80</td>
                <td align="center">244,41 &#177; 77,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina gr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">13,44 &#177; 1,49</td>
                <td align="center">13,57 &#177; 1,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RDW</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 (12,9-14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (13,05-14,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,863</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VPM</td>
                <td align="center">9,31 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,80 &#177; 0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>OPS: onda pressist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; MVE: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; Leuc&#243;citos: gl&#243;bulos brancos; Hb: hemoglobina; RDW: Largura da distribui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas vermelhas; VPM: volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos OPS-positiva e OPS-negativa s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro do septo interventricular, velocidade S e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o mitral foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (dDVE) e o di&#226;metro da parede posterior tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com OPS positiva e negativa e DM tipo 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">OPS negativa (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">OPS positiva (n = 90)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (65-65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,858</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">4,33 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">4,26 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">2,61 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">2,57 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">3,27 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSIV, cm</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPP, cm</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da S, cm/sn</td>
                <td align="center">6,29 &#177; 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">6,39 &#177; 1,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,731</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da E', cm/sn</td>
                <td align="center">9,18 &#177; 2,40</td>
                <td align="center">7,47 &#177; 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da A', cm/sn</td>
                <td align="center">8,50 &#177; 1,87</td>
                <td align="center">10,18 &#177; 2,21</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da Em, cm/sn</td>
                <td align="center">94,95 &#177; 17,23</td>
                <td align="center">80,20 &#177; 18,81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da Am, cm/sn</td>
                <td align="center">82,23 &#177; 14,00</td>
                <td align="center">91,69 &#177; 20,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDOE, msn</td>
                <td align="center">169,35 &#177; 37,39</td>
                <td align="center">160,32 &#177; 34,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IPM</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVE subcl&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ratio Em-Am</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (1,07-1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,72 -1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ratio E'-A'</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 (0,81-1,39)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0,70 (0,56-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSIV: di&#226;metro do septo interventricular; DPP: di&#226;metro da parede posterior; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; TDOE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E mitral; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas Doppler s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. As velocidades de onda Em e E&#8217; septal foram maiores no grupo OPS-negativa, mas as velocidades de onda A e A&#8217; septal foram maiores no grupo OPS-positiva. As raz&#245;es Em para Am e E' para A' septal foram maiores no grupo OPS-negativa. O IPM mostrou-se mais alto no grupo OPS-positiva (0,52 &#177; 0,13 vs 0,63 &#177; 0,17, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). An&#225;lise univariada mostrou que presen&#231;a de OPS estava associada ao IPM anormal (p = 0,031) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de DVE subcl&#237;nica foi maior no grupo OPS-positiva (p = 0,029).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;vel de IPM dos indiv&#237;duos dos grupos OPS-positiva e OPS-negativa. IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; OPS: onda pressist&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada para IPM anormal.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do DM</td>
                <td align="center">1,026 (0,967 - 1,089)</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,014 (0,978 - 1,050)</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">0,818 (0,369 - 1,813)</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,057 (0,931 - 1,074)</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de OPS</td>
                <td align="center">2,435(1,084 - 5,466)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,525 (0,195 - 1,417)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">1,153 (0,331 - 4,009)</td>
                <td align="center">0,823</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">4,135 (0,908 - 18,836)</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">1,012 (0,942 - 1,088)</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">1,006 (0,995 - 1,017)</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">0,987 (0,965 - 1,009)</td>
                <td align="center">0,241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,990 - 1,008)</td>
                <td align="center">0,812</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; DM: diabetes mellitus; OPS: onda pressist&#243;lica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson mostrou a velocidade da OPS significativamente correlacionada com as velocidades da onda A mitral (r: 0,402, p &lt; 0,001) e A' septal (r: 0,493, p &lt; 0,001). A velocidade da OPS foi correlacionada com o IPM (r: 0,286, p = 0,006) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o negative e estatisticamente significativa da velocidade da OPS com as raz&#245;es Em para Am (r: -0,527, p &lt; 0,001) e E' para A&#8217; septal (r: -0,572, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade da OPS e IPM. OPS: onda pressist&#243;lica; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0207-90134-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Demonstramos uma preval&#234;ncia geral de OPS de 69% entre pacientes com DM2 com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada. Os pacientes que apresentaram OPS tiveram preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de DVE subcl&#237;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o apresentaram. Al&#233;m disso, as OPS tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o DVE subventricular dentre esses pacientes.</p>
        <p>A OPS &#233; formada tardiamente na di&#225;stole e comumente identificada no exame Doppler da VSVE, ligada ao DDVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Mittal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reportaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a velocidade da OPS e a velocidade da onda transmitral A; correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa com a raz&#227;o Em para Am; e sem correla&#231;&#227;o com idade e MVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Joshi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relataram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a velocidade da OPS e a velocidade da onda A mitral e velocidade da A&#8217; septal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Entre os pacientes hipertensos, Akyuz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mostraram que a velocidade da OPS estava diretamente correlacionada com a velocidade da onda A lateral e inversamente com a raz&#227;o Em para Am.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Detectamos correla&#231;&#227;o direta significativa entre a velocidade da OPS e a velocidade da onda A mitral, velocidade da onda A&#8217; septal, mas houve rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa com a raz&#227;o E para A mitral e a raz&#227;o E' para A' septal. Akyuz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> descreveram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre velocidade da OPS e idade, MVE entre hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Assim como Akyuz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mostramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade da OPS e a idade. Por&#233;m, diferente deles, n&#227;o conseguimos demostrar qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade da OPS e MVE.</p>
        <p>Desde 2015, o DM afeta um total de 30,3 milh&#245;es de americanos ou 9,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o dos Estados Unidos. Desses indiv&#237;duos, 7,2 milh&#245;es tinham DM silencioso clinicamente. Al&#233;m disso, 1,5 milh&#227;o de americanos s&#227;o anualmente adicionados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O diabetes &#233; caracterizado por risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, principalmente na forma de DAC, como principal fonte de morbidade e mortalidade entre as pessoas afetadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Simone et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> relataram, recentemente, que o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; maior entre os paciente com DM2 e que esse efeito existe mesmo quando as pessoas n&#227;o sofrem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Por isso, o termo cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica tem sido recomendado pelas comunidades m&#233;dicas para fazer refer&#234;ncia ao ventr&#237;culo disfuncional na aus&#234;ncia de DAC e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A hiperglicemia &#233; a fonte de forma&#231;&#227;o dos produtos da glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada (AGE) - prote&#237;nas com meia-vida mais longa cujas propriedades funcionais foram alteradas depois de serem expostas a a&#231;&#250;cares, tornando-se glicadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></p>
        <p>Em excesso, a forma&#231;&#227;o de AGEs pode alterar a estrutura das prote&#237;nas mioc&#225;rdicas e levar ao aumento do mioc&#225;rdio. Esta &#250;ltima &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia direta dos AGEs que formam liga&#231;&#245;es cruzadas entre as mol&#233;culas de col&#225;geno, o que limita sua degrada&#231;&#227;o e leva ao ac&#250;mulo no tecido mioc&#225;rdico, resultando em rigidez e redu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Os diab&#233;ticos t&#234;m sua fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica alterada, em grande parte devido a ventr&#237;culos hipertrofiados, anormalidades metab&#243;licas, remodelamento da matriz extracelular, fibrose, altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, estresse oxidativo e apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A hiperglicemia tamb&#233;m pode causar necrose da apoptose de mi&#243;citos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> resultando em perda de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Em combina&#231;&#227;o, esses fen&#244;menos reduzem a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE em diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Usamos o IPM para detectar DVE subcl&#237;nica. Trata-se de uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva e de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o que identifica as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Pode prever o futuro comprometimento do VE e o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica muito antes de se tornarem clinicamente aparentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Foi relatado, de forma conclusiva, que o IPM independente da press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, geometria ventricular, pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga em pacientes em posi&#231;&#227;o deitada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
        <p>&#201; importante que o m&#233;dico determine a DVE subcl&#237;nica antes que o DDVE aparente esteja presente. Para isso, utilizamos o IPM para identificar a DVE subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com DM2. Demonstramos que o IPM foi significativamente mais alto em pacientes com DM2 positivos para OPS. Isso significa que a DVE subcl&#237;nica &#233; mais comum no grupo OPS-positiva no DM2. Al&#233;m disso, encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o com a velocidade da OPS e IPM dentre pacientes com DM2 neste estudo. De acordo com nossos resultados, a presen&#231;a de OPS na ecocardiografia com Doppler e o aumento de sua velocidade podem estar relacionados &#224; DVE subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com DM2.</p>
        <p>Nossa preten&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre OPS e DVE subcl&#237;nica, mas ela pode ser explicada por v&#225;rias teorias. O aumento da forma&#231;&#227;o de AGEs ap&#243;s hiperglicemia pode alterar as prote&#237;nas estruturais e levar ao aumento da rigidez mioc&#225;rdica e ao relaxamento do VE comprometido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Um poss&#237;vel mecanismo da OPS &#233; a complac&#234;ncia e o aumento da rigidez do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Essa complac&#234;ncia e rigidez aumentadas podem levar &#225; forma&#231;&#227;o de OPS em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, a OPS est&#225; associada ao DDVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O desenvolvimento de DDVE pode ser uma das causas de OPS em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Logo, espera-se que OPS estejam presentes em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com DVE subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ondas pressist&#243;licas na ecocardiografia foram associadas &#224; DVE subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com DM2. Trata-se de um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico simples e facilmente detect&#225;vel, podendo ser visto no final da di&#225;stole e estar associado &#224; DVE subcl&#237;nica no DM2.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais mioc&#225;rdicas n&#227;o foram investigadas com exames de imagem. Apenas pacientes com DM2 foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra, o que limitou o uso de nossos achados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados podem ter altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por medica&#231;&#245;es usadas por nossos pacientes pra tratar o diabetes. Como esse estudo &#233; transversal, as descobertas n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre IMP e OPS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Trabzon Kanuni Education and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2017-64. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
