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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kQKcMw59QTjNb7wXQZ4HVcC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarkers in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed-Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti,</bold> Boulevard 28 de setembro, 77. Postal Code 20551-030, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pedrospineti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>205</fpage>
      <lpage>206</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The World Health Organization defines biomarker as any substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influences or predicts the incidence or outcome of a disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>Biomarkers can serve multiple purposes: diagnostic, disease staging, prognostic and prediction and monitoring of responses to an intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A useful biomarker should allow repeated and accurate measurements with a rapid turnaround time at a reasonable cost, should provide information that is not already available from careful clinical assessment and its performance should be superior to other available tests, and should assist decision making and enhance clinical care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Several biomarkers have been studied in the context of acute and chronic heart failure (HF). In 2016 the American Heart Association issued a statement on the Role of Biomarkers for the Prevention, Assessment, and Management of Heart Failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> After an extensive review, they stated that a number of biomarkers associated with HF are well recognized, and measuring their concentrations in circulation can be a convenient and noninvasive approach to provide important information about disease severity and help in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of HF. These include natriuretic peptides, soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST-2), highly sensitive troponin, galectin-3, mid regional pro adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), cystatin-C, interleukin-6 and procalcitonin. There is a need to further evaluate existing and novel markers for guiding therapy.</p>
    <p>The 2018 Brazilian Guidelines on Chronic and Acute Heart Failure recommends the use of natriuretic peptides with diagnostic and prognostic purposes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> According to these guidelines other biomarkers such as troponins T and I, galectin-3 and ST-2 may add prognostic information in HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>More recently Swedish investigators reported that elevated plasma levels of NT-proBNP, MR-proADM, copeptin, and cystatin C were associated with higher mortality after discharge in a cohort of 286 patients hospitalized for newly diagnosed or exacerbated HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nonetheless, NT-proBNP was the only biomarker to predict the risk of re-hospitalization due to cardiac causes.</p>
    <p>Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a biomarker associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. In 2016 Kamstrup and Nordestgaard demonstrated a clear stepwise association of elevated Lp(a) levels with increased risk of HF in a study with more than 98,000 danish participants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In addition, they provided genetic evidence that this association was mediated at least partly via coronary heart disease (CAD) and aortic valve stenosis.</p>
    <p>This issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> presents the paper of Jianlong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> examining the prognostic value of Lp(a) in Chinese patients admitted for decompensated HF of ischemic origin. An Lp(a) greater than 20,6 mg/dL was associated with 3 fold increase in readmission for HF. Patients with higher Lp(a) levels also had higher NT-proBNP levels, higher NYHA class, lower left ventricle ejection fraction, more CAD. The results were adjusted for theses covariates with a slight decrease in the hazard ratio.</p>
    <p>Lp(a) may be a prominent new biomarker in patients with HF of ischemic origin. More studies in different populations are needed to validate these results.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the artticle: High Level of Lipoprotein(a) as Predictor for Recurrent Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: a Cohort Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarcadores na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti,</bold> Boulevard 28 de setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Vila Isabel, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pedrospineti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de define biomarcador como qualquer subst&#226;ncia, estrutura ou processo que pode ser medido no corpo ou em seus produtos e que influencia ou prediz a incid&#234;ncia ou desfecho de uma doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os biomarcadores podem servir a m&#250;ltiplos prop&#243;sitos: diagn&#243;stico, estadiamento da doen&#231;a, progn&#243;stico e previs&#227;o e monitoramento da resposta a uma interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um biomarcador &#250;til deve permitir medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas e precisas com um tempo de resposta r&#225;pido a um custo razo&#225;vel, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es que ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis a partir de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cuidadosa e seu desempenho deve ser superior a outros testes dispon&#237;veis e auxiliar na tomada de decis&#245;es e melhorar o cuidado cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios biomarcadores t&#234;m sido estudados no contexto da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda e cr&#244;nica. Em 2016, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> emitiu uma declara&#231;&#227;o sobre o Papel dos Biomarcadores para a Preven&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Manejo da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ap&#243;s uma extensa revis&#227;o, eles afirmaram que v&#225;rios biomarcadores associados &#224; IC s&#227;o bem reconhecidos, e a mensura&#231;&#227;o de suas concentra&#231;&#245;es na circula&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma abordagem conveniente e n&#227;o invasiva para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a gravidade da doen&#231;a e ajudar na detec&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e manejo da IC. Estes incluem pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, supressor sol&#250;vel da tumorigenicidade-2 (ST-2), troponina ultrassens&#237;vel, galectina-3, pro-adrenomedulina medio-regional (MR-proADM), cistatina-C, interleucina-6 e procalcitonina. &#201; necess&#225;rio avaliar melhor os marcadores existentes e tamb&#233;m os novos para orientar a terapia.</p>
      <p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda de 2018 recomenda o uso de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos com prop&#243;sitos diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> De acordo com essa diretriz, outros biomarcadores, como troponinas T e I, galectina-3 e ST-2, podem acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, pesquisadores suecos relataram que n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de NT-proBNP, MR-proADM, copeptina e cistatina-C estavam associados a maior mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em uma coorte de 286 pacientes hospitalizados por IC recentemente diagnosticada ou exacerbada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, o NT-proBNP foi o &#250;nico biomarcador a prever o risco de rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>A Lipoprote&#237;na(a) (Lp(a)) &#233; um biomarcador associado ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Em 2016, Kamstrup e Nordestgaard demonstraram uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o gradual de n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) com aumento do risco de IC em um estudo com mais de 98.000 participantes dinamarqueses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, eles forneceram evid&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas de que essa associa&#231;&#227;o era mediada, pelo menos parcialmente, via doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e estenose da valva a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>Esta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia apresenta o trabalho de Jianlong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliando o valor progn&#243;stico da Lp(a) em pacientes chineses hospitalizados por IC descompensada de origem isqu&#234;mica. Um n&#237;vel de Lp(a) &gt; 20,6 mg/dL foi associado com um aumento de 3 vezes na rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. Pacientes com n&#237;veis mais elevados de Lp(a) tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de NT-proBNP, maior classe da NYHA, menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e mais DAC. Os resultados foram ajustados para essas covari&#225;veis com uma pequena diminui&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>).</p>
      <p>A Lp(a) pode ser um novo biomarcador relevante em pacientes com IC de origem isqu&#234;mica. Mais estudos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses resultados.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: N&#237;vel Alto de Lipoprote&#237;na (a) como Preditor de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Recorrente em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica: um Estudo de Coorte</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
