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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s7gRbQwSyD5wmBjSyY6Cj5g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800197</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Level of Lipoprotein(a) as Predictor for Recurrent Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: a Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9565-1855</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yan</surname>
            <given-names>Jianlong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pan</surname>
            <given-names>Yanbin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5196-1950</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xiao</surname>
            <given-names>Junhui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Wenxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Mingjiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Long</surname>
            <given-names>Haiquan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kong</surname>
            <given-names>Fanliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shao</surname>
            <given-names>Wenming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Southern Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Huadu District People's Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Guangzhou</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University - Cardiology, Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Southern Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Huadu District People's Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Guangzhou</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University - Intensive Care Unit., Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Jinan University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Guangzhou</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University - Emergency, Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Junhui Xiao, Huadu District People&#8217;s Hospital, Southern Medical University, 48 Xinhua Road, Huadu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510800 - China. E-mail: <email>xiaojunhui2009@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J; Acquisition of data: Yan J, Pan Y; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J, Zhong M, Long H; Statistical analysis: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J, Ma W, Li L, Zhong M, Long H, Kong F; Writing of the manuscript: Yan J, Pan Y, Shao W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yan J, Pan Y, Ma W, Li L, Kong F, Shao W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>197</fpage>
      <lpage>204</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Elevated plasma levels of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are recognized as a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, there are limited data regarding association between Lp(a) and recurrent heart failure (HF) in patients with chronic HF caused by coronary heart disease (CHD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Elevated levels of Lp(a) might have a prognostic impact on recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF caused by CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 309 patients with chronic HF caused by CHD were consecutively enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether Lp(a) levels were above or below the median level for the entire cohort (20.6 mg/dL): the high Lp(a) group (n = 155) and the low Lp(a) group (n = 154). A 2-sided p &lt; 0.05 was statistically considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>During the median follow-up period of 186 days, 31 cases out of a total of 309 patients (10.03%) could not be reached during follow-up. A Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with higher Lp(a) levels had a higher incidence of recurrent HF than those with lower Lp(a) levels (log-rank &lt; 0.0001). A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that Lp(a) levels were independently correlated with the incidence of recurrent HF after adjustment of potential confounders (hazard ratio: 2.720, 95 % confidence interval: 1.730-4.277, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In Chinese patients with chronic HF caused by CHD, elevated levels of Lp(a) are independently associated with recurrent HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a global, severe public health issue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to previous reports, the prevalence of HF is stable, at approximately 1% to 2% of the general population, but this number sharply increases to 20% in those aged over 80 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Among most developed and developing countries, the increasing number of HF patients has already become a significant epidemic and a major cause of hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality despite advances in the treatment of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Elevated plasma levels of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are recognized as a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiac and cerebrovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Lp(a) consists of one molecule of a low density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle, containing apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) and one molecule of a large highly polymorphic glycoprotein, named apolipoprotein(a) (apoA), which are connected by a single disulfide bond.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Studies have shown that Lp(a) contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through multiple mechanisms, such as proatherogenic, proinflammatory, and potentially antifibrinolytic mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the current studies, high levels of Lp(a) have been shown to be an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> stroke,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> aortic stenosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and, as now shown, HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, no studies have illustrated the significant association between Lp(a) levels and recurrent HF in participants with chronic HF caused by coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, our study sought to evaluate the association between plasma levels of Lp(a) and recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF caused by CHD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Research design and population</title>
        <p>In total, 309 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with chronic HF due to CHD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Guangzhou, China, were consecutively enrolled over a continuous period between January 2014 and December 2016. Chronic HF was diagnosed by two cardiologists based on 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Patients were enrolled based on the following criteria: 1) The etiology of chronic HF is CHD; 2) patients with HF in New York Heart Association functional class II to IV. Patients were excluded according to the following criteria: 1) chronic HF secondary to other heart diseases, such as valvular heart disease, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis and pericardial disease; 2) complicated with infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors, severe liver and end-stage kidney disease with dialysis and systemic disease such as hyperthyroidism; 3) removal of patients who lack clinical data; 4) administration of medications that affect Lp(a) levels (nicotinic acid including niceritrol, tocopherol nicotinate, and nicomol).</p>
        <p>Data at the first admission were collected for patients with multiple hospitalizations. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic BP &#8805; 90 mmHg on repeated measurements, or the use of antihypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined according to the World Health Organization criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> We assessed the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to the Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases equation based on serum creatinine, age, and gender.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants involved in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
        <p>The venous blood samples were usually obtained on the 2<sup>(nd)</sup> morning of admission after an 8-hour fasting. Serum Lp(a) levels were measured by latex agglutination immunoassays and apolipoproteins were determined by fixed-rate immunonephelometric assay using a HITACHI 7600 chemistry autoanalyzer (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed on each enrolled patient by an experienced ultrasonographist using a Philips IE33 (Philips Healthcare, the Netherlands) cardiac ultrasound system machine within 24 to 48 hours after admission and within 24 hours after the primary PCI. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was estimated with the modified Simpson method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical outcome and follow-up</title>
        <p>The primary outcome evaluated in the present study was recurrent HF. The patients included in this study were followed for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discharge with 1) access to medical records, outpatient electronic workstations, and medical insurance system; 2) telephone or face-to-face visits. For follow-up failures, we contacted the patients' family or neighbors, or even their workplaces.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>First, continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]); non-normal variables were reported as median (interquartile range [IQR]). Categorical variables were described as numbers and/or percentages. Means of 2 continuous normally distributed variables were compared by independent samples Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test. Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare means of 2 groups of variables not normally distributed. The frequencies of categorical variables were compared using Pearson &#967;<sup>2</sup>test.</p>
        <p>Second, patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether Lp(a) levels were above or below the median level for the entire cohort (20.6 mg/dL): the high Lp(a) group (n = 155) and the low Lp(a) group (n = 154). The event-free rate for recurrent HF was plotted using Kaplan&#8722;Meier method with the log-rank test.</p>
        <p>Third, we analyzed the association of plasma Lp(a) levels as a continuous variable and as categorical variables with recurrent HF. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate these associations, both with and without adjustment for confounding variables. In the adjusted regression model I, number of stents, multiple lesions, aldosterone antagonists, LN-NT-proBNP, SBP, and NYHA class were included. Model II was further adjusted for the same variables as Model I plus the following risk factors: gender, DM, atrial fibrillation (AF), hypertension, LAD lesion, prior PCI, two lesions, diuretics, ACEI/ARBs, digoxin, beta-blockers, anti-diabetic drugs, heart rate, total cholesterol (TC), potassium, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, hemoglobin, LVEF, age, body mass index (BMI), and eGFR.</p>
        <p>The MedCalc software, version 15.2.2, was used to calculate the clinical outcomes with relative risk and 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cox proportional hazards models analyses was performed using the EmpowerStats statistical software (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.empowerstats.com">http://www.empowerstats.com</ext-link>, X&amp;Y Solutions, Inc. Boston, MA) and the statistical package R (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</ext-link>). A 2-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p>A total of 309 patients with chronic HF caused by CHD were enrolled in this study. 31 patients (10.03%) could not be reached during follow-up. The mean age of the patients was 68.6 &#177; 11.6 years, and 174 (56.3%) were males. The medians (IQR) of two groups of Lp(a) levels were 12.0 (7.6-16.6) mg/dL and 35.3 (25.4-52.0) mg/dL, respectively (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>Baseline characteristics and laboratory results, past medical history, and medications at discharge are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There were differences in NYHA class, LVEF, NT-proBNP and Lp(a) levels, prior MI, prior PCI, multiple lesions, and number of stents between 2 groups. Meanwhile, there were no differences regarding medication at discharge, age, male gender, current smoker, BMI, heart rate, eGFR, conventional lipid profile, DM, AF, hypertension, and prior CABG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 309)</th>
                <th align="center">Low-Lp (a) Group (n = 154)</th>
                <th align="center">High-Lp (a) Group (n = 155)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">68.5 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">68.8 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender (%)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (56.3)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (51.3)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (61.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smokers (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (23.3)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (20.1)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (26.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol intake (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (4.9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3.9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.435</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 18.5</td>
                <td align="center">81.7 &#177; 18.0</td>
                <td align="center">81.5 &#177; 19.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.920</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">22.4 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">142.5 &#177; 28.1</td>
                <td align="center">146.0 &#177; 29.3</td>
                <td align="center">139.0 &#177; 26.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.801</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>NYHA class (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">154 (49.8)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (66.9)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (32.9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">102 (33.0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (20.8)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">53 (17.2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (12.3)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (21.9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.754</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">141.1 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">141.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">141.0 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">131.0 &#177; 17.8</td>
                <td align="center">130.6 &#177; 16.3</td>
                <td align="center">131.2 &#177; 19.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">3109.0 (1500.0-6313.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1534.5 (1075.0-2523.5)</td>
                <td align="center">5977.0 (3222.0-8835.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LN-NT-proBNP (pg/ml<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">47.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
                <td align="center">85.3 &#177; 29.8</td>
                <td align="center">88.4 &#177; 28.1</td>
                <td align="center">82.1 &#177; 31.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">156.7 (129.7-190.4)</td>
                <td align="center">161.0 (135.3-187.9)</td>
                <td align="center">156.0 (127.3-191.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lp(a) (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">20.6 (12.0-35.3)</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 (7.6-16.6)</td>
                <td align="center">35.3 (25.4-52.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">42.6 (36.4-50.3)</td>
                <td align="center">42.8 (36.1-50.3)</td>
                <td align="center">42.6 (37.0-49.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.762</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">90.3 (72.6-118.1)</td>
                <td align="center">92.1 (74.9-111.2)</td>
                <td align="center">88.4 (64.3-121.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">117.8 (82.3-167.3)</td>
                <td align="center">125.7 (81.5-189.5)</td>
                <td align="center">112.5 (83.7-155.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAD lesion(%)</td>
                <td align="center">278 (90.0)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (89.0)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (91.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Two lesions(%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (29.4)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (32.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Multiple lesions(%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (22.1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Number of stents (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">141 (45.6)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (56.5)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (34.8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">96 (31.0)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (30.5)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (31.6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">50 (16.2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (25.2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>History of</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM(%)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (42.1)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (37.0)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (47.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF(%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (10.4)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (11.7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (81.2)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (85.1)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (77.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior MI(%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (29.4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (21.4)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (37.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior CABG(%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.475</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior PCI(%)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (53.1)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (42.9)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (63.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medications at discharge</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics (%)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (59.2)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (57.1)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (61.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3.9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARBs (%)</td>
                <td align="center">285 (92.2)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (90.9)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (93.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers (%)</td>
                <td align="center">276 (89.3)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (86.4)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (92.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aldosterone antagonists (%)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (55.3)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (53.9)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (56.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.611</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">antiplatelet drugs(%)</td>
                <td align="center">296 (95.8)</td>
                <td align="center">146 (94.8)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (96.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins (%)</td>
                <td align="center">303 (98.1)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (97.4)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (98.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anti-diabetic drugs(%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35.7)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a); LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: lesion left anterior descending artery lesion; NYHA class: New York Heart Association class; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide; Prior MI: prior myocardial infarction; Prior CABG: prior coronary artery bypass grafting; Prior PCI: prior percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>LN-NT-proBNP was the natural logarithm of NT-proBNP. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range [IQR]) or n (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
        <p>The median follow-up period was 186 days, with a maximum of 365 days. Clinical outcomes between groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The recurrent HF was significantly different between the 2 groups, but cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, and ischemic stroke were not. The presence of elevated Lp(a) levels was associated with a greater rate of the recurrent HF (51.3% vs 78.1%, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Low-Lp (a) Group (n = 154)</th>
                <th align="center">High-Lp (a) Group (n = 155)</th>
                <th align="center">RR</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recurrent HF</td>
                <td align="center">79 (51.3)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (78.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.52</td>
                <td align="center">1.28-1.81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic stroke</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.31-28.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.3419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACS</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.59-42.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.1412</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">4.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.24-102.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.2995</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.31-28.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.3419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac death</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">4.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.24-102.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.2995</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CI: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; RR: relative risk; STEMI: ST&#8209;segment elevation myocardial infarction. Data are presented as n (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Kaplan-Meier survival analysis</title>
        <p>Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in the high Lp(a) group had a significantly higher incidence rate of the recurrent HF compared with those in the low Lp(a) group (log-rank p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for recurrent HF free rate according to Lp(a) levels. HF: heart failure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0197-90120-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for recurrent HF events</title>
        <p>Considering Lp(a) &lt; 20.6 as the reference group, Lp(a) &#8805; 20.6 had higher risks for recurrent HF, with HR of 3.071 (95% CI, 2.283-4.130, p&lt;0.0001). When adjusted for clinical parameters such as number of stents, multiple lesions, aldosterone antagonists, LN-NT-proBNP, SBP, NYHA class, the HR of Lp(a) &#8805; 20.6 was 2.244 (95% CI, 1.493-3.371, p = 0.0001). The HR from adjusted II was further increased after further adjustment for other known confounding variables. Compared with the reference, the HR of Lp(a) &#8805; 20.6 was 2.720 (95% CI, 1.730-4.277, p = 0.0001). In addition, analyses with the plasma Lp(a) levels as a continuous variable were conducted for the overall population, which showed these associations remained statistically significant after adjustment in Adjust I and Adjust II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associations between baseline Lp(a) with recurrent heart failure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Exposure</th>
                <th align="center">Non-adjusted HR (95%Cl)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Adjust I HR (95%Cl)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Adjust II HR (95%Cl)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LP(a)</td>
                <td align="center">1.022 (1.016-1.028) </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">1.014 (1.006-1.023)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0008</td>
                <td align="center">1.018 (1.009-1.027)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LP(a)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 20.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 20.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.071 (2.283-4.130)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.244 (1.493-3.371)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.720 (1.730-4.277)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LAD: lesion left anterior descending artery lesion; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a); NYHA class: New York Heart Association class; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide; Prior PCI: prior percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides. Non-adjusted model adjust for: none. Adjust I model adjust for: number of stent, multiple lesions, aldosterone antagonists, LN-NT-proBNP, SBP, NYHA class.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the association between baseline Lp(a) levels and recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF due to CHD. We found that a higher Lp(a) level is an independent predictor of the occurrence of recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF caused by CHD.</p>
      <p>Previous several studies have demonstrated the association between Lp(a) levels and cardiac and cerebrovascular events. High levels of Lp(a) are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction in a prospective general population study with 16 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> One study revealed that Lp(a) levels at admission were independently correlated with the occurrence of MACCE in patients with STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Another study suggested that an elevated Lp(a) level was significantly associated with long-term mortality following coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Although many studies have shown that LP(a) is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular outcomes, limited data are available on the association between baseline Lp(a) levels and recurrent HF. In our study, we showed that baseline levels of Lp(a) &#8805; 20.6 mg/dL was associated with significantly increased risk of recurrent HF with an HR of 2.720 (95% CI, 1.730-4.277; p&lt;0.0001) in patients with chronic HF due to CHD during the one-year follow-up, even after adjustment for major covariables. This observed association is consistent with the findings from a large-scale prospective study in a Danish overall population that consisted of 98,097 participants aged 48-67 y at baseline, followed for up to 21 years (mean of 7). The population attributable risk of HF was 9% for elevated Lp(a) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, there are a few possible reasons for HF. Two possible mechanisms might explain this association between Lp(a) and HF occurrence:1) The increased HF risk due to elevated Lp(a) levels was partially mediated by myocardial infarction and/or aortic valve stenosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> which can also be observed in our study. However, most part cannot be explained through both sides. 2) Given its proatherogenic properties, increased arterial stiffness, including vascular noncompliance in the aorta, was strongly associated with increased risk of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Because echocardiography data were not collected, we could not assess the associations of Lp(a) levels, aortic stenosis, arterial stiffness and HF in our study. Compared with previous studies, our study included patients with a history of chronic HF. In addition, patients have poor left ventricular systolic function. The abovementioned fact is the possible cause of HF recurrence.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the median value of Lp(a) is also different among different ethnicities, such as non-Hispanic Caucasians (median, 12 mg/dL [IQR, 5-32 mg/dL]), and Japanese individuals (median, 13 mg/dL [IQR, 5-26 mg/dL]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In our study, Lp(a) was higher than in other populations (median, 20.6 mg/dL [IQR, 12.0-35.5 mg/dL]). Apo (a) contains 10 KIV repeated subtypes comprised of a single copy of KIV1, multiple copies of KIV2, a single copy of KIV3 ~ 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Lp(a) levels are genetically determined by the variation of the copy number of kringle IV type 2 (KIV-2) repeats on the <italic>LPA</italic> gene and various single nucleotide polymorphisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The number of repeats was inversely associated with Lp(a) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In addition, Frischmann et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> observed that increased plasma LP(a) levels were associated with renal dysfunction. In our study, the included subjects had lower glomerular filtration rate, which led to reduced clearance of Lp(a), and higher plasma levels than in other previously studied Chinese populations.</p>
      <p>In our study, the rates of statin use were up to 97.4% and 98.7% in patients with low-Lp(a) group and high-Lp(a) group, respectively, and most patients adhered to statin therapy during follow-up, but statins were originally intended to lower LDL-C levels. Moreover, previous studies have shown that statin therapy did not easily alter Lp(a) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> About the Lp(a) reduction treatment, early treatment with nicotinic acid, with the increase in nicotinic acid treatment dose, also correspondingly resulted in lower serum levels of Lp(a), and a maximum reduction in Lp(a) levels of up to 30-40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Because of the significant side effects such as facial blushing and liver toxicity, it is no longer widely used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Recently, new Lp(a)-lowering treatments have emerged. The novel lipid-lowering drug Mipomersen is a synthetic inhibitor of apoB that indirectly reduces the synthesis of Lp(a) by reducing the synthesis of apo B, which can significantly reduce Lp(a) levels in patients with CHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduce the level of LP(a) by inhibiting the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In the present study, none of the subjects used the abovementioned drugs. For patients with chronic HF due to CHD, further multicenter prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to verify whether lowering the levels of serum Lp(a) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, in Chinese patients with chronic HF caused by CHD, our study demonstrates that elevated levels of Lp(a) significantly predict recurrent HF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. First, it was a retrospective, observational and single-center study with selection bias. Therefore, whether the associations between LPA, B and HF are actually established, further multicenter prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to verify them in the future. Second, although we adjusted several known confounding variables in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, other unknown factors might have played roles in recurrent HF. Third, the detection of events may have been incomplete due to follow-up failures. 31 cases out of a total of 309 patients (10.03%) could not be reached during follow-up. Fourth, our study did not differ between HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction when assessing the association between Lp(a) and recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF who have CHD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University under the protocol number 017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Jianlong Yan and Yanbin Pan were co-first authors, they contributed equally to this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et al. The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63(12):1123-1133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;vel Alto de Lipoprote&#237;na (a) como Preditor de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Recorrente em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica: um Estudo de Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9565-1855</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yan</surname>
            <given-names>Jianlong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pan</surname>
            <given-names>Yanbin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Xiao</surname>
            <given-names>Junhui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Wenxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Mingjiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Long</surname>
            <given-names>Haiquan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kong</surname>
            <given-names>Fanliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shao</surname>
            <given-names>Wenming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University - Cardiology, Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University - Intensive Care Unit., Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University - Emergency, Guangzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Junhui Xiao, Huadu District People&#8217;s Hospital, Southern Medical University, 48 Xinhua Road, Huadu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510800 - China. E-mail: <email>xiaojunhui2009@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Yan J, Pan Y; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J, Zhong M, Long H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Yan J, Pan Y, Xiao J, Ma W, Li L, Zhong M, Long H, Kong F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yan J, Pan Y, Shao W; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yan J, Pan Y, Ma W, Li L, Kong F, Shao W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)] s&#227;o reconhecidos como um fator de risco significativo para doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica. No entanto, existem dados limitados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Lp(a) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) podem ter um impacto progn&#243;stico na IC recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica por DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 309 pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de Lp(a), acima ou abaixo do n&#237;vel mediano de toda a coorte (20,6 mg/dL): o grupo Lp(a) alto (n = 155) e o grupo Lp ( a) baixo (n = 154). Um p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Durante a mediana do per&#237;odo de seguimento de 186 dias, 31 casos de um total de 309 pacientes (10,03%) n&#227;o puderam ser contatados durante o acompanhamento. A an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que pacientes com n&#237;veis mais elevados de Lp(a) apresentavam maior incid&#234;ncia de IC recorrente do que aqueles com n&#237;veis mais baixos de Lp(a) (log-rank &lt; 0,0001). Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox revelou que os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) foram independentemente correlacionados com a incid&#234;ncia de IC recorrente ap&#243;s ajuste de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 2,720, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,730-4,277, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes chineses com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC, n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) est&#227;o associados de forma independente &#224; IC recorrente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um problema grave e global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De acordo com relatos anteriores, a preval&#234;ncia de IC &#233; est&#225;vel em aproximadamente 1% a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mas esse n&#250;mero aumenta acentuadamente para 20% dos idosos acima dos 80 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na maioria dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o crescente n&#250;mero de pacientes com IC j&#225; se tornou uma epidemia significativa e uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, morbidade e mortalidade, apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)] s&#227;o reconhecidos como um fator de risco significativo para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica e cerebrovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A Lp(a) consiste em uma mol&#233;cula semelhante &#224; part&#237;cula da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), contendo apolipoprote&#237;na B-100 (apoB) e uma mol&#233;cula de uma glicoprote&#237;na grande, altamente polim&#243;rfica, denominada apolipoprote&#237;na (a) (apoA), que s&#227;o ligadas por uma &#250;nica liga&#231;&#227;o de dissulfeto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estudos mostraram que a Lp(a) contribui para o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular via m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos, como mecanismos pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos, pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e potencialmente, antifibrinol&#237;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos estudos correntes, os n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) demonstraram ser um fator de risco independente para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> acidente vascular cerebral (AVC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> estenose a&#243;rtica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e, como demonstrado agora, IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, nenhum estudo mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) e IC recorrente em participantes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Portanto, nosso estudo procurou avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) e IC recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>No total, 309 pacientes hospitalizados e diagnosticados com IC cr&#244;nica devido a DAC, tratados no <italic>First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University,</italic> Guangzhou, China, foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos em um per&#237;odo cont&#237;nuo entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2016. A IC cr&#244;nica foi diagnosticada por dois cardiologistas com base nas diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> de 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) a etiologia relacionada &#224; IC cr&#244;nica e a DAC; 2) os pacientes apresentavam IC na classe funcional II a IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram utilizados para exclus&#227;o de pacientes: 1) presen&#231;a de IC cr&#244;nica secund&#225;ria a outras cardiopatias, como cardiopatia valvar, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva, miocardite e doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica; 2) pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es devido a doen&#231;as infecciosas, doen&#231;as autoimunes, tumor maligno, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, doen&#231;a renal terminal com di&#225;lise e doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, como hipertireoidismo; 3) pacientes sem dados cl&#237;nicos; 4) pacientes em uso de medicamentos que afetam os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) (&#225;cido nicot&#237;nico, incluindo niceritrol, nicotinato de tocoferol e nicomol).</p>
          <p>Os dados na primeira admiss&#227;o foram coletados para pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg em medidas repetidas, ou o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. A diabetes mellitus (DM) foi definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Avaliamos a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases</italic>, considerando a creatinina s&#233;rica, idade e sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do <italic>First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University</italic> e est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido dos participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas laboratoriais</title>
          <p>De forma geral, as amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas na 2&#170; manh&#227; de interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 8 horas de jejum. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Lp(a) foram medidos por imunoensaios de aglutina&#231;&#227;o em l&#225;tex e as apolipoprote&#237;nas foram determinadas por imunonefelometria de taxa fixa (<italic>fixed-rate immunonephelometry</italic>) utilizando um analisador de qu&#237;mica cl&#237;nica HITACHI 7600 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em cada paciente inclu&#237;do no estudo por um ultrassonografista experiente, utilizando um sistema de ultrassom card&#237;aco Philips IE33 (Philips Healthcare, Holanda) no per&#237;odo de 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o e 24 horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico e seguimento</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado no presente estudo foi a recorr&#234;ncia de IC. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram acompanhados por 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a alta, com acesso a: 1) prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, <italic>workstations</italic> eletr&#244;nicas ambulatoriais e sistema de seguro de sa&#250;de; 2) telefone ou visitas presenciais. No caso de falhas no seguimento, contatamos a fam&#237;lia ou vizinhos do paciente ou at&#233; mesmo o seu local de trabalho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Primeiramente, as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o [DP]); as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-normais foram relatadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]). As vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como n&#250;meros e/ou porcentagens. As m&#233;dias de 2 vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi empregado para comparar m&#233;dias de dois grupos de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente. As frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste &#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> de Pearson.</p>
          <p>Em segundo lugar, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com os n&#237;veis de Lp(a), acima ou abaixo do n&#237;vel mediano de toda a coorte (20,6 mg/dL): o grupo Lp(a) alto (n = 155) e o grupo Lp(a) baixo (n = 154). A taxa livre de eventos para a IC recorrente foi plotada em um gr&#225;fico utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier com o teste de log-rank.</p>
          <p>Em terceiro lugar, analisamos a rela&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da Lp(a) como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com a IC recorrente. Os modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados para avaliar essas rela&#231;&#245;es, tanto com ajuste quanto sem ajuste para as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. No modelo I de regress&#227;o ajustado, foram inclu&#237;dos o n&#250;mero de stents, les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, antagonistas de aldosterona, LN-NT-proBNP, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), e classe NYHA. O modelo II foi ajustado para as mesmas vari&#225;veis do modelo I, acrescentando-se os seguintes fatores de riscos: sexo, DM, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), hipertens&#227;o, les&#227;o de art&#233;ria descendente anterior, ICP anterior, duas les&#245;es, uso de diur&#233;ticos, inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II (BRAs), digoxina, betabloqueadores, medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, colesterol total, pot&#225;ssio, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C), triglic&#233;rides, hemoglobina, FEVE, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e TFGe.</p>
          <p>O software MedCalc vers&#227;o 15.2.2 foi utilizado para calcular os resultados cl&#237;nicos com risco relativo e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). A an&#225;lise de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi realizada utilizando o software estat&#237;stico EmpowerStats (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.empowerstats.com">http://www.empowerstats.com</ext-link>, X&amp;Y Solutions, Inc.Boston, MA) e o pacote estat&#237;stico R (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</ext-link>). Um p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          <p>Um total de 309 pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Trinta e um pacientes (10,03%) n&#227;o puderam ser contatados durante o seguimento. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 68,6 &#177; 11,6 anos, sendo 174 (56,3%) do sexo masculino. As medianas (IIQ) dos dois grupos, de n&#237;vel baixo e alto de Lp(a), foram 12,0 (7,6-16,6) mg/dL e 35,3 (25,4-52,0) mg/dL, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais e os resultados laboratoriais, hist&#243;ricos m&#233;dicos e medicamentos na alta hospitalar s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as na classe NYHA, FEVE, NT-proBNP, Lp(a), IM anterior, ICP anterior, m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es e n&#250;mero de stents entre os 2 grupos. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na medica&#231;&#227;o na alta hospitalar, idade, sexo masculino, tabagismo atual, IMC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, TFGe, perfil lip&#237;dico convencional, DM, FA, hipertens&#227;o, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anterior.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos os pacientes (n = 309)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Lp(a) baixo (n = 154)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Lp(a) alto (n = 155)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68,8 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,833</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (56,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (51,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumante atual (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,435</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7 &#177; 18,0</td>
                  <td align="center">81,5 &#177; 19,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,920</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">22,4 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">142,5 &#177; 28,1</td>
                  <td align="center">146,0 &#177; 29,3</td>
                  <td align="center">139,0 &#177; 26,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,801</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classe NYHA (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (49,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (66,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (32,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (33,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (20,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (21,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">141,1 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">141,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">141,0 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">131,0 &#177; 17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">130,6 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">131,2 &#177; 19,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,760</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3109,0 (1500,0-6313,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1534,5 (1075,0-2523,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5977,0 (3222,0-8835,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LN-NT-proBNP (pg/mL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">47,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TFGe (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,3 &#177; 29,8</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4 &#177; 28,1</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1 &#177; 31,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CT (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,7 (129,7-190,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,0 (135,3-187,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,0 (127,3-191,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lp(a) (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6 (12,0-35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 (7,6-16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3 (25,4-52,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,6 (36,4-50,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,8 (36,1-50,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,6 (37,0-49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,762</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,3 (72,6-118,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,1 (74,9-111,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4 (64,3-121,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,609</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">117,8 (82,3-167,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,7 (81,5-189,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">112,5 (83,7-155,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o ADA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (89,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (91,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,557</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Duas les&#245;es (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (32,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (28,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (22,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de stents (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (45,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (56,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (31,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (30,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (16,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 ( 7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 ( 3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 ( 5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 ( 2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 ( 2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (37,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (81,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (85,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (77,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (37,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (53,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamentos na alta hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (59,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,458</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxina (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,564</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (92,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (90,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (93,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueadores beta (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (89,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (86,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antagonistas de aldosterona (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (55,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (53,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (56,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,611</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medicamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (95,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (94,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (96,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (98,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (97,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (98,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Drogas antidiab&#233;ticas (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; Lp(a): lipoprote&#237;na (a); LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade&#8209;colesterol; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ADA: les&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; Classe NYHA: classe New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; IM pr&#233;vio: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio; CRM pr&#233;via: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via; ICP pr&#233;via: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>LN-NT-proBNP: logaritmo natural do NT-proBNP. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]) ou n (%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>O per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento foi de 186 dias, com um m&#225;ximo de 365 dias. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos grupos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. A IC recorrente foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos, mas a morte card&#237;aca, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e o acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o foram. A presen&#231;a da Lp(a) elevada foi associada a uma taxa maior de IC recorrente (51,3% <italic>vs</italic>. 78,1%, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Lp(a) baixo (n = 154)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Lp(a) alto (n = 155)</th>
                  <th align="center">RR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC recorrente</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (51,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (78,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28-1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31-28,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59-42,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1412</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAMSS-ST</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24-102,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2995</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAMCS-ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31-28,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24-102,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2995</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAMSS-ST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; RR: risco relativo; IAMCS-ST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n (%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que os pacientes do grupo com n&#237;vel alto de Lp(a) apresentaram uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de IC recorrente do que o grupo com n&#237;vel baixo de Lp(a) (log-rank p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia de IC de acordo com os n&#237;veis de Lp (a). IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0197-90120-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Hazard ratio</italic> (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%) para eventos recorrentes de HF</title>
          <p>Considerando o grupo com Lp(a) &lt;20,6 como grupo de refer&#234;ncia, o grupo com Lp(a) &#8805; 20,6 apresentou maiores riscos para IC recorrente, com HR de 3,071 (IC 95%, 2,283-4,130, p &lt; 0,0001). Quando ajustada para par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, como o n&#250;mero de stents, les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, antagonistas de aldosterona, LN-NT-proBNP, PAS, classe NYHA, o HR do grupo com Lp(a) &#8805; 20,6 foi de 2,244 (IC 95%, 1,493-3,371, p = 0,0001). O HR do grupo com ajuste II aumentou ap&#243;s ajuste adicional para outras vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o conhecidas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de refer&#234;ncia, o HR do grupo com Lp(a) &#8805; 20,6 foi de 2,720 (IC 95%, 1,730-4,277, p = 0,0001). Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lises com os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua foram realizadas para a popula&#231;&#227;o total, o que mostra que essas associa&#231;&#245;es permaneceram estatisticamente significativas ap&#243;s os ajustes I e II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre n&#237;veis basais de LP(a) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recorrente</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exposure</th>
                  <th align="center">HR N&#227;o-ajustado (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">HR Ajuste I (95%Cl)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">HR Ajuste II (95%Cl)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LP(a)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022 (1,016-1,028)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,014 (1,006-1,023)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,018 (1,009-1,027)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>LP(a)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,071 (2,283-4,130)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,244 (1,493-3,371)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001 </td>
                  <td align="center">2,720 (1,730-4,277)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>AF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; ADA: les&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; Lp (a): lipoprote&#237;na (a); Classe NYHA: classe New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; ICP anterior: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea anterior; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides. Modelo n&#227;o ajustado, ajustado para: nenhum. Ajuste I do modelo ajustado para: n&#250;mero de stents, les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, antagonistas da aldosterona, LN-NT-proBNP, SBP, classe NYHA.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Que seja de nosso entendimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis basais de Lp(a) e a IC recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica por DAC. Descobrimos que um n&#237;vel mais alto de Lp(a) &#233; um preditor independente da ocorr&#234;ncia de IC recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos anteriores demonstraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) e eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares. Altos n&#237;veis de Lp(a) est&#227;o associados com risco aumentado de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em um estudo prospectivo da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral com 16 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Um estudo revelou que os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o eram independentemente correlacionados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Outro estudo sugeriu que um n&#237;vel elevado de Lp(a) estava significativamente associado &#224; mortalidade em longo prazo ap&#243;s angiografia coronariana ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Embora muitos estudos tenham demonstrado que a Lp(a) &#233; um dos fatores de risco independentes para desfechos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares adversos, h&#225; poucos dados basais dispon&#237;veis a respeito dos n&#237;veis de Lp(a) e a IC recorrente. Em nosso estudo, mostramos que os n&#237;veis basais de Lp(a) &#8805; 20,6 mg/dL estavam associados a um risco significativamente aumentado de IC recorrente, com HR de 2.720 (IC95%, 1.730-4.277; p &lt; 0,0001) em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica devido a DAC durante o seguimento de um ano, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para covari&#225;veis maiores. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o observada &#233; consistente com os achados de um estudo prospectivo em larga escala em uma popula&#231;&#227;o dinamarquesa com 98.097 participantes, com idades entre 48 e 67 anos na linha basal e acompanhados por at&#233; 21 anos (m&#233;dia 7). O risco de IC atribu&#237;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 9% para n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, existem algumas poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para a IC. Dois poss&#237;veis mecanismos podem explicar essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de Lp(a) e IC: 1) O aumento do risco de IC devido aos n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) foi parcialmente mediado pelo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou estenose da valva a&#243;rtica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> cujo fen&#244;meno tamb&#233;m pode ser observado em nosso estudo. No entanto, a maior parte ainda n&#227;o pode ser explicada por essas vias. 2) Devido &#224;s suas propriedades pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicas, o aumento da rigidez arterial, incluindo a n&#227;o complac&#234;ncia vascular na aorta, foi fortemente associado ao aumento do risco de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Como os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o foram coletados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel examinar as associa&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de Lp(a), estenose a&#243;rtica, rigidez arterial e IC em nosso estudo. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos anteriores, nosso estudo incluiu pacientes com hist&#243;rico de IC cr&#244;nica. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda deficiente. Os fatores citados acima s&#227;o poss&#237;veis causas de recorr&#234;ncia de IC.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o valor mediano de Lp(a) tamb&#233;m &#233; diferente entre diferentes etnias, como caucasianos n&#227;o-hisp&#226;nicos (mediana, 12 mg/dL [IIQ, 5-32 mg/dL]) e japoneses (mediana, 13 mg/dL [IIQ, 5-26 mg/dL]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em nosso estudo, a Lp(a) foi maior do que em outras popula&#231;&#245;es (mediana, 20,6 mg/dL [IIQ, 12,0-35,5 mg/dL]). A Apo(a) cont&#233;m 10 subtipos de KIV repetidos, compostos por uma &#250;nica c&#243;pia de KIV1, m&#250;ltiplas c&#243;pias de KIV2, uma &#250;nica c&#243;pia de KIV3 ~ 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) s&#227;o geneticamente determinados pela varia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias repetidas do <italic>kringle</italic> IV tipo 2 (KIV-2) no gene <italic>LPA</italic> e em v&#225;rios polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es foi inversamente associado aos n&#237;veis de Lp(a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Frischmann et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> observaram que n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de LP(a) est&#227;o associados com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Em nosso estudo, os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos apresentaram taxas mais baixas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, o que leva a uma <italic>clearance</italic> (depura&#231;&#227;o) menor de Lp(a) e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais elevados do que em outras popula&#231;&#245;es chinesas estudadas anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, as taxas de uso de estatinas foram de at&#233; 97,4% e 98,7% em pacientes dos grupos com Lp(a) baixo e Lp(a) alto, respectivamente, e a maioria dos pacientes recebeu terapia com estatinas durante o seguimento, embora o uso das estatinas tenha sido originalmente proposto para diminuir os n&#237;veis de LDL-C. Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores mostraram que a terapia com estatinas n&#227;o alterou facilmente os n&#237;veis de Lp(a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Sobre o tratamento de redu&#231;&#227;o da Lp(a), o tratamento inicial com &#225;cido nicot&#237;nico, com o aumento da dose, tamb&#233;m resultou em n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de Lp(a) e a uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima nos n&#237;veis de Lp(a) de at&#233; 30-40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Devido aos efeitos colaterais significativos, como rubor facial e toxicidade hep&#225;tica, o &#225;cido nicot&#237;nico n&#227;o &#233; mais utilizado de forma ampla.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Recentemente, surgiram novos tratamentos de redu&#231;&#227;o da Lp(a). A nova droga hipolipemiante Mipomersen &#233; um inibidor sint&#233;tico da apoB que indiretamente reduz a s&#237;ntese de Lp(a) atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de apo B, o que pode reduzir significativamente os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Os inibidores da pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9) reduzem o n&#237;vel de Lp(a) ao inibir a degrada&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No presente estudo, nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos utilizou as drogas acima mencionadas. Para pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica devido &#224; DAC, mais ensaios multic&#234;ntricos, prospectivos, controlados e randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar se a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de Lp(a) pode reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, em pacientes chineses com IC cr&#244;nica causada por DAC, nosso estudo demonstrou que n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) podem predizer significativamente a IC recorrente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, foi um estudo retrospectivo, observacional e de centro &#250;nico, com vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, se as rela&#231;&#245;es entre <italic>LPA</italic>, B e IC existem de fato, mais ensaios multic&#234;ntricos, prospectivos, randomizados e controlados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirm&#225;-las no futuro. Segundo, embora tenhamos ajustado diversas vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o conhecidas nos modelos de riscos proporcionais multivariados de Cox, outros fatores desconhecidos podem ter desempenhado alguma fun&#231;&#227;o na IC recorrente. Terceiro, a detec&#231;&#227;o de eventos pode ter sido incompleta devido a falhas de seguimento. Trinta e um casos de um total de 309 pacientes (10,03%) n&#227;o puderam ser contatados durante o seguimento. Em quarto lugar, nosso estudo n&#227;o diferenciou entre IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e reduzida ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre Lp(a) e IC recorrente em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica com doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Jianlong Yan e Yanbin Pan contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este estudo</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
