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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zQmtrZmV45fdXJx4Mppccfc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800188</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190119</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Global Longitudinal Strain Predicts Poor Functional Capacity in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4726-9416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7754-4397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Thays Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s Rem&#237;gio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Armele Dornelas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Fisioterapia, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalhaes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalhaes - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235. Postal Code 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Martins SM, Andrade AD; Acquisition of data: Maia RJC, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Pinheiro F, Ara&#250;jo BTS, Aguiar MIR, Martins SM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Parente GB, Pinheiro F, Ara&#250;jo BTS, Aguiar MIR, Andrade AD; Statistical analysis: Brand&#227;o SCS, Parente GB; Writing of the manuscript: Maia RJC, Brand&#227;o SCS, Leite J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Andrade AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>188</fpage>
      <lpage>194</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular global longitudinal strain value (GLS) can predict functional capacity in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) heart failure (HF) and to assess prognosis in reduced LVEF HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetive:</title>
          <p>Correlate GLS with parameters of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) and to assess if they could predict systolic HF patients that are more appropriated to be referred to heart transplantation according to CPET criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Systolic HF patients with LVEF &lt; 45%, NYHA functional class II and III, underwent prospectively CPET and echocardiography with strain analysis. LVEF and GLS were correlated with the following CPET variables: maxVO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, heart rate reduction during the first minute of recovery (HRR) and time needed to reduce maxVO<sub>2</sub> in 50% after physical exercise (T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>). ROC curve analysis of GLS to predict VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 (heart transplantation&#8217;s criteria) was performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty six patients were selected (age, 47 &#177; 12 years, 58% men, mean LVEF = 28 &#177; 8%). LVEF correlated only with maxVO<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>. GLS correlated to all CPET variables (maxVO<sub>2</sub>: r = 0.671, p = 0.001; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: r = -0.513, p = 0.007; HRR: r = 0.466, p = 0.016, and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: r = -0.696, p = 0.001). GLS area under the ROC curve to predict heart transplantation&#8217;s criteria was 0.88 (sensitivity 75%, specificity 83%) for a cut-off value of -5.7%, p = 0.03.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>GLS was significantly associated with all functional CPET parameters. It could classify HF patients according to the functional capacity and may stratify which patients have a poor prognosis and therefore to deserve more differentiated treatment, such as heart transplantation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsion, Mechanical</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsion Abnormality</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>0154-4.08/15</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>0450-4.08/17</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>432865/2016-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FACEPE APQ-0154-4.08/15; FACEPE IBPG-0450-4.08/17; CNPq 432865/2016-0 e CAPES</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold standard method for assessing functional capacity in patients with heart failure (HF). It is able to measure during exercise, maximum myocardial oxygen consumption (maxVO<sub>2</sub>), CO<sub>2</sub> production, ratio minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, VO<sub>2</sub> recovery kinetics after physical exertion (T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>), stratify cardiovascular risk and predict mortality and hospitalization by these parameters, for example, VO<sub>2</sub> values &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt;35 that are criteria for heart transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Furthermore, CPET evaluates the presence of dysautonomia, by measuring the reduction in heart rate within the first minute after exercise (HRR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which is directly related to cardiovascular outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, in patients with systolic HF, the reduction of myocardial contractility, measured mainly by echocardiography through the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is the main parameter used to classify the myocardial damage degree,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> although its value is little associated with the clinical symptoms and functional capacity of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The strain analysis is a newer echocardiography tool and has demonstrated more effective in assessing global derangement of the left ventricle (LV) than the LVEF measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent studies show that the left ventricular global longitudinal strain value (GLS) can predict functional capacity in patients with HF and preserved LVEF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and assess prognosis in HF with reduced LVEF when compared with life expectancy scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Additionally, this technique evaluates the degree of myocardial deformation and it seems to predict the degree of regional and global LV fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, there are no studies comparing the GLS with CPET parameters in patients with systolic HF. The aim of this study was to correlate GLS value with functional parameters of CPET and to assess if GLS could predict systolic HF patients that were more appropriated to be referred to heart transplantation according to CPET criteria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational, prospective cross-sectional study, guided by the recommendations of the STROBE Statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of our Institution under number 1507992.</p>
      <p>The study population consisted of adults (21-65 years), both sexes, diagnosed with HF in functional class II and III by the New York Heart Association (NYHA), sedentary, with systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt;45%) assessed by transthoracic echocardiography performed until one month before they had been referred for cardiopulmonary program and recruited for this study. Data were collected between January, 2015 and March, 2016.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: deformity in the face to prevent the coupling of the CPET mask, orthopedic and neurological diseases that could preclude the execution of CPET, psychological problems restricting them to respond to the questionnaire, functional class IV HF or hospitalization due to cardiac decompensation in the last three months, unstable angina, myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery up to three months before the study; forced expiratory volume on the first one second/forced vital capacity &lt;70% of predicted characterizing obstructive respiratory disorder.</p>
      <p>To ensure standardization, a single examiner performed the exams. None of them had access to the patients&#8217; other evaluations results. The researchers responsible for data collection were not responsible for carrying out the examinations, thus ensuring the blinding of the study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>All patients in the study underwent CPET by the method ramp on a treadmill (<italic>Centurium 300</italic>, Micromed, Brazil) through ErgoPC Elite&#174; software associated with the electrocardiogram (Micromed, Brazil) with 12 channels. Respiratory variables were evaluated by a gas analyzer (Cortex - Metalyzer II, Germany) and obtained in conditions of standard temperature, pressure and dry (STPD), breath-by-breath, with the patient breathing in a face mask without leaks during exercise. During the test, functional capacity, maxVO<sub>2</sub> measured in METs, the maximum VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> and HRR were evaluated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>All echocardiograms were performed according to ASE.<sup>(14 )</sup>Patients underwent the two-dimensional echocardiography, using an ultrasound system Vivid I (GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) with a multifrequency transducer from 2.5 to 5 MHz.</p>
        <p>After the echocardiogram, a strain analysis technique was performed using an echocardiogram analysis software (EchoPAC, GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway, version 10.0). The images in the longitudinal sections were analyzed (4 chambers, 3 chambers and 2 chambers).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A region of interest was applied automatically by the software and, if necessary, was adjusted manually. The strain analysis software performed the analysis. Patients were excluded when more than two segments were considered to have insufficient quality for monitoring by the analysis system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>To calculate the sample, G*Power 3 software was used,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in which we chose the post hoc option with &#945; = 0.05 and two-tailed hypothesis. Thus, the two most important ergospirometric variables were chosen for the study population: maxVO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. We found an effect size of 0.81 (R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> = 0.67) for the maxVO<sub>2</sub> and 0.71 (R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> = 0.51) for the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. We observed for both variables a power of 99% with a total sample of 25 patients.</p>
        <p>Patients were later divided into two groups according to values of maxVO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope found to CPET: Group 1 - maxVO<sub>2</sub>&gt; 14mL/kg/min and/or VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &lt; 35; and Group 2 - maxVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14mL/kg/ min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 (IIa class indication criteria for heart transplantation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The data was presented by absolute and percentage frequencies for categorical variables; by the mean and standard deviation for parametric quantitative variables; and by median and interquartile range for non-parametric variables. Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify if the quantitative data were normals. For comparison of parametric variables, we used the Student t-test for independent samples and for non-parametric variables the Mann-Whitney test. To compare categorical variables, we used the chi-square non-parametric test.</p>
        <p>In the second step, the correlation between the values of the GLS strain index with ergospirometric variables was performed by using the Pearson coefficient for parametric and Spearman variables for non-parametric variables. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the GLS's ability to predict maxVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35.</p>
        <p>P value inferior to 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were entered in an EXCEL spreadsheet and statistical software used for statistical calculations was the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 23.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the study period, 39 patients with HF were referred to the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. Of these, 10 were not included because of a LVEF higher than 45%, one patient for presenting inadequate acoustic window for subsequent analysis of the GLS and two patients due to arrhythmia. Therefore, 26 patients (mean age, 47&#177;12 years, 58% men) participated in this study, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">(n = 26)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">47.31 &#177; 12.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender: n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">15 (57.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">11 (42.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>): Mean &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">29.31 &#177; 5.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities: n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">20 (77)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">15 (61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF Etiology: n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">10 (39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocarditis</td>
              <td align="center">4 (15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas' Disease</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
              <td align="center">5 (19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication: n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">23 (88)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blocker</td>
              <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics K-sparing</td>
              <td align="center">22 (84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 8.62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Strain (%) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">-7.5 &#177; 3.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub> (mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">19.09 &#177; 9.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope(mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">39.43 &#177; 9.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR (bpm) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">19.65 &#177; 17.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (s) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center">168.61 &#177; 43.90</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; ACEI/ARB: converting the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; maxVO<sub>2</sub>: maximal oxygen consumption; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: slope of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> curve; HRR: heart rate recovery; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: time to VO<sub>2</sub> halving recovery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the CPET results the average maxVO<sub>2</sub> was 19.09 &#177; 9,52 mL/kg/min and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was 39.43 &#177; 9.91. The mean HRR and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> were respectively, 19.65 &#177; 17.42 bpm and 168.61 &#177; 43.90s. By echocardiography, the mean LVEF was 28.0 &#177; 8.6% and mean GLS index was -7.5 &#177; 3.92 % for all studied patients, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation of CPET variables with LVEF and GLS measurements</title>
        <p>When comparing the CPET with LVEF data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), a positive correlation was observed only with maxVO<sub>2</sub> (r = 0.585, p = 0.02) and negative with T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (r = -0.530; p = 0.005). For the other variables, LVEF showed no correlation, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation of numerical variables of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain index (GLS)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">LVEF (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">GLS (p value)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HRR-bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0.288 (0.154)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.466 (0.016)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0.585 (0.002)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.671 (&lt; 0.001)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">(2)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">-0.330 (0.100)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0.513 (0.007)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-0.530 (0.005)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0.696 (&lt; 0.001)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HRR: heart rate recovery; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: time to VO<sub>2</sub> halving recovery; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: slope of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> curve; maxVO<sub>2</sub>: maximal oxygen consumption.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(1)</label>
              <p>Pearson coefficient;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(2)</label>
              <p>Spearman coefficient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The GLS showed significant correlation with all analysed CPET variables. This parameter was positively correlated with maxVO<sub>2</sub> and HRR and inversely with VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Global longitudinal strain index (GLS) scatter plots compared to maxVO2, VE/VCO2 slope, HRR, and T1/2VO2. maxVO2: maximal oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2 slope: slope of the VE/VCO2 curve; HRR: heart rate recovery; T1/2VO2: time to VO2 halving recovery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0188-90119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding VO<sub>2</sub> group &gt; 14 mL/kg/min and/or VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &lt; 35 and VO<sub>2</sub> group &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35, there were no differences in clinical variables, comorbidities and medications used. However, echocardiographic variables showed differences, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between Group 1 - VO<sub>2</sub> max &gt; 14 mL/kg/min and/or VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &lt; 35 and Group 2 - maxVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/ min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 14 mL/kg/min and/or VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &lt; 35 (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years): Mean &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">45.7 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.334<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gender: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Men</td>
                <td align="center">11 (61.1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.683<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Women</td>
                <td align="center">7 (38.9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>): Mean &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.849<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(3)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidities: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.628<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55.6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.420<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HF Etiology: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.628<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
                <td align="center">7 (38.9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas' disease</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopatic</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.281<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medication: n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">16 (88.9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta blocker</td>
                <td align="center">18 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics K-sparing</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">30.6 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">22.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.021<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Strain (%) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.037<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(3)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub> (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.014<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(3)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">35.8 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">47.5 &#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HRR (bpm) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 17.2</td>
                <td align="center">18.4 &#177; 19.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(3)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (s) (mean &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">147.5 &#177; 32.1</td>
                <td align="center">216.1 &#177; 25.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">(1)</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; SAH: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; ACEI/ARB: converting the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; maxVO<sub>2</sub>: maximal oxygen consumption; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: slope of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> curve; HRR: heart rate recovery; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: time to VO<sub>2</sub> halving recovery.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>(1)</label>
              <p>Student t test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>(2)</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>(3)</label>
              <p>chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The area under the ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) for the GLS index value as a predictor of poor functional capacity and worse prognosis was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.75 to 1.00), with a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 83%, positive predictive value of 67%, and negative predictive value of 88%, for a cut-off GLS value of -5.7%, p = 0.03.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for evaluating the ability of the global longitudinal strain index (GLS) in predicting VO2 &lt; 14 mL/kg/min and VE/VCO2 slope &gt; 35. Sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 83% for a GLS cut-off of -5.7%, p = 0.03.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0188-90119-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, in patients with systolic HF referred for a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program, the GLS was significantly associated with all functional CPET parameters. It seems to be more accurate than LVEF in classifying patients with HF according to the functional capacity and thus may stratify which patients have a poor prognosis and therefore to deserve more differentiated treatment, such as heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that LVEF has no correlation with functional capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, there is limited data on the association between exercise tolerance and the results of analysis by cardiac strain. This study showed that LVEF was associated with maxVO<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, however, showed no correlation with the other CPET variables. Whereas peak VO<sub>2</sub> values and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are parameters which help in end-stage HF decision making<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and that in this study, the GLS value was correlated with all these variables, we could suggest that the GLS may have a prognostic significance in this group of patients. In addition, GLS correlation with maxVO<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> was better than LVEF, thus demonstrating that the GLS is a more accurate tool.</p>
      <p>Hasselberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in their study that evaluated HF patients, either with normal or reduced LVEF, were able to show the importance of GLS as a predictor of exercise capacity in patients with preserved LVEF HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, these authors have failed to demonstrate this relationship in patients with reduced LVEF. In the present study, we observed this correlation between GLS and functional capacity. This may have occurred since our study evaluated patients in more advanced stages of cardiac dysfunction. The average GLS in our study was worse than the Hasselbach study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> has also proven an important tool for predicting outcomes. The longer the VO<sub>2</sub> recovery time of HF patients after physical exercise, the worse the cardiovascular prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Our study demonstrated that the GLS was able to determine patients that have delayed recovery of VO<sub>2</sub>. The lower the value of GLS, the greater the time required for the post-physical effort VO<sub>2</sub> to be reduced to half, suggesting the hypothesis that the GLS could estimate the prognosis of the patient.</p>
      <p>Another evidence that supports the prognostic importance of GLS was dysautonomia analysis. It is known that there is a relationship between HRR in the first minute after physical exercise with mortality. The cardiovascular prognosis appears to be independent of symptoms, the type of recovery protocol, LVEF, and severity of coronary lesions in coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This study showed a direct relationship between the GLS value and HRR in the first minute after effort, with a less accentuated drop in heart rate in patients who had a lower GLS value.</p>
      <p>Cameli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> evaluated patients with severe HF, with cardiac transplant indication, and, by histopathology of the heart after heart transplantation, found that no echocardiographic parameter, performed before heart transplant, was able to correlate with the presence of fibrosis except the GLS value. Therefore, a lower GLS value indicates that there is presence of more cardiac fibrosis, and consequently, there is less deformation and myocardium thickening, and relaxation and contractility is more defective. These changes entail low functional capacity and are responsible for worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, in that study, functional capacity was not assessed through an objective test, such as CPET.</p>
      <p>Rangel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evaluated patients with LVEF less than 45% and demonstrated that the GLS value correlates with more advanced stages of the disease and is an independent predictor of life expectancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> That is, in patients with severe HF and similar LVEF, GLS was able to show which patients would present an unfavourable outcome. Our study showed that in patients with reduced LVEF, the lowest GLS value was correlated with CPET parameters that assess exercise tolerance and prognosis disease.</p>
      <p>When rating the GLS cut-off in predicting poor prognosis, Rangel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> used the Seattle HF model to assess the long-term survival, and it was shown that the best GLS cut-off point was -9.5%. Our study correlated the GLS value with CPET parameters and suggested a cut-off point of -5.7% for GLS value, with sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 83% in predicting CPET heart transplantation&#8217;s criteria.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Considering the small number of patients included in this study, our findings that the GLS showed a strong correlation with the CPET data and have been able to identify the patients who had ergospirometric criteria of worse prognosis, need to be proven through a study with a larger number of patients and of long-term monitoring, and thus determine the real power of GLS in the prognostic assessment and therapeutic setting in systolic HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In systolic HF patients, the GLS showed significant association with the main parameters of CPET and was able to classify patients with low functional capacity. Thus, GLS may be a more accurate parameter than LVEF in stratifying systolic HF patients. Moreover, it may play a role in helping to evaluate patients in the end stage of HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FACEPE APQ-0154-4.08/15; FACEPE IBPG-0450-4.08/17; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) 432865/2016-0 and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho Maia, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under the protocol number 38572614.1.000.5208. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Cahalin</surname>
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              <given-names>J</given-names>
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          <article-title>Revisiting cardiopulmonary exercise testing applications in heart failure: aligning evidence with clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Exerc Sport Sci Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
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          <lpage>160</lpage>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Arena R, Myers J, Aslam SS, Varughese EB, Peberdy MA. Peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in patients with heart failure: a prognostic comparison. Am Heart J. 2004;147(2):354-60.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varughese</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peberdy</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal Global &#233; Preditor de Baixa Capacidade Funcional em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4726-9416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7754-4397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Thays Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s Rem&#237;gio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Armele Dornelas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Fisioterapia, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalhaes - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235. CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Martins SM, Andrade AD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Maia RJC, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Pinheiro F, Ara&#250;jo BTS, Aguiar MIR, Martins SM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Leite J, Parente GB, Pinheiro F, Ara&#250;jo BTS, Aguiar MIR, Andrade AD; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Brand&#227;o SCS, Parente GB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Maia RJC, Brand&#227;o SCS, Leite J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Brand&#227;o SCS, Brand&#227;o DC, Andrade AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) &#233; capaz de predizer a capacidade funcional dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, e avaliar o progn&#243;stico na IC com FEVE reduzida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar o SLG com par&#226;metros do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP), e avaliar se o SLG seria capaz de predizer quais pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica deveriam ser encaminhados ao transplante card&#237;aco de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do TECP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica com FEVE &lt;45%, classe funcional NYHA II e III, submeteram-se prospectivamente ao TECP e &#224; ecocardiografia com an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>. A FEVE e o SLG foram correlacionados com as seguintes vari&#225;veis do TECP: maxVO<sub>2</sub>, inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o primeiro minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC), e tempo necess&#225;rio para a redu&#231;&#227;o do maxVO<sub>2</sub> em 50% ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>). Foi realizada an&#225;lise da curva ROC do SLG em predizer um VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min e uma inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 (crit&#233;rios para transplante card&#237;aco). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Vinte e seis pacientes foram selecionados para o estudo (idade, 47&#177;12 anos, 58% homens, FEVE m&#233;dia LVEF = 28 &#177; 8%). A FEVE correlacionou-se somente com o maxVO<sub>2</sub> e o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>. O SLG correlacionou-se com todas as vari&#225;veis do TECP (maxVO<sub>2</sub>: r = 0,671; p = 0,001; inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: r = -0,513; p = 0,007; RFC: r = 0,466; p = 0,016; e T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: r = -0,696, p = 0,001). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o SLG para predizer os crit&#233;rios para transplante card&#237;aco foi de 0,88 (sensibilidade 75%, especificidade 83%) para um ponto de corte de -5,7%, p = 0,03.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O SLG apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com todos os par&#226;metros funcionais do TECP. O SLG foi capaz de classificar os pacientes com IC segundo capacidade funcional e possivelmente pode identificar quais pacientes t&#234;m um progn&#243;stico ruim e, portanto, se beneficiariam de um tratamento diferenciado, tal como o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd><italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Tor&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Anormalidade Torcional</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>0154-4.08/15</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>0450-4.08/17</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>432865/2016-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FACEPE APQ-0154-4.08/15; FACEPE IBPG-0450-4.08/17; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) 432865/2016-0 and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; o m&#233;todo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar a capacidade funcional em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). O teste permite medir, durante o exerc&#237;cio, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio (maxVO<sub>2</sub>), a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>,</sub> a inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), a cin&#233;tica de recupera&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>), al&#233;m de estratificar o risco cardiovascular e predizer mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por esses par&#226;metros. Por exemplo, valores de VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 s&#227;o crit&#233;rios para transplante card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o TECP avalia a presen&#231;a de disautonomia, medindo-se a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RFC) no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> fato que est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao desfecho cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, a redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica medida principalmente por ecocardiografia, pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE), &#233; o principal par&#226;metro de classifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de dano ao mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apesar de seu valor estar pouco associado com os sintomas cl&#237;nicos e a capacidade funcional desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain</italic>) &#233; uma ferramenta mais recente da ecocardiografia que se demonstrou mais eficaz na an&#225;lise do desarranjo global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes mostram que o valor do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) do VE &#233; capaz de predizer a capacidade funcional em pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e avaliar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC e FEVE reduzida, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos escores de expectativa de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, essa t&#233;cnica avalia o grau de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e parece predizer o grau de fibrose regional e global do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos comparando o SLG com par&#226;metros do TECP em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar valores do SLG com par&#226;metros funcionais do TECP, e avaliar se o SLG poderia identificar quais pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica deveriam ser encaminhados ao transplante card&#237;aco segundo crit&#233;rios do TECP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal, prospectivo, observacional, realizado segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es STROBE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero 1507992).</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta de adultos (21-65 anos) de ambos os sexos, com diagn&#243;stico de IC em classe funcional II e III pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), sedent&#225;rios, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE &lt; 45%) avaliada por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica realizada em at&#233; um m&#234;s antes de serem encaminhados para o programa cardiopulmonar e recrutados para este estudo. Os dados foram coletados entre janeiro de 2015 e mar&#231;o de 2016.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de deformidade no rosto do paciente que impedisse o ajuste da m&#225;scara para realizar o TECP, doen&#231;as ortop&#233;dicas ou neurol&#243;gicas que pudessem inviabilizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, problemas psicol&#243;gicos que restringissem os pacientes de responderem os question&#225;rios, IC classe funcional IV ou interna&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia card&#237;aca at&#233; tr&#234;s meses antes do estudo, volume expirat&#243;rio no primeiro segundo ou capacidade vital for&#231;ada &lt; 70% do predito, caracterizando doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>Para fins de padroniza&#231;&#227;o, todos os exames foram realizados por apenas um examinador. Nenhum deles teve acesso aos resultados de outras avalia&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes. Os pesquisadores respons&#225;veis pela coleta de dados n&#227;o realizaram os TECPs, assegurando o car&#225;ter cego do estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes do estudo foram submetidos ao TECP pelo protocolo de rampa em uma esteira rolante (<italic>Centurium 300</italic>, Micromed, Brasil). Utilizou-se o programa ErgoPC Elite&#174; associado ao eletrocardi&#243;grafo de 12 canais. As vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias foram avaliadas por um analisador de g&#225;s (Cortex - Metalyzer II, Alemanha), e obtidas em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#245;es de temperatura, press&#227;o e umidade, a cada respira&#231;&#227;o, com o paciente respirando durante o exerc&#237;cio por uma m&#225;scara facial sem aberturas. Durante o teste, foram avaliados capacidade funcional, maxVO<sub>2</sub> medida em METs, m&#225;ximo VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> e RFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Todas as ecocardiografias foram realizadas segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia bidimensional, utilizando-se o sistema de ultrassom Vivid I (GE Medical Systems, Horten, Noruega), com transdutor multifrequ&#234;ncia de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o exame, foi realizada an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> por meio de um programa de an&#225;lise de ecocardiograma (EchoPAC, GE Medical Systems, Horten, Noruega, vers&#227;o 10.0). As imagens das se&#231;&#245;es longitudinais foram analisadas (4 c&#226;maras, 3 c&#226;maras, e 2 c&#226;maras).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Uma regi&#227;o de interesse foi aplicada automaticamente pelo programa e, quando necess&#225;rio, ajustada manualmente. A an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> foi feita por um programa espec&#237;fico a essa an&#225;lise. Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos quando a qualidade de mais de dois segmentos foi considerada insuficiente para monitoramento pelo sistema de an&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da amostra, foi utilizado o programa G*Power 3,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> no qual selecionamos a op&#231;&#227;o post-hoc com &#945; = 0,05 e hip&#243;tese bicaudal. Assim, foram escolhidas as duas vari&#225;veis espiroergom&#233;tricas mais importantes para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada: maxVO<sub>2</sub> e inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2.</sub> Encontramos um tamanho do efeito de 0,81 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,67) para o maxVO<sub>2</sub> e 0,71 (R<sup>2</sup>= 0,51) para a inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Encontramos para ambas as vari&#225;veis um poder de 99%, sendo necess&#225;rios 25 indiv&#237;duos na amostra.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram posteriormente divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os valores de maxVO<sub>2</sub> e inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: grupo 1 - maxVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 14mL/kg/min e/ou inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 35; e grupo 2 - maxVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14mL/kg/ min e inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 (crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o classe IIa para transplante card&#237;aco).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; as vari&#225;veis quantitativas param&#233;tricas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; e as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. A normalidade dos dados quantitativos foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, o teste t de Student foi usado para as amostras independentes, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, usamos o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico do qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>Na segunda etapa das an&#225;lises, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de SLG com as vari&#225;veis espiroergom&#233;tricas foi realizada pelo coeficiente de Pearson para vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, e coeficiente de Spearman para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi realizada para avaliar a capacidade do SLG em predizer maxVO<sub>2</sub>&lt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>&gt; 35.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram organizados em uma planilha do programa Excel, e as an&#225;lises realizadas pelo programa de c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>) vers&#227;o 23.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o estudo, 39 pacientes com IC foram encaminhados para o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. Desses, 10 n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos devido a uma FEVE maior que 45%, um paciente n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do por apresentar uma janela ac&#250;stica inadequada para as an&#225;lises subsequentes do SLG, e dois pela presen&#231;a de arritmia. Portanto, 26 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 47&#177;12 anos, 58% homens) participaram do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 26)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">47,31 &#177; 12,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (57,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">11 (42,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>): M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">29,31 &#177; 5,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">20 (77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">15 (61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isquemia</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10 (39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardite</td>
                <td align="center">4 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o: n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">23 (88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">22 (84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 8,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic>(%) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">-7,5 &#177; 3,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">19,09 &#177; 9,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">39,43 &#177; 9,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RFC (bpm) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">19,65 &#177; 17,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (s) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">168,61 &#177; 43,90</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; maxVO<sub>2</sub>:consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; RFC: recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do TECP, a m&#233;dia do maxVO<sub>2</sub> foi 19,09 &#177; 9,52 mL/kg/min e a inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> 39,43 &#177; 9,91. A RFC m&#233;dia foi de 19,65 &#177; 17,42 bpm e o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dio de 168,61 &#177; 43,90s. Na ecocardiografia, a FEVE m&#233;dia foi 28,0 &#177; 8,6%, e o SLG m&#233;dio -7,5 &#177; 3,92% para todos os pacientes do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do TECP com as medidas de FEVE e SLG</title>
          <p>Ao comparar os dados do TECP com resultados da FEVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>), observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o maxVO<sub>2</sub> (r = 0,585, p = 0,02), e negativa com T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (r = -0,530; p = 0,005). As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e &#237;ndice do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">FEVE (valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">SLG (valor de p)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC-bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0,288 (0,154)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,466 (0,016)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,585 (0,002)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,671 (&lt; 0,001)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,330 (0,100)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,513 (0,007)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,530 (0,005)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,696 (&lt; 0,001)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>RFC: recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub>; inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; maxVO<sub>2</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>(1)</label>
                <p>coeficiente de Pearson;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>(2)</label>
                <p>coeficiente de Spearman.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O SLG mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com todas as vari&#225;veis do TECP analisadas. Esse par&#226;metro mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o maxVO<sub>2</sub> e RFC, e uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (Tabela 2,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o do &#237;ndice do strain longitudinal global (SLG) comparado ao maxVO2, &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO2), recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RFC), e tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 50% do VO2 (T1/2VO2).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0188-90119-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 35, e ao grupo com VO<sub>2</sub>&lt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades e medicamentos utilizados. No entanto, observaram-se diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupo 1 - VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt; 14 mL/kg/min e/ou inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 35 e grupo 2 - maxVO<sub>2</sub> &lt;14 mL/kg/ min e inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 14 mL/kg/min e/ou inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 35 (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 (n = 8)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos): M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,334<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo: n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (61,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>): M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,849<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">(3)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Comorbidades: n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,628<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (55,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia da IC: n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,628<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Miocardite</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,281<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o: n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (88,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos poupadores de pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">(2)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,6 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">22,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic>(%) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">(3)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">maxVO<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">(3)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">47,5 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC (bpm) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4 &#177; 19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">(3)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> (s) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,5 &#177; 32,1</td>
                  <td align="center">216,1 &#177; 25,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">(1)</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; maxVO<sub>2</sub>:consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; RFC: recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub>;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>(1)</label>
                <p>teste t de Student;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>(2)</label>
                <p>teste de Mann-Whitney;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>(3)</label>
                <p>teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) para o valor &#237;ndice do SLG como preditor de baixa capacidade funcional e de um pior progn&#243;stico foi 0,88 (IC95% = 0,75 a 1,00), com sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 83%, valor preditivo positivo de 67%, e valor preditivo negativo de 88%, para um ponto de corte para SLG de -5.7%, p = 0,03.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC para avaliar a capacidade do &#237;ndice do strain longitudinal global (SLG) em predizer VO2 &lt; 14 mL/kg/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO2) &gt; 35; sensibilidade de 75% e especificidade de 83% para um ponto de corte de SLG de -5,7%, p = 0,03.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0188-90119-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica encaminhados para um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, o SLG associou-se significativamente com os par&#226;metros funcionais do TECP. Aparentemente, o SLG foi mais preciso que a FEVE em classificar os pacientes com IC de acordo com a capacidade funcional e, assim, seria capaz de estratificar quais pacientes apresentam um progn&#243;stico ruim, merecendo um tratamento diferenciado, tal como o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a FEVE n&#227;o teve correla&#231;&#227;o com a capacidade funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e os resultados da an&#225;lise por <italic>strain</italic> card&#237;aco s&#227;o limitados. Este estudo mostrou que a FEVE associou-se com maxVO<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, mas n&#227;o teve correla&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis do TECP. Uma vez que valores de VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o par&#226;metros que ajudam na tomada de decis&#245;es em pacientes com IC terminal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e que, no presente estudo, o SLG correlacionou-se com essas vari&#225;veis, podemos sugerir que o SLG possa ter signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica nesse grupo de pacientes. Ainda, a correla&#231;&#227;o do SLG com o maxVO<sub>2</sub> e o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> foi melhor que a da FEVE, demonstrando, assim, que o SLG &#233; uma ferramenta mais precisa.</p>
        <p>Hasselberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em seu estudo que avaliou pacientes com IC, tanto com FEVE normal como com FEVE reduzida, mostrou a import&#226;ncia do SLG como um preditor de capacidade no exerc&#237;cio de pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, esses autores n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar essa rela&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com FEVE reduzida. Em nosso estudo, n&#243;s observamos essa correla&#231;&#227;o entre SLG e capacidade funcional, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo se encontravam em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A m&#233;dia do SLG em nosso estudo foi pior que no estudo de Hasselbach et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> tamb&#233;m tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos. Quanto maior o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> dos pacientes com IC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, pior &#233; o progn&#243;stico cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nosso estudo demonstrou que o SLG foi capaz de identificar os pacientes que apresentam recupera&#231;&#227;o tardia do VO<sub>2</sub>. Quanto menor o valor do SLG, maior o tempo necess&#225;rio para o VO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico reduzir pela metade, sugerindo a hip&#243;tese de que o SLG poderia estimar o progn&#243;stico do paciente.</p>
        <p>Outra evid&#234;ncia que apoia a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do SLG foi a an&#225;lise da disautonomia. Sabe-se que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre RFC no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e a mortalidade. O progn&#243;stico cardiovascular parece ser independente de sintomas, do tipo de protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, da FEVE e da gravidade das les&#245;es na angiografia coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Este estudo mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta dos valores de SLG com RFC no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, com uma queda menos acentuada na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes que apresentaram menor valor de GLS.</p>
        <p>Cameli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram pacientes com IC grave, com indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco e, por histopatologia do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o transplante, observaram que nenhum par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico, realizado antes do transplante card&#237;aco, correlacionou-se com a presen&#231;a de fibrose, com exce&#231;&#227;o do SLG. Portanto, um SLG mais baixo indica a presen&#231;a de mais fibrose card&#237;aca e, consequentemente, menor deforma&#231;&#227;o e espessamento do mioc&#225;rdio, e defeitos no relaxamento e na contratilidade. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es implicam em baixa capacidade funcional, e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por um pior progn&#243;stico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, no estudo de Cameli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> a capacidade funcional n&#227;o foi avaliada por um teste objetivo tal como o TECP.</p>
        <p>Rangel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> avaliaram pacientes com FEVE menor que 45% e mostraram que o valor de SLG se correlacionou com est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, e foi um preditor independente de expectativa de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Portanto, em pacientes com IC grave e FEVE similar, o SLG foi capaz de mostrar quais pacientes apresentariam um desfecho desfavor&#225;vel. Nosso estudo mostrou que em pacientes com FEVE reduzida, o valor de SLG mais baixo correlacionou-se com par&#226;metros de TECP que avaliam a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar o ponto de corte do SLG em predizer um progn&#243;stico ruim, Rangel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> utilizaram o <italic>Seattle Heart Failure Model</italic> para avaliar a sobrevida em longo prazo, e mostraram que o melhor ponto de corte de SLG foi de -9,5%. Nosso estudo correlacionou o valor de SLG com par&#226;metros de TECP e sugeriu um ponto de corte de -5,7% para SLG, com sensibilidade de 75% e especificidade de 83% em predizer crit&#233;rios do TECP para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Considerando o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, nossos resultados mostrando que o SLG teve forte correla&#231;&#227;o com dados do TECP e que foi capaz de identificar pacientes com crit&#233;rios de espiroergometria para um pior progn&#243;stico, precisam ser comprovados por um estudo que inclua um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e acompanhamento em longo prazo, para determinar a real capacidade do SLG na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica na IC sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos pacientes com IC, o SLG mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com os principais par&#226;metros do TECP, e foi capaz de classificar os pacientes com baixa capacidade funcional. Portanto, o SLG parece ser um par&#226;metro mais preciso que a FEVE em estratificar os pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, o SLG tem um importante papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC terminal.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FACEPE APQ-0154-4.08/15; FACEPE IBPG-0450-4.08/17; CNPq 432865/2016-0 e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho Maia pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 38572614.1.000.5208. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
