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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">q6KWrWqwFkjHbVfhLTrrV9F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000800185</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Overweight, the Cardiovascular Risk of the Century</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua 115-F, 135. Postal Code 74085-300, Setor Sul, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>187</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention &amp; Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Feeding Behavior/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Over time, the scientific community has accurately identified the main cardiovascular risk factors. There is no doubt about their importance, the weight of each one in determining the increase in morbidity and mortality due to this cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>On the other hand, the temporal growth of circulatory system pathologies as the main cause of death and leave from work was gigantic. An untold social, economic and affective harm.</p>
    <p>Scientific development has enabled the emergence of instruments and drugs to address major modifiable risk factors. </p>
    <p>Ironically though, is that, in general, from the point of view of disease control, we make more progress in secondary prevention than in primary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In secondary prevention, combating some of the greatest risk factors has greater appeal. Treatment of hypertension, dyslipidemia and even diabetes has evolved a lot. Platelet antiaggregation and anticoagulation as a means of preventing further events have also gone a long way. In this case, despite the problems related to lack of access or adherence to treatment, we have cleared the ground and keep on moving.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Regarding lifestyle habits, there are multiple answers even in this situation. Smoking cessation is well accepted and, due to the actions taken on all levels in our country, the results are very encouraging. However, there is greater resistance to changing sedentary behaviors, despite the dissemination of knowledge about its importance. Psychosocial stress is another factor that needs further studies and more effective actions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, there is a major public health challenge against which we have been sustaining setbacks year after year.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>The challenge of the century: overweight</title>
      <p>Published studies have shown that, worldwide, over the past 50 years, the population has increased in weight. A 2014 publication reported that between 1980 and 2013 individuals had an increase in body mass index above 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, which classifies them as overweight, from 28.8% to 36.9% among men and 29.8% to 38.0% among women. Worse than that, children and adolescents also had weight gain both in developed countries where, in 2013, 23.8% of boys and 22.6% of girls were overweight or obese, and in developing countries, where 12.9% of boys and 13.4% of girls were also overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2016, another publication that evaluated the period from 1975 to 2014 also showed that obesity increased from 3.2% to 10.8% among men and from 6.4% to 14.9% among women. These studies estimate that if this trend continues, in 2025, the prevalence of obesity around the world will be greater than 18% among men and 21% among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This said, we clearly have a worldwide overweight pandemic, made worse by the fact that there has not been, so far, any description of any developed program that has succeeded in stopping this harsh reality. </p>
      <p>This is an important cardiovascular risk that went unnoticed initially, which is taking alarming proportions and gaining momentum.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that, in 2015, overweight drove more than 100 million people away from their jobs and was responsible for about 4 million deaths worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil it is no different: the epidemic is severe and progresses noticeably. From 2006 to 2016, in a survey using VIGITEL data, which somewhat underestimates information, the prevalence of overweight increased from 48.1% to 57.5% among men and from 37.8% to 48.2% among women, and obesity increased from 11.7% to 18.1% among men and from 12.1% to 18.8% among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another major longitudinal study - ELSA-Brasil - showed in a 2015 publication, in a population aged 35 to 74, a prevalence of 40.2% of overweight individuals and 22.9% of obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It is scary, but there is more.</p>
      <p>These surveys report data from capital cities and/or large urban centers and, when we seek information about small towns, we find the same reality.</p>
      <p>For example, a 13-year longitudinal study in a small town in the Midwest of Brazil, in a population of people older than 18, found an increase in overweight/obesity, which was already high in 2002, from 49.1% to 69.8% in 2015. As atypical as it may seem and even more challenging, overweight in the period increased from 34.6% to 38.4%, while obesity increased from 14.5% to a scary rate of 31.4%. Note that the same individuals were investigated at two different times. Considering stratification by gender, there was a decrease in the number of normal weight individuals and an increase in obesity in that time frame.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nutritional status based on body mass index (n = 685). Firmin&#243;polis, Brazil (2002-2015). *Significant p = 0.05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0185-90171-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>It is also worth noting that in Brazil, even in children, from very young kids to teenagers, there are impressive percentages of overweight and obesity.</p>
      <p>A study with children aged 2 to 5 in midwestern Brazil found 11.2% of overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Another sample of 3169 slightly older school children (7 to 14 years old), also in the Midwest region, found 16% of overweight children and 4.9% of obese children, revealing the same trend since childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finally, wrapping up the cycle, in the evaluation of school adolescents (12 to 17 years old), two population-based studies, one representing a city and another representing the whole country - the studies CORADO and ERICA - found overweight percentages of 23.3% and 17.1%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is no other way of looking at it: it is an epidemic, it ravages the world, it grows rapidly and is not effectively tackled.</p>
      <p>The scientific community has not realized the seriousness of this issue, it still works from a &#8220;treatment&#8221; perspective and is very shy when it comes to primary prevention, as it was clearly outlined in recent documents from the European Society of Hypertension and the European Association for the Study of obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We already have strong indications that incentives or even restrictive measures with taxation of certain products that may be considered harmful are cost-effective and may potentially lead us to a safer spot.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is really a time for taking action, for us to stop being doctors of illness and acting from the perspective of real healthcare professionals. We should all make more of an effort. And that includes each individual from society and especially from the government.</p>
      <p>Tackling overweight should be a government policy in pursuit of an effective action nationwide, otherwise we will move towards an even darker future in terms of cardiovascular disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Excesso de Peso, o Risco Cardiovascular do S&#233;culo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim,</bold> Rua 115-F, 135. CEP 74085-300, Setor Sul, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Alimentar/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ao longo do tempo, a comunidade cient&#237;fica identificou com precis&#227;o os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular. N&#227;o restam d&#250;vidas de sua import&#226;ncia, do peso de cada um na determina&#231;&#227;o do aumento da morbimortalidade por essa causa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>De outro lado, o crescimento temporal das patologias do aparelho circulat&#243;rio como principal causa de morte e de afastamento das atividades produtivas foi gigantesco. Grande preju&#237;zo social, econ&#244;mico e afetivo.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico possibilitou o surgimento de instrumentos e f&#225;rmacos para atuar nos grandes fatores de risco modific&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>A ironia &#233; que, no geral, do ponto de vista do combate &#224;s doen&#231;as, avan&#231;amos mais na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do que na prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, o combate a alguns dos principais fatores de risco tem maior apelo. O tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, da dislipidemia e mesmo do diabetes muito evolu&#237;ram. A antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o como formas de evitar novos eventos tamb&#233;m caminharam a passos enormes. Nesse caso, mesmo com os problemas relacionados &#224; falta de acesso ou de ades&#227;o ao tratamento, temos o caminho desbravado e continuamos a avan&#231;ar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos de vida, as respostas s&#227;o vari&#225;veis, mesmo nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. O abandono ao tabagismo tem boa aceita&#231;&#227;o e, pelo conjunto de medidas tomadas em todas as esferas em nosso pa&#237;s, os resultados s&#227;o bastante animadores. Contudo, na busca pela mudan&#231;a do comportamento sedent&#225;rio j&#225; h&#225; maior resist&#234;ncia, apesar da difus&#227;o do conhecimento sobre sua import&#226;ncia. O estresse psicossocial &#233; outro fator que carece de melhor conhecimento e a&#231;&#245;es mais efetivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225;, entretanto, um grande desafio &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, contra o qual estamos sofrendo reveses ano ap&#243;s ano.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O desafio do s&#233;culo: excesso de peso</title>
        <p>Estudos publicados mostraram que, em todo o mundo, nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, a popula&#231;&#227;o aumentou de peso. Em publica&#231;&#227;o de 2014, destacou-se que entre 1980 e 2013 os indiv&#237;duos tiveram aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea para acima de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, o que os classifica como sobrepeso, passando de 28,8% para 36,9% entre os homens e de 29,8% para 38,0% entre as mulheres. E, pior que isso, o aumento do peso ocorreu tamb&#233;m em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, tanto em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos onde, em 2013, 23,8% dos meninos e 22,6% das meninas estavam com sobrepeso ou obesas, quanto nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, onde 12,9% dos meninos e 13,4% das meninas estavam tamb&#233;m com excesso de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2016, outra publica&#231;&#227;o que avaliou o per&#237;odo entre 1975 e 2014 mostrou tamb&#233;m que a obesidade aumentou de 3,2% para 10,8% entre os homens e de 6,4% para 14,9% entre as mulheres nesse per&#237;odo. Esses estudos estimam que se a tend&#234;ncia se mantiver, em 2025, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade mundial ser&#225; maior que 18% entre os homens e 21% entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, temos claramente uma pandemia mundial de excesso de peso, agravada pelo fato de que n&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o momento, a descri&#231;&#227;o de qualquer programa desenvolvido que tenha obtido sucesso na revers&#227;o dessa dura realidade. Trata-se de um importante risco cardiovascular, que inicialmente passou despercebido, que toma propor&#231;&#245;es alarmantes e ganha espa&#231;o a cada momento.</p>
        <p>Deve-se destacar que, em 2015, o excesso de peso levou mais de 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas ao afastamento das atividades produtivas e foi respons&#225;vel por cerca de 4 milh&#245;es de mortes em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil n&#227;o &#233; diferente: a epidemia &#233; grave e progride a olhos vistos. De 2006 a 2016, em pesquisa utilizando dados do VIGITEL que, de uma certa forma, subestima as informa&#231;&#245;es, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso aumentou de 48,1% para 57,5% entre os homens e de 37,8% para 48,2% entre as mulheres e, al&#233;m disso, a obesidade cresceu de 11,7% para 18,1% entre os homens e de 12,1% para 18,8% entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro importante estudo longitudinal, o ELSA-Brasil, mostrou em publica&#231;&#227;o de 2015, em popula&#231;&#227;o entre 35 e 74 anos, uma preval&#234;ncia de 40,2% de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 22,9% com obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#201; assustador, mas n&#227;o para por a&#237;. </p>
        <p>Esses levantamentos mostram dados de capitais e/ou grandes n&#250;cleos urbanos e, quando buscamos informa&#231;&#245;es relativas a pequenas cidades, encontramos a mesma realidade. Por exemplo, em estudo longitudinal de 13 anos, em cidade de pequeno porte na regi&#227;o centro-oeste, observou-se, em popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 18 anos, um crescimento de sobrepeso/obesidade, que j&#225; era elevado em 2002, de 49,1% para 69,8% em 2015. De maneira at&#237;pica e ainda mais desafiante, o sobrepeso exclusivo no per&#237;odo aumentou de 34,6% para 38,4%, enquanto a obesidade cresceu de 14,5% para assustadores 31,4%. Vale destacar que s&#227;o os mesmos indiv&#237;duos investigados nos dois momentos distintos. Quando foi feita estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com peso normal e aumento da obesidade no intervalo de tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estado nutricional baseado no &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (n = 685). Firmin&#243;polis, Brasil (2002-2015). *Significante p = 0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-02-0185-90171-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Merece tamb&#233;m aten&#231;&#227;o que no Brasil, mesmo em crian&#231;as, desde muito jovens, at&#233; adolescentes, h&#225; impressionantes percentuais de sobrepeso e obesidade.</p>
        <p>Estudo com crian&#231;as de 2 a 5 anos na regi&#227;o centro-oeste mostrou 11,2% de sobrepeso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em outra amostra de 3169 crian&#231;as escolares um pouco maiores (7 a 14 anos), tamb&#233;m na regi&#227;o centro-oeste, encontrou-se &#237;ndice de 16% de crian&#231;as com sobrepeso e 4,9% crian&#231;as obesas, indicando a mesma tend&#234;ncia desde a inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finalmente, fechando o ciclo, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes escolares (12 a 17 anos), dois estudos de base populacional, um representativo de uma cidade e outro de todo o pa&#237;s, os estudos CORADO e ERICA, mostraram percentual de sobrepeso de 23,3% e 17,1%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; como encarar de outra forma: &#233; uma epidemia, assola todo o mundo, cresce a olhos vistos e n&#227;o encontra uma resist&#234;ncia efetiva.</p>
        <p>A comunidade cient&#237;fica n&#227;o se deu conta da gravidade do fato, ainda trabalha numa perspectiva de &#8220;tratamento&#8221; e &#233; muito t&#237;mida quando toca no tema preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, como claramente ficou delineado nos recentes documentos da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o e Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia para o Estudo da Obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; temos no momento atual fortes indicativos de que medidas de incentivos ou at&#233; restritivas, com taxa&#231;&#227;o de determinados produtos que possam ser considerados nocivos s&#227;o custo-efetivas e tem potencial para nos conduzir a um porto mais seguro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; realmente momento de a&#231;&#227;o, de deixarmos de ser m&#233;dicos de doen&#231;a e passarmos a atuar na perspectiva de reais profissionais de sa&#250;de. O esfor&#231;o precisa ser geral. De cada indiv&#237;duo, da sociedade civil organizada e, principalmente, da esfera governamental.</p>
        <p>O enfrentamento do excesso de peso deve ser uma pol&#237;tica de governo, em busca de uma provid&#234;ncia efetiva para toda a na&#231;&#227;o, sob pena de caminharmos para um futuro ainda mais obscuro em termos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
