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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fmPCSvwCJWRC3XPFYLLNCfR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700085</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190126</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Description of a New GLA Gene Variant in a Patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Is it Fabry Disease?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt &#8226;</bold> Rua Dona Maria, 71 BL 1 Apto 902. Postal Code 20541-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>mib@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marceloibittencourt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>85</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Alpha-Galactosidase/deficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabry Disease/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabry Disease/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Multiple Chronic Conditions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common monogenic cardiovascular disease in Brazil, with a prevalence of approximately 1:500 individuals. The autosomal dominant inheritance pattern is the most common one. More than 20 genes have been reported as being associated with the disease, and most of them encode sarcomeric proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a-galactosidase-A deficiency due to a mutation in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene, with X-linked inheritance. It causes alterations in multiple organs, including the heart, mimicking HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a publication by Favalli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a prospective 10-year FD screening study, hypertrophy with wall thickness &gt;13 mm was the most common finding of the disease, occurring in approximately 50% of individuals with mutations in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene, followed by acroparesthesia and renal failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A better understanding of the disease prevalence has been attained as its screening has been carried out in several populations. A Chinese study published in the past decade Indicates a prevalence of 1: 1600 men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Some mutations can cause the disease with limited heart manifestations, and this has already been reported in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The hypertrophy pattern may be useful to differentiate FD from HCM, but it is not an easy task. In HCM, the distribution of the left ventricular hypertrophy is characteristically asymmetric and heterogeneous, with several possible phenotypes. In FD, the hypertrophy is typically concentric, without obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, and the tapering of the basal portion of the left ventricular posterior wall is a characteristic of the final stage of the disease.</p>
    <p>In the current issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, Chaves-Markman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> found mutations in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene in 6.7% of a cohort of 60 HCM patients and reported a new variant, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), a missense mutation. This mutation has not been previously described, showing the originality of this work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Two other variants were described in this group of patients: c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr) and c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Interestingly, three of the four patients who had mutations in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene were females, a phenomenon also found in the article published by Cs&#225;nyi B et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> when they described the Ile239Met variant.7 This finding is little expected in patients with FD due to inactivation of the X chromosome in heterozygous women, resulting in milder symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The main question of this article to be discussed is whether the new mutation is in fact responsible for the left ventricular hypertrophy. The detection of any rare missense variant represents a challenge for the conclusion of causality in any genetic condition, and FD is no different. Therefore, since only the analysis of the <italic>GLA</italic> gene was performed, one cannot rule out the possibility that another pathogenic variant in some other gene that causes HCM may be present in the patient in which the c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr) variant was detected, as it was correctly highlighted in the study limitations.</p>
    <p>Nevertheless, it is a very relevant finding, as the genetic alteration is in a highly conserved area of the protein and this has an impact on the definition of pathogenicity of a new variant. It should be emphasized that the patient had a transient ischemic attack among the extracardiac symptoms, without any documentation of atrial fibrillation, which could be associated with FD.</p>
    <p>As emphasized by the author, the histopathological study is important for the diagnosis of FD, and it may help the groups that are discovering new variants of uncertain significance in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene to define its actual importance, especially in patients with the isolated cardiac form.</p>
    <p>Every diagnostic method has its limitations, and the identification of a complex condition such as FD will increasingly require a multiple approach by integrating several modalities (genetics, biochemistry, imaging and histology), which will generate more evidence for each experiment. Definitely, the study carried out by Chaves-Markman et al. represents an important step in the genetic screening and knowledge acquisition of the association between HCM and FD in the Brazilian population.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short editorial related to the article: GLA Gene Mutation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with a New Variant Description: Is it Fabry&#8217;s Disease?</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Descri&#231;&#227;o de Nova Variante do Gene GLA em Paciente com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica. &#201; Doen&#231;a de Fabry?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt &#8226;</bold> Rua Dona Maria, 71 BL 1 Apto 902. CEP 20541-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>mib@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marceloibittencourt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Alfa-Galactosidase/defici&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas M&#250;ltiplas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular monog&#234;nica mais comum em nosso meio, com preval&#234;ncia de cerca de 1 para 500 pessoas. A heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante &#233; a mais comumente vista. Mais de 20 genes j&#225; foram relatados associados &#224; doen&#231;a, e a maioria deles codificam prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
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      <p>J&#225; a Doen&#231;a de Fabry (DF) uma doen&#231;a de armazenamento lisossomal, &#233; causada por uma defici&#234;ncia de a-galactosidase A devido &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA, com heran&#231;a ligada ao X. Causa altera&#231;&#245;es em m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, entre eles o cora&#231;&#227;o, mimetizando CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
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      <p>Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o realizada por Favalli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> de um estudo prospectivo de triagem da DF que durou 10 anos, a hipertrofia com espessura da parede &gt; 13 mm foi o achado mais comum da doen&#231;a, ocorrendo em cerca de metade dos indiv&#237;duos portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene GLA, seguido de acroparestesia e insufici&#234;ncia renal. Um melhor conhecimento da preval&#234;ncia desta doen&#231;a vem sendo alcan&#231;ado a medida que o rastreamento vem sendo feito em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es. Estudo chin&#234;s publicado na d&#233;cada passada aponta para uma preval&#234;ncia de 1:1600 homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Algumas muta&#231;&#245;es podem causar a doen&#231;a com manifesta&#231;&#245;es limitadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, e isto j&#225; foi reportada em experi&#234;ncias anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O padr&#227;o de hipertrofia pode ser &#250;til para distinguir a DF e a CMH, mas n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil. Na CMH, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda &#233; caracteristicamente assim&#233;trica e heterog&#234;nea, com v&#225;rios fen&#243;tipos poss&#237;veis. Na DF, a hipertrofia &#233; tipicamente conc&#234;ntrica sem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo o afilamento da por&#231;&#227;o basal da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo uma caracter&#237;stica do est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Chaves-Markman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> encontraram muta&#231;&#245;es no gene GLA em 6,7% de uma coorte de 60 pacientes com CMH e ainda relataram uma nova variante, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), uma &#8220;missense&#8221;. Esta muta&#231;&#227;o nunca foi descrita anteriormente, mostrando a originalidade deste trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Neste grupo de pacientes, duas outras variantes foram descritas: c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr) e c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Curiosamente, tr&#234;s dos quatro pacientes que tinham muta&#231;&#245;es no gene GLA eram do sexo feminino, fen&#244;meno tamb&#233;m encontrado no artigo publicado por Cs&#225;nyi B et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> quando descreveram a variante Ile239Met.7 Este achado &#233; algo pouco esperado em pacientes com DF, devido a inativa&#231;&#227;o do cromossomo X em mulheres heterozigotas, resultando em sintomas mais leves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
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      <p>A quest&#227;o principal deste artigo a ser discutida &#233; se a nova muta&#231;&#227;o &#233; realmente a respons&#225;vel pela hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A detec&#231;&#227;o de toda variante missense rara representa um desafio para a conclus&#227;o de causalidade em qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, e a DF n&#227;o &#233; diferente. Neste sentido, como somente a an&#225;lise do gene GLA foi realizada, n&#227;o se pode afastar a possibilidade de que outra variante patog&#234;nica em algum outro gene causador de CMH possa estar presente na paciente onde foi detectada a variante c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), como foi corretamente destacada nas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. De qualquer forma &#233; um achado bastante relevante, pois a altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica encontra-se em uma &#225;rea altamente conservada da prote&#237;na e isso tem impacto na defini&#231;&#227;o de patogenicidade de uma variante nova. Ressalte-se que a paciente apresentou entre os sintomas extracard&#237;acos um ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, sem documenta&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o que poderia estar associada &#224; DF.</p>
      <p>Como foi destacado pela autora, o estudo histopatol&#243;gico &#233; importante para o diagn&#243;stico da DF, e pode orientar os grupos que est&#227;o descobrindo novas variantes de significado incerto no gene GLA a definir a sua real import&#226;ncia, especialmente nos pacientes que apresentam a forma card&#237;aca isolada.</p>
      <p>Todo m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma condi&#231;&#227;o complexa como a DF necessitar&#225; cada vez mais de uma abordagem m&#250;ltipla integrando v&#225;rias modalidades (gen&#233;tica, bioqu&#237;mica, imagem e histologia), que a cada experi&#234;ncia v&#227;o gerar mais evid&#234;ncias. Certamente, o estudo conduzido por Chaves-Markman et al. representa um passo importante no rastreamento gen&#233;tico e no conhecimento da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a CMH e a DF na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
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            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Muta&#231;&#227;o do Gene GLA na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica com Descri&#231;&#227;o de Nova Variante: &#201; Doen&#231;a de Fabry?</italic>
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