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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cc4KS6rpNJYkfwFLGw6bfBD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700077</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005011101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>GLA Gene Mutation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with a New Variant Description: Is it Fabry's Disease?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9008-402X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves-Markman</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calado</surname>
            <given-names>Eveline Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Flores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6025-9821</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos-Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina Maria Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lordsleem</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Bezerra de Melo da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">&#193;rea Acad&#234;mica de Medicina Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - &#193;rea Acad&#234;mica de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Centro de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - CCM, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de pesquisa em Epidemiologia e Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Grupo de pesquisa em Epidemiologia e Cardiologia (EPICARDIO), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Inova&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Inova&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica (PPGIT) - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Mauricio de Nassau</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Mauricio de Nassau - Curso de Medicina, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cetogene AG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rostock</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cetogene AG, Rostock - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: &#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia Chaves-Markman,</bold> Rua Doutor Pedro de melo Cah&#250;, 51/2102. Postal Code 51020-080, Boa Viagem, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andreachaves.cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC; Acquisition of data: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman M, Calado EB, Pereira CMF, Lordsleem, ABMS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chaves-Markman AV, Santos-Veloso MAO, Lima SG, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC; Statistical analysis: Lima SG, Oliveira DC; Writing of the manuscript: Chaves-Markman AV, Calado EB, Pires RF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>84</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the alpha galactosidase A gene (GLA) that lead to the enzymatic deficiency of alpha galactosidase (&#945;-Gal A), resulting in the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3), causing multiple organ dysfunctions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To perform GLA gene screening in a group of patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> a cross-sectional study was conducted with HCM patients from a university hospital. Patients with coronary artery disease and valvulopathies were excluded. Mutation analysis of the GLA gene was performed. In male subjects, the analysis was performed after evidence of low &#945;-Gal A activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> 60 patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of HCM were included. Age ranged from 12 to 85 years and 60% were women. Mean myocardial fibrosis percentage on MRI was 10.7 &#177; 13.1% and mean ventricular thickness was18.7 &#177; 6.7 mm. Four patients had the following GLA gene mutations: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), not yet described in the literature; c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr); and c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). All patients had normal levels of lyso-Gb3 and non-ischemic myocardial fibrosis on magnetic resonance imaging; one patient had proteinuria and one patient had ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> in this study, the frequency of mutation in the GLA gene in patients with HCM was 6.7%. A novel mutation in exon 6 of the GLA gene, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), was identified. Patients with HCM may have GLA mutations and FD should be ruled out. Plasma (lyso-Gb3) levels do not seem to be sufficient to attain a diagnosis and organ biopsy should be considered.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Fabry Disease/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycosphingolipids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent cardiopathy of genetic origin, caused by &gt;1400 mutations in genes encoding proteins that are components of cardiac sarcomeres and other proteins of related structures, such as Z-discs and intercalated discs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Due to advances in molecular biology techniques, the differential diagnosis of HCM has been extended, and other genetic disorders that present with ventricular hypertrophy have been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked genetic condition. It is caused by inborn errors in glycosphingolipid metabolism due to mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme &#945;-galactosidase A (&#945;-Gal A). Total or partial deficiency of this enzyme results in progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) in some tissues, particularly in the blood vessels, kidneys, and myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> More than 900 mutations with different effects on &#945;-Gal A enzyme activity have been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incidence of FD is estimated at 1:40,000 to 117,000 individuals, and both male homozygous and female heterozygous may be affected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Two phenotypes are recognized: a classic form that is characterized by an early-onset with manifestations during childhood, and a late-onset form that frequently affects only one organ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Cardiac changes seem to be present in the early stages of life; however, it is usually not clinically detectable until the third or fourth decade of life. Deposits of glycosphingolipids in valves and coronary vessels are frequent, which may cause complete atrioventricular block, mitral insufficiency, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), or myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, specific mutations are associated with the cardiac variant showing myocardial hypertrophy that is clinically similar to HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Patients with FD are at risk for developing cerebrovascular disease (CVD), cardiac sudden death, and renal failure, and these patients can benefit from specific treatments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, a screening for the <italic>GLA</italic> gene was performed in a group of patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of patients with HCM treated at the cardiology outpatient clinic at a university hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. All patients with an echocardiographic diagnosis of HCM based on the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> criteria were included. Patients with coronary artery disease, valvulopathies and hypertensive cardiomyopathy were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions of HCM</title>
        <p>A Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) was used to establish the diagnosis of HCM based on the following criteria: unexplained maximum ventricular thickness (MVT) &#8805; 15 mm in any cardiac segment or a MVT &#8805; 13 mm in a patient with family history of HCM. The obstructive presentation was defined by a left ventricular outflow gradient &#8805; 30 mmHg at rest or after Valsalva maneuver or in orthostatism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>The TTE was previously performed in all subjects to establish the diagnosis of HCM (Vivid 7 or Vivid E9 GE) with offline dataset analysis (EchoPac&#174;, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). The diameters of the interventricular septum and the left ventricular (LV) posterior wall, LV end diastolic volume, and LV end systolic volume were determined through M-mode or 2D imaging. The MVT of all segments were measured in the parasternal short axis. The ejection fraction (EF) and diastolic function were calculated using Simpson&#8217;s method and pulsatile Doppler, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Magnetic resonance imaging</title>
        <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in all patients with <italic>GLA</italic> mutation to assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis using the delayed myocardial enhancement technique (DMET). A 1.5-T MRI scanner (MAGNETOM Essenza, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) with an eight-channel phased array coil was used. The images were acquired in the cardiac short axis, from the base to the apex, with 8-mm slices and 2-mm intervals using the T1-weighted echo-gradient sequence. An inversion recovery prepulse and adjusted inversion time were used to neutralize the myocardial signal. Image acquisition was started at approximately 8-10 min after the infusion of gadolinium contrast at a dosage of 0.2 mmol/kg. DMET increases the amount of contrast between the normal tissue (dark due to signal neutralization) and the fibrotic tissue (white due to enhancement of gadolinium in the T1-weighted sequence).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography and Dynamic electrocardiography (24-h Holter)</title>
        <p>A resting 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed in all patients. A continuum digital recorder (<italic>Cardio Light</italic>&#174;, Cardio Sistemas Comercial Industrial, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was used to record and analyze the Holter tests for 24 h. The electrodes were positioned in the electrocardiographic derivations MV1, MV4, and MV6. The results were analyzed using the <italic>Cardiomanager</italic> 540&#174; (Cardio Sistemas Comercial Industrial, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) software by an independent observer searching for cardiac arrhythmias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Molecular and enzymatic essays</title>
        <p>All included patients underwent digit blood capillary puncture and blood samples were collected on filter paper. The samples were dried for 3-4h at room temperature, stored in a plastic envelop at 4&#176;C, and sent to the Centogene Laboratory (Rostock, Germany).</p>
        <p>Molecular analysis to determine <italic>GLA</italic> gene mutations was performed in the samples from the female subjects, whereas mutation analysis was performed after evidence of low &#945;-Gal A activity in male subjects. The expression level and enzymatic activity of the biomarker lyso-Gb3 were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.</p>
        <p>The <italic>GLA</italic> gene was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of all coding regions and highly conserved exon-intron boundaries through next-generation sequencing with Illumina HiSeq (Illumina, California, USA). <italic>GLA</italic> gene analysis was performed in all patients with HCM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (IBM Company, Armonk, NY, USA). Before analyzing the continuous variables, the data sets were tested for normality by performing the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally-distributed continuous variables were presented with measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean and standard deviation), and categorical variables were described as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Comparative analysis was performed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test for categorical variables. Numerical variables were analyzed using the paired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test. The significance level was defined as 5% throughout the entire statistical analysis (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Paired student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test was used to compare the baseline characteristics of both HCM and <italic>GLA</italic> mutation groups, and Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test was used to identify any associations between the clinical variables.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical standards</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and was carried out according to Resolution 196/96 of the Brazilian National Health Council, which deals with the guidelines and standards for research involving human subjects. The investigation was also conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before inclusion in this study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We included 60 patients with an echocardiographic diagnosis of HCM that underwent molecular tests for FD. Their age ranged from 12 to 85 years (mean 42.3 &#177; 17), and 60% (n = 36) were women. Four patients, three of which were women, had <italic>GLA</italic> gene mutations, corresponding to 6.7% of our sample.</p>
      <p>Syncope and dyspnea were the most frequent cardiac symptoms in all patients. Asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was the most frequent type in patients without <italic>GLA</italic> mutations (61.5%) and in the <italic>GLA</italic> mutation group (50%). EF was similar in both groups. The most common electrocardiographic patterns of all patients were left ventricular hypertrophy (37.9%), atrioventricular block (13.8%) and left bundle branch block (10.3%). The clinical and epidemiological baseline characteristics of our sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics and complementary test results of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center">HCM (n=56)</th>
              <th align="center">GLA mutation (n = 4)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 17.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.5 &#177; 15.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Gender (female)</td>
              <td align="center">59.9%</td>
              <td align="center">75%</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2">EF (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">65.0 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cardiac symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">Dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">8%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Precordial pain</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">17.5%</td>
              <td align="center">50%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Palpitation</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Dizziness</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Predominance of LVH <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Apical</td>
              <td align="center">5.56%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Concentric</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">AS</td>
              <td align="center">61.1%</td>
              <td align="center">50%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">AM</td>
              <td align="center">0.05%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">PMH</td>
              <td align="center">2.78%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">MVT (mm) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Fibrosis on MRI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 13.9 </td>
              <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="6">ECG alteration</td>
              <td align="center">LVO</td>
              <td align="center">38.5%</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="6">0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LAE</td>
              <td align="center">10.3%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">AVR</td>
              <td align="center">28.6%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">10.3%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">AVB</td>
              <td align="center">5.1%</td>
              <td align="center">50%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">QRSFrag</td>
              <td align="center">20.5%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; EF: ejection fraction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; AS: Asymmetric septal; AM: anteromedial; PMH: papillary muscle hypertrophy; MVT: maximum ventricular thickness; MRI: magnet resonance imaging; ECG: electrocardiogram; LVO: left ventricular outflow tract; LAE: left atrium enlargement; AVR: abnormal ventricular repolarization; LBBB: left bundle branch block; AVB: atrioventricular block; QRSFrag: QRS fragmentation.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>measurement via transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Three mutations with heterozygote variants were found: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), which is a novel mutation not yet described in literature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>); c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr); and c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). One homozygous variant was also found: c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Five male patients underwent molecular analysis due to low &#945;-Gal A enzyme activity; however, none of them had <italic>GLA</italic> gene mutations. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients with <italic>GLA</italic> gene mutations are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chromatogram of the novel GLA gene mutation: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0077-90112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics and complementary test results of FD patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Patient 1</th>
              <th align="center">Patient 2</th>
              <th align="center">Patient 3</th>
              <th align="center">Patient 4</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">Syncope, dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Extracardiac symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">TIA</td>
              <td align="center">Acroparesthesia, intolerance to heat/cold, mood changes</td>
              <td align="center">Acroparesthesia, arteria thrombosis</td>
              <td align="center">ICVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ECG</td>
              <td align="center">RHR, LVO, FDAVB, LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">RHR, LVO</td>
              <td align="center">RHR, LVO, FDAVB</td>
              <td align="center">RHR, LVO</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h Holter</td>
              <td align="center">8 episodes of VT, 677 PVC</td>
              <td align="center">No arrhythmias</td>
              <td align="center">Paroxysmal AFib</td>
              <td align="center">No arrhythmias</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
              <td align="center">60%</td>
              <td align="center">70%</td>
              <td align="center">65%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Predominance of LVH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Apical</td>
              <td align="center">Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">Concentric</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVT (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic disfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">Pseudonormal</td>
              <td align="center">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">Mild</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVOTO<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis on MRI</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
              <td align="center">28%</td>
              <td align="center">13%</td>
              <td align="center">1.36%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FSD</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GLA gene mutation</td>
              <td align="center">c.967C&gt;A (p. Pro323Thr)</td>
              <td align="center">c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr)</td>
              <td align="center">c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys)</td>
              <td align="center">c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High lyso-Gb3</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low &#945;-Gal A</td>
              <td align="center">NM</td>
              <td align="center">NM</td>
              <td align="center">NM</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proteinuria</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>F: female; M: male; TIA: transitory ischemic attack; ICVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; ECG: electrocardiogram; RHR: regular heart rate; LVO: left ventricular overload; FDAVB: first degree atrio-ventricular block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; VT: ventricular tachycardia, PVC: premature ventricular contraction; AFib: atrial fibrillation; EF: ejection fraction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; MVT: maximum ventricular thickness; LVOTO: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; FSD: family sudden death; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NM: not measured.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>
              <italic>measurement via transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our sample of 60 patients with HCM, we determined through molecular tests that the prevalence of <italic>GLA</italic> mutation was 6.7%. Additionally, we found a new mutation in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene. Enzyme replacement was started in one patient with <italic>GLA</italic> mutation.</p>
      <p>FD has X-linked inheritance. The classic X-linked disorder generally shows a vertical transmission, in which heterozygous females transmit the allele down to their offspring. The majority of mutations in X-linked genes result in diseases that will only occur in males. However, some of the X-linked diseases show different rates of penetrance and expressivity in both genders. In FD, heterozygous individuals (females) are usually affected, but tend to have a milder and more variable phenotype than homozygous ones (males).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of FD is estimated to be 0.02-0.09:10,000 in the overall population, though molecular screening in newborns suggests a higher prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Regarding the cardiac variant, the prevalence may be as high as 12%, depending on the method used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mean maximum ventricular thickness (MVT) in patients with GLA mutation in our sample was greater than that in previous studies. The mean MVT was 11.6 &#177; 3.3 mm in the study by Koskenvuo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and only eight patients had LVH. The mean MVT was 16.7 &#177; 1.9 mm in the study by Takenaka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> which is closer to that shown in this study. Patients with GLA mutation were screened from an HCM sample, which may explain the tendency for the higher mean values of MVT.</p>
      <p>In our study, patients with GLA mutations had an older mean age. This finding could perhaps be attributed to the fact that the cardiac variant of FD has a later onset.</p>
      <p>Regarding the hypertrophy pattern, FD is predominantly associated with concentric hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, some studies found a higher prevalence of the asymmetrical variety,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> which was in accordance with our results. This variety is usually associated with severe presentations of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atrioventricular block was present in the electrocardiographic (ECG) findings in two patients with <italic>GLA</italic> mutation (50%), which is in accordance with the findings from previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, repolarization abnormalities were common in patients with HCM, but not in patients with FD, as expected. These abnormalities are associated with mild concentric hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In our study, only one patient showed concentric hypertrophy, which may explain the absence of repolarization abnormalities in the ECG results of our patients with <italic>GLA</italic> mutation.</p>
      <p>The mean myocardial fibrosis percentage on MRI was 12&#177;11.6% and 10.5&#177;13.7% in patients with <italic>GLA</italic> mutation and no mutation, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant differences between the compared groups (p = 0.85). Although the clinical presentation of FD has been well described, the physiopathological mechanism linking the intracellular accumulation of Gb3 to tissue damage and clinical manifestations is still not well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It is hypothesized that intracellular storage of Gb3 triggers important physiopathological cascades related to inflammatory processes, leading to myocardial cell changes and, over time, to fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p><italic>GLA</italic> mutation was not associated with any specific late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) pattern on MRI. Patient 2 shows LGE in the basal midventricular septum, anterior septum, lateral inferior and apical segments of the left ventricle. Patient 3 shows LGE in the interventricular septum, inferior wall and in the right ventricle insertions. Patient 4 shows LGE in the basal segments of the inferior septum and inferior wall segments of the right ventricle. Information about LGE in patient 1 was not available.</p>
      <p>One of the variants found has not been described in previous studies and in the <italic>Exome Aggregation Consortium, Exome Sequencing Project</italic> or 1000 <italic>Genomes Browser</italic> databases. The variant, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), is located in exon 6 of the <italic>GLA</italic> gene. This mutation results in the substitution of a threonine amino acid by a proline amino acid at position 323 of the protein. This position shows a highly conserved nucleotide and a highly conserved amino acid, with moderated physico-chemical differences between the proline and threonine amino acids. It has characteristics of pathogenicity based on the analysis using <italic>Polyphen-2, SIFT, MutationTaster,</italic> and <italic>Align-GVGD</italic> software. Patient 1, the carrier of this mutation, had severe cardiac defects, manifested as arrhythmia and hypertrophy, with no other explainable causes. </p>
      <p>The variant 352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys) in exon 2 of the <italic>GLA</italic> gene was initially described to be pathogenic by Spada et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> According to Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> the moderated enzymatic deficiency related to p.Arg118Cys may not be sufficient to cause major complications of FD, suggesting low pathogenicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> This mutation was found in two unrelated patients (patients 3 and 4), both with LVH. Patient 3 also showed first-degree atrioventricular block and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on ECG, as well as proteinuria. Patient 4 had a history of ischemic stroke. Despite the controversy over the pathogenicity of this variant, the authors believe it may cause specific organ manifestations, such as cardiac and cerebral involvement.</p>
      <p>With regard to the third variant found in exon 6 of the GLA gene, GLA c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr) in patient 2, there are also contradictory results about its pathogenicity. Some studies showed that genotype D313Y is not responsible for severe organic lesions similar to those associated with the well-established genotypes of classic FD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lenders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and Niemann et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>)</sup> reported that the presence of this variant is potentially associated with important white matter lesions in the central nervous system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The patient had severe cardiac hypertrophy, a history of uncontrolled systemic arterial hypertension, and complained of generalized pain with emotional lability. She has been receiving enzymatic replacement therapy for six months and has shown significant improvement of symptoms and blood pressure control.</p>
      <p>The study of variants c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr) and c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys) show contradictory results in the literature, but the authors believe they are pathogenic. The variant p. Asp313Tyr, found in this group, was identified in members of the same family and all follow the X-linked inheritance, with important cardiac hypertrophy and symptoms. Regarding the p.Arg118Cys, which has also shown controversial results in the literature, it was found in two patients from different families in this group. One is a homozygous male with cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic stroke; the other one is a heterozygous female patient also with cardiac hypertrophy, arterial thrombosis and proteinuria. The authors are currently working with the objective of gathering more evidence about the pathogenicity of these variants in the other family members. The new variant found, c.967C&gt;A (p. Pro323Thr) seems to be pathogenic according to the analysis carried out with Polyphen-2, SIFT, MutationTaster and Align-GVGD software. As stated before, the patient is a heterozygous female with cardiac hypertrophy and transitory ischemic attack and investigation of the family members suggest pathogenicity.</p>
      <p>Although the 352C&gt; T (p.Arg118Cys) and c.937G&gt; T (p.Asp313Tyr) variants are controversial as to pathogenicity, the families' heredogram confirms an X-linked inheritance. One of the most relevant results of the study was the identification of a new mutation in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene that seems to be pathogenic, in addition to the identification of 14 other carriers among the relatives of the four index patients. The probability of performing enzyme replacement therapy and pharmacological chaperones emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis of FD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> and the search to identify the pathogenicity of the variants found.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitations of our study were: the absence of sample calculation, the small sample size due to the disease rarity and the small number of patients with <italic>GLA</italic> mutations (statistical analyses were limited). Also, molecular analysis of sarcomeric genes in patients with HCM was not performed. </p>
        <p>T1 mapping was performed on MRI images only for patient 4. At the time of the other scans, MRI T1 mapping was not available at our institution.</p>
        <p>The authors understand that a renal or cardiac biopsy could be performed to confirm pathogenicity for those uncertain variants.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this study, the frequency of mutations in the <italic>GLA</italic> gene in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was 6.7%. A novel mutation in exon 6 of the <italic>GLA</italic> gene, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), was identified. Patients with HCM may have <italic>GLA</italic> mutations and Fabry disease should be ruled out. Plasma lyso-GB3 levels do not seem to be sufficient to attain a diagnosis, and organ biopsy should be considered.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by &#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia Chaves-Markman from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es under the protocol number 3076174. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Muta&#231;&#227;o do Gene <italic>GLA</italic> na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica com Descri&#231;&#227;o de Nova Variante: &#201; Doen&#231;a de Fabry?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9008-402X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves-Markman</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calado</surname>
            <given-names>Eveline Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Flores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6025-9821</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos-Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina Maria Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lordsleem</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Bezerra de Melo da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - &#193;rea Acad&#234;mica de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Centro de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - CCM, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Grupo de pesquisa em Epidemiologia e Cardiologia (EPICARDIO), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Inova&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica (PPGIT) - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Mauricio de Nassau - Curso de Medicina, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cetogene AG, Rostock - Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia Chaves-Markman,</bold> Rua Doutor Pedro de melo Cah&#250;, 51/2102. CEP 51020-080, Boa Viagem, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andreachaves.cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman M, Calado EB, Pereira CMF, Lordsleem, ABMS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chaves-Markman AV, Santos-Veloso MAO, Lima SG, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lima SG, Oliveira DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chaves-Markman AV, Calado EB, Pires RF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chaves-Markman AV, Markman Filho B, Oliveira DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a de Fabry (DF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de armazenamento lisoss&#244;mico ligada ao cromossomo X, devido a muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da alfa galactosidase A (<italic>GLA</italic>), levando a defici&#234;ncia enzim&#225;tica de alfa-galactosidase (&#945;-Gal A) e ac&#250;mulo de globotriaosilceramida (Gb3) e globotriaosilsulfingosina (liso-Gb3), causando disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>realizar a triagem do gene <italic>GLA</italic> em um grupo de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> estudo transversal realizado com pacientes com CMH em um hospital universit&#225;rio. Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e valvopatias foram exclu&#237;dos. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de muta&#231;&#227;o do gene <italic>GLA</italic>. Em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, a an&#225;lise foi realizada ap&#243;s evid&#234;ncia de baixa atividade de &#945;-Gal A.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 60 pacientes com diagnostico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de CMH. A idade variou de 12 a 85 anos e 60% eram mulheres. O percentual m&#233;dio de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RM foi 10,7 &#177; 13,1% e a espessura ventricular m&#233;dia foi 18,7 &#177; 6,7 mm. Quatro pacientes tinham as seguintes muta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>GLA</italic>: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), ainda n&#227;o descrita na literatura; c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr); e c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Todos os pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis normais de liso-Gb3 e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; um paciente apresentou protein&#250;ria; um paciente apresentou taquicardia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, a frequ&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>GLA</italic> em pacientes com CMH foi 6,7%. Uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o no exon 6 do gene <italic>GLA</italic>, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), foi identificada. Pacientes com CMH podem ter muta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>GLA</italic> e a DF deve ser exclu&#237;da. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de (liso-Gb3) n&#227;o parecem ser suficientes para fazer um diagn&#243;stico e bi&#243;psia de &#243;rg&#227;os deve ser considerada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicoesfingolip&#237;deos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Fundamento</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a cardiopatia de origem gen&#233;tica mais prevalente, causada por &gt;1.400 muta&#231;&#245;es em genes codificando prote&#237;nas que s&#227;o componentes de sarc&#244;meros card&#237;acos e outras prote&#237;nas de estruturas relacionadas, tais como discos Z e discos intercalados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Devido a avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de biologia molecular, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da CMH foi ampliado e outros dist&#250;rbios gen&#233;ticos que se apresentam com hipertrofia ventricular t&#234;m sido relatados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Fabry (DF) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica rara ligada ao cromossomo X. &#201; causada por erros inatos no metabolismo dos glicoesfingolip&#237;deos, devido a muta&#231;&#245;es no gene que codifica a enzima &#945;-galactosidase A (&#945;-Gal A). A defici&#234;ncia total ou parcial dessa enzima resulta em ac&#250;mulo progressivo de globotriaosilceramida (Gb3) e globotriaosilsulfingosina (liso-Gb3) em alguns tecidos, particularmente nos vasos sangu&#237;neos, rins e mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Mais de 900 muta&#231;&#245;es com diferentes efeitos sobre a atividade enzim&#225;tica da &#945;-Gal j&#225; foram descritas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de DF &#233; estimada em 1: 40.000 a 117.000 indiv&#237;duos, homozigotos masculinos e heterozigotos femininos podem ser afetados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Dois fen&#243;tipos s&#227;o reconhecidos: uma forma cl&#225;ssica, que &#233; caracterizada por um in&#237;cio precoce com manifesta&#231;&#245;es durante a inf&#226;ncia, e uma forma de in&#237;cio tardio, que frequentemente afeta apenas um &#243;rg&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas parecem estar presentes nos est&#225;gios iniciais da vida; entretanto, geralmente n&#227;o &#233; clinicamente detect&#225;vel at&#233; a terceira ou quarta d&#233;cadas de vida.</p>
        <p>Dep&#243;sitos de glicoesfingolip&#237;deos em v&#225;lvulas e vasos coronarianos s&#227;o frequentes, podendo causar bloqueio atrioventricular total, insufici&#234;ncia mitral, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, muta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas est&#227;o associadas &#224; variante card&#237;aca mostrando hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica que &#233; clinicamente semelhante &#224; CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os pacientes com DF est&#227;o em risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCV), morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia renal, e esses pacientes podem se beneficiar de tratamentos espec&#237;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, foi realizada uma triagem para o gene <italic>GLA</italic> em um grupo de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Um estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de pacientes com CMH atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia de um hospital universit&#225;rio de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Todos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de CMH com base nos crit&#233;rios da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> foram inclu&#237;dos. Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, valvopatias e cardiomiopatia hipertensiva foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es de CMH</title>
          <p>Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) foi utilizado para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de CMH com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: hipertrofia ventricular m&#225;xima (HVM) inexplic&#225;vel &#8805; 15 mm em qualquer segmento card&#237;aco ou HVM &#8805; 13 mm em um paciente com hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o obstrutiva foi definida por um gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 30 mmHg em repouso ou ap&#243;s manobra de Valsalva ou em ortostatismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>O ETT foi previamente realizado em todos os indiv&#237;duos para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de CMH (Vivid 7 ou Vivid E9 GE) com an&#225;lise de conjuntos de dados off-line (EchoPac<sup>&#174;</sup>, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Reino Unido). Os di&#226;metros do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), volume diast&#243;lico final do VE e volume sist&#243;lico final do VE foram determinados pelo modo M ou da imagem em 2D. O MVT de todos os segmentos foi medido no eixo curto paraesternal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson e pelo Doppler puls&#225;til, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imagem de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) foi realizada em todos os pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> para avaliar a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando a t&#233;cnica do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico (RTM). Um aparelho de RM de 1,5 T (MAGNETOM Essenza, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Alemanha) com uma bobina de oito canais do tipo <italic>Phased Array</italic> foi utilizado. As imagens foram adquiridas no eixo curto card&#237;aco, da base ao &#225;pice, com cortes de 8 mm e intervalos de 2 mm, utilizando a sequ&#234;ncia Gradiente Eco ponderada em T1. Um pr&#233;- pulso invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o e tempo de invers&#227;o ajustado foram utilizados para neutralizar o sinal mioc&#225;rdico. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem foi iniciada aproximadamente 8 a 10 minutos ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do contraste de gadol&#237;nio a uma dose de 0,2 mmol/kg. O RTM aumenta a quantidade de contraste entre o tecido normal (escuro devido &#224; neutraliza&#231;&#227;o do sinal) e o tecido fibr&#243;tico (branco devido ao aumento do gadol&#237;nio na sequ&#234;ncia ponderada em T1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia e eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica (Holter de 24 h)</title>
          <p>Um eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso foi realizado em todos os pacientes. Um gravador digital cont&#237;nuo (Cardio Light&#174;, Cardio Sistemas Comerciais Industriais, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi utilizado para registrar e analisar os testes Holter por 24 horas. Os eletrodos foram posicionados nas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas MV1, MV4 e MV6. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando o software Cardiomanager 540<sup>&#174;</sup> (Cardio Sistemas Comerciais Industriais, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) por um observador independente em busca de arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ensaios moleculares e enzim&#225;ticos</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a d&#237;gito pun&#231;&#227;o de sangue capilar e amostras coletadas em papel de filtro e colocadas para secar por 3-4 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente, armazenadas em envelope pl&#225;stico a 4&#176;C e enviadas ao <italic>Centogene Laboratory</italic> (Rostock, Alemanha).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise molecular para determinar as muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>GLA</italic> foi realizada nas amostras dos indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino, enquanto a an&#225;lise de muta&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s evid&#234;ncia de baixa atividade de &#945;-Gal A em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o e a atividade enzim&#225;tica do biomarcador liso-Gb3 foram identificados atrav&#233;s de cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta performance e espectrometria de massa em tandem.</p>
          <p>O gene <italic>GLA</italic> foi analisado utilizando rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento de todas as regi&#245;es codificadoras e limites exon-intron altamente conservados atrav&#233;s de sequenciamento de pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o com Illumina HiSeq (Illumina, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA). A an&#225;lise do gene <italic>GLA</italic> foi realizada em todos os pacientes com CMH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva utilizando o software <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Company, Armonk, NY, EUA). Antes de analisar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, os conjuntos de dados foram testados quanto &#224; normalidade atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas com medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o (m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). A an&#225;lise comparativa foi realizada pelo teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram analisadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido como 5% atrav&#233;s de toda a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado foi utilizado para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas basais de ambos os grupos, HCM e com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>GLA</italic>, e o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para identificar quaisquer associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Padr&#245;es &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional e foi realizado de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, que trata das diretrizes e normas para pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. A investiga&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi conduzida de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O consentimento livre e informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes da inclus&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 60 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de CMH submetidos a testes moleculares para DF. Sua idade variou de 12 a 85 anos (m&#233;dia de 42,3 &#177; 17) e 60% (n = 36) eram mulheres. Quatro pacientes, sendo tr&#234;s mulheres, apresentaram muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>GLA</italic>, correspondendo a 6,7% da nossa amostra.</p>
        <p>S&#237;ncope e dispneia foram os sintomas card&#237;acos mais frequentes em todos os pacientes. A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica septal assim&#233;trica foi o tipo mais frequente em pacientes sem muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>GLA</italic> (61,5%) e no grupo com muta&#231;&#227;o no <italic>GLA</italic> (50%). A FE foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Os padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos mais comuns de todos os pacientes foram hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (37,9%), bloqueio atrioventricular (13,8%) e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (10,3%). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas da nossa amostra s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados de exames complementares de pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">CMH (n = 56)</th>
                <th align="center">Muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> (n = 4)</th>
                <th align="center">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">59,9%</td>
                <td align="center">75%</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="2">FE (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sintomas Card&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dor Precordial</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">17,5%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Tontura</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Predomin&#226;ncia de HVE <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">5,56%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AS</td>
                <td align="center">61,1%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AM</td>
                <td align="center">0,05%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HMP</td>
                <td align="center">2,78%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">HVM (mm) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Fibrose na RM (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 13,9 </td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">Altera&#231;&#227;o no ECG</td>
                <td align="center">VSVE</td>
                <td align="center">38,5%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AEA</td>
                <td align="center">10,3%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RVA</td>
                <td align="center">28,6%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">BCRE</td>
                <td align="center">10,3%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">BAV</td>
                <td align="center">5,1%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">QRSFrag</td>
                <td align="center">20,5%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; AS: assim&#233;trica septal; AM: &#226;nteromedial; HMP: hipertrofia do m&#250;sculo papilar; HVM: hipertrofia ventricular m&#225;xima; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; ECG: eletrocardiograma; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AEA: &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado; RVA: repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal; BCRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; QRSFrag: fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de QRS.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>medida via ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tr&#234;s muta&#231;&#245;es com variantes heterozigotas foram encontradas: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), a qual &#233; uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o descrita na literatura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>); c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr); e c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Uma variante homozigota tamb&#233;m foi encontrada: c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys). Cinco pacientes do sexo masculino foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise molecular devido &#224; baixa atividade da enzima &#945;-Gal A; no entanto, nenhum deles apresentava muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>GLA</italic>. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es no <italic>GLA</italic> est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cromatograma da nova muta&#231;&#227;o do gene GLA: c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0077-90112-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados de exames complementares de pacientes com DF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Paciente 1</th>
                <th align="center">Paciente 2</th>
                <th align="center">Paciente 3</th>
                <th align="center">Paciente 4</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sintomas Card&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">S&#237;ncope, dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sintomas Extracard&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">AIT</td>
                <td align="center">Acroparestesia, intoler&#226;ncia ao calor/frio, altera&#231;&#245;es de humor</td>
                <td align="center">Acroparestesia, trombose arterial</td>
                <td align="center">AVCi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">FCN, SVE, BAVPG, BCRE</td>
                <td align="center">FCN, SVE</td>
                <td align="center">FCN, SVE, BAVPG</td>
                <td align="center">FCN, SVE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Holter de 24h</td>
                <td align="center">8 epis&#243;dios de TV, 677 CVP</td>
                <td align="center">Sem arritmias</td>
                <td align="center">AFib Parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">Sem arritmias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">65%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Predomin&#226;ncia de HVE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica</td>
                <td align="center">Conc&#234;ntrica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HVM (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">Pseudo-normal</td>
                <td align="center">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">Leve</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVOTO<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrose na RM</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
                <td align="center">28%</td>
                <td align="center">13%</td>
                <td align="center">1,36%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MSF</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA</td>
                <td align="center">c.967C&gt;A (p. Pro323Thr)</td>
                <td align="center">c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr)</td>
                <td align="center">c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys)</td>
                <td align="center">c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto n&#237;vel de lyso-Gb3</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo n&#237;vel de &#945;-Gal A</td>
                <td align="center">NM</td>
                <td align="center">NM</td>
                <td align="center">NM</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Protein&#250;ria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>F: feminino; M: masculino; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FCN: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca normal; SVE: sobrecarga ventricular esquerda; BAVPG: bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau; BCRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; TV: taquicardia ventricular, CVP: contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura; AFib: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; HVM: hipertrofia ventricular m&#225;xima; LVOTO: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; MSF: morte s&#250;bita familiar; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; NM: n&#227;o medido.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>medi&#231;&#227;o via ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nossa amostra de 60 pacientes com CMH, determinamos atrav&#233;s de testes moleculares que a preval&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es no <italic>GLA</italic> foi de 6,7%. Al&#233;m disso, encontramos uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>GLA</italic>. A reposi&#231;&#227;o de enzimas foi iniciada em um paciente com muta&#231;&#227;o no GLA.</p>
        <p>A DF tem heran&#231;a ligada ao X. O dist&#250;rbio cl&#225;ssico ligado ao cromossomo X geralmente mostra uma transmiss&#227;o vertical, na qual as mulheres heterozigotas transmitem o alelo para sua descend&#234;ncia. A maioria das muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes ligados ao X resulta em doen&#231;as que s&#243; ocorrer&#227;o em homens. No entanto, algumas doen&#231;as ligadas ao cromossomo X apresentam diferentes taxas de penetr&#226;ncia e expressividade em ambos os sexos. Na DF, os indiv&#237;duos heterozigotos (mulheres) geralmente s&#227;o afetados, mas tendem a ter um fen&#243;tipo mais leve e mais vari&#225;vel do que os homozigotos (homens).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de DF seja de 0,02-0,09: 10.000 na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, embora a triagem molecular em rec&#233;m-nascidos tenha sugerido uma preval&#234;ncia maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; variante card&#237;aca, a preval&#234;ncia pode ser de at&#233; 12%, dependendo do m&#233;todo utilizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da HVM em pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> em nossa amostra foi maior do que a encontrada em estudos anteriores. A m&#233;dia da HVM foi de 11,6 &#177; 3,3 mm no estudo de Koskenvuo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e, apenas, oito pacientes tinham HVE. A m&#233;dia da HVM foi de 16,7 &#177; 1,9 mm no estudo de Takenaka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mais pr&#243;ximo do encontrado neste estudo. Pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>GLA</italic> foram selecionados de uma amostra de CMH, o que pode explicar a tend&#234;ncia para os valores m&#233;dios mais elevados da HVM. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es no GLA tinham m&#233;dia de idade maior. Esse achado talvez possa ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que a variante card&#237;aca da DF apresentar in&#237;cio mais tardio.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de hipertrofia, a DF est&#225; predominantemente associada &#224; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> No entanto, alguns estudos encontraram maior preval&#234;ncia da variedade assim&#233;trica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> o que est&#225; de acordo com nossos resultados. Essa variedade &#233; geralmente associada &#224;s formas graves da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O bloqueio atrioventricular estava presente nos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) em dois pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> (50%), o que est&#225; de acordo com achados de estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Entretanto, anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o foram comuns em pacientes com CMH, mas n&#227;o em pacientes com DF, como esperado. Essas anormalidades est&#227;o associadas &#224; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica leve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Em nosso estudo, apenas um paciente apresentou hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, o que pode explicar a aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o nos resultados do ECG de nossos pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o do GLA.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do porcentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RM foi 12 &#177; 11,6% e 10,5 &#177; 13,7% em pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> e sem muta&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos comparados (p = 0,85). Embora a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DF tenha sido bem descrita, o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico que liga o ac&#250;mulo intracelular de Gb3 ao dano tecidual e &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Pressup&#245;e-se que o armazenamento intracelular de Gb3 desencadeie importantes cascatas fisiopatol&#243;gicas relacionadas aos processos inflamat&#243;rios, levando a altera&#231;&#245;es celulares mioc&#225;rdicas e, com o tempo, &#224; fibrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>GLA</italic> n&#227;o foi associada a nenhum padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. O paciente 2 mostra o RTG no septo m&#233;dio ventricular basal, septo anterior, segmento lateral inferior e apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O paciente 3 mostra o RTG no septo interventricular, na parede inferior e nos pontos de inser&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. O paciente 4 mostra o RTG nos segmentos basais do septo inferior e segmentos da parede inferior do ventr&#237;culo direito. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o RTG no paciente 1 n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>Uma das variantes encontradas n&#227;o foi descrita em estudos anteriores nos bancos de dados do <italic>Exome Aggregation Consortium, Exome Sequencing Project</italic> ou <italic>1000 Genomes Browser</italic>. A variante c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), est&#225; localizada no exon 6 do gene <italic>GLA</italic>. Esta muta&#231;&#227;o resulta na substitui&#231;&#227;o de um amino&#225;cido de treonina por um amino&#225;cido prolina na posi&#231;&#227;o 323 da prote&#237;na. Esta posi&#231;&#227;o mostra um nucleot&#237;deo altamente conservado e um amino&#225;cido altamente conservado, com diferen&#231;as f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micas moderadas entre os amino&#225;cidos prolina e treonina. Ela apresenta caracter&#237;sticas de patogenicidade, com base na an&#225;lise utilizando os programas Polyphen-2, SIFT, MutationTaster e Align-GVGD. O paciente 1, portador dessa muta&#231;&#227;o, apresentava defeitos card&#237;acos graves, manifestando-se como arritmia e hipertrofia, sem outras causas explic&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>A variante 352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys) no exon 2 do gene <italic>GLA</italic> foi inicialmente descrita como sendo patog&#234;nica por Spada et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> De acordo com Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> a defici&#234;ncia enzim&#225;tica moderada relacionada &#224; variante p.Arg118Cys pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para causar complica&#231;&#245;es maiores da DF, sugerindo baixa patogenicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Essa muta&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em dois pacientes n&#227;o aparentados (pacientes 3 e 4), ambos com HVE. O paciente 3 tamb&#233;m apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica no ECG, bem como protein&#250;ria. O paciente 4 tinha hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Apesar da controv&#233;rsia sobre a patogenicidade dessa variante, os autores acreditam que ela pode causar manifesta&#231;&#245;es &#243;rg&#227;o-espec&#237;ficas, tais como comprometimento card&#237;aco e cerebral.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terceira variante encontrada no exon 6 do gene GLA, GLA c.937G&gt; T (p.Asp313Tyr) no paciente 2, h&#225; tamb&#233;m resultados contradit&#243;rios sobre sua patogenicidade. Alguns estudos mostraram que o gen&#243;tipo D313Y n&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel por les&#245;es org&#226;nicas graves similares &#224;quelas associadas aos gen&#243;tipos bem estabelecidos da DF cl&#225;ssica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Lenders et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>)</sup> e Niemann et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>)</sup> relataram que a presen&#231;a dessa variante est&#225; potencialmente associada a les&#245;es importantes da subst&#226;ncia branca no sistema nervoso central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A paciente apresentava hipertrofia card&#237;aca grave, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica descontrolada e queixava-se de dor generalizada com labilidade emocional. Ela vem recebendo terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica h&#225; seis meses e tem mostrado melhora significativa dos sintomas e controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>O estudo das variantes c.937G&gt;T (p.Asp313Tyr) e c.352C&gt;T (p.Arg118Cys) mostra resultados contradit&#243;rios na literatura, mas os autores acreditam que as mesmas sejam patog&#234;nicas. A variante p. Asp313Tyr, encontrada neste grupo, foi identificada em membros da mesma fam&#237;lia e todos seguem a heran&#231;a ligada ao X, com hipertrofia e sintomas card&#237;acos importantes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; p.Arg118Cys, que tamb&#233;m mostrou resultados controversos na literatura, foi encontrada em dois pacientes de diferentes fam&#237;lias nesse grupo. Um &#233; um homem homozigoto com hipertrofia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; a outra &#233; uma paciente heterozigota, tamb&#233;m com hipertrofia card&#237;aca, trombose arterial e protein&#250;ria. Os autores est&#227;o atualmente trabalhando com o objetivo de reunir mais evid&#234;ncias sobre a patogenicidade dessas variantes nos outros membros da fam&#237;lia.</p>
        <p>A nova variante encontrada, c.967C&gt;A (p. Pro323Thr), parece ser patog&#234;nica, de acordo com a an&#225;lise realizada com os softwares Polyphen-2, SIFT, MutationTaster e Align-GVGD. Como dito anteriormente, a paciente &#233; uma mulher heterozigota com hipertrofia card&#237;aca e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, e a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos membros da fam&#237;lia sugere patogenicidade.</p>
        <p>Embora as variantes 352C&gt; T (p.Arg118Cys) e c.937G&gt; T (p.Asp313Tyr) apresentem resultados controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; patogenicidade, o heredograma das fam&#237;lias confirma uma heran&#231;a ligada ao X. Um dos resultados mais relevantes do estudo foi a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>GLA</italic> que parece ser patog&#234;nica, al&#233;m da identifica&#231;&#227;o de outros 14 portadores entre os familiares dos quatro pacientes-&#237;ndice. A probabilidade de realizar terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica e acompanhantes farmacol&#243;gicos enfatiza a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce da DF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e a busca para identificar a patogenicidade das variantes encontradas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo foram: a aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lculo amostral, o pequeno tamanho da amostra devido &#224; raridade da doen&#231;a e o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es no <italic>GLA</italic> (as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram limitadas). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise molecular dos genes sarcom&#233;ricos em pacientes com CMH n&#227;o foi realizada.</p>
          <p>O mapeamento de T1 foi realizado em imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica apenas para o paciente 4. No momento das outras avalia&#231;&#245;es por imagem, o mapeamento de T1 por RM n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os autores entendem que uma bi&#243;psia renal ou card&#237;aca poderia ser realizada para confirmar a patogenicidade dessas variantes incertas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, a frequ&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>GLA</italic> em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica foi de 6,7%. Uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o no exon 6 do gene <italic>GLA</italic>, c.967C&gt;A (p.Pro323Thr), foi identificada. Pacientes com CMH podem ter muta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>GLA</italic> e a doen&#231;a de Fabry deve ser exclu&#237;da. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de liso-Gb3 parecem n&#227;o ser suficientes para o diagn&#243;stico, e a bi&#243;psia de &#243;rg&#227;os deve ser considerada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de &#194;ndrea Virg&#237;nia Chaves-Markman pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3076174. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
