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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">z4kqBFVP6RsdTV98WbysySB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005010101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190088</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Mean Platelet Volume Decrease in the presence of Coronary Artery Fistula?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-3707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ekici</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6965-7444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cosgun</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7306-5233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aktas</surname>
            <given-names>Gulali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3817-851X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3893-5376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansiroglu</surname>
            <given-names>Asli Kurtar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1784-3584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inan&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bolu</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Bolu - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Gaziantep</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital, Gaziantep - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isa Sincer</bold> Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital - Department of Cardiology - Alpagut mah. 223 sok.no:20 Caml&#305;bel apt. BOLU, Bolu 14280 - Turkey E-mail: <email>isasincer@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sincer I, Cosgun M, Gunes Y, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; Acquisition of data: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Cosgun M, Erdal E, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Aktas G, Gunes Y; Statistical analysis: Sincer I, Cosgun M, Aktas G, Erdal E; Writing of the manuscript: Aktas G, Gunes Y, Erdal E, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Aktas G, Gunes Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection that links a coronary artery to a cardiac chamber or another major blood vessel. Several studies have shown the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and cardiovascular diseases. In the literature, there is no previous study about the association between hematologic parameters and congenital CAF. For this reason, we aimed to investigate the association of MPV with CAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>70 patients with normal coronary arteries and 50 with coronary artery fistulas were included. Routine blood and biochemical parameters were measured before the arteriography. Differences between groups for continuous variables were analyzed with t- test or Mann-Whitney test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. Regression analysis was used to find independent predictors of CAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Baseline patient demographics, including age and clinical risk factors, were similar between the groups. Compared to the control group, median (IQR) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels were significantly higher (p=0.04) and MPV levels were significantly lower in the CAF group (8.84 &#177; 1.71fL vs. 10.43 &#177; 1.34, p &lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, only MPV was a significant predictor of CAF (p &lt; 0.001, 95% CI for OR: 0.438 (0.306-0.629). A negative correlation was found between MPV and fistulae in Pearson's correlation test (r: -0.454, p &lt; 0.001). An MPV level of &lt; 9,6 fL showed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 80%, 68%, 71% and 78% respectively (AUC = 0.766, 95% CI, 0.678-0.854) for the prediction of CAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present study suggests that MPV may decrease in patients with CAF.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Mean Platelet Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection that links a coronary artery to a cardiac chamber or another major blood vessel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the former case, although CAF is generally congenital, the development and dissemination of interventional and surgical techniques over the years, with a higher prevalence of acquired forms, has led to a change in etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> CAF is frequently identified incidentally through diagnostic angiography. Very rarely, ischemia may occur due to increased myocardial oxygen demand, and presents with angina or dyspnea on during exertion. The exact incidence of CAF is not certain, since the underdiagnosis rate is high. However, several studies have reported the presence of CAF in 0.13-0.22% of adults undergoing coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Around 75% of incidentally-found CAFs are small and clinically silent. Up to 90% of all CAFs are single and multiple fistulae, present in 10.7-16% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Coronary artery fistulae arise more commonly from the right coronary artery (%50-60%) and often drain into the right heart (80%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A fistula between a coronary artery and a right structure shows a continuous flow from coronary vasculature to the low-pressure right chamber. When the drainage site is located in the left atrium or pulmonary vein, there is an effective left-to-left shunt that determines a volume overload to the left heart only. This volume overload may lead to endothelial dysfunction. In the case of a large-caliber CAF, coronary steal may play a role in myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Several studies have shown the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the literature, there is no previous study about the association between hematological parameters and congenital coronary artery fistulas.</p>
      <p>For this reason, we aimed to investigate the association of MPV with CAF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Angiographic data of the patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) between 2014 February and 2018 March were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 120 patients were included: 70 with normal coronary arteries and 50 with CAF with no associated critical coronary artery stenosis. Coronary angiography was performed due to ischemic changes in ECG, positive exercise test or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for ischemia.</p>
      <p>Clinical and laboratory findings were obtained by reviewing the patients' files. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure &gt; 140/90 mmHg or receiving antihypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus was defined as having fasting glucose level &gt; 126 mg/dL or receiving anti-diabetic medication. Presence of total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL or triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL was accepted as hyperlipidemia. Patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome in the last 6 months, history of coronary artery stenting or bypass operation, idiopathic dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, moderate to severe renal failure, severe hepatic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, severe valvular disease, systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematous), malignancy, history of blood transfusion in the last 3 months, recent infection (1 month), leukemia or thrombocytopenia, were excluded. The local institutional board approved the study.</p>
      <p>Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn from patients who were admitted for angiography or during regular follow-up checkups. Serum glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Architect C8000, USA). Complete blood count and platelet volume were determined using simultaneous optical and impedance measurements (Cell Dyn 3700; Abbott Diagnostics, Lake Forest, Illinois, USA). Platelet, lymphocyte, monocytes, white blood cell (WBC) and MPV values of each patient were recorded.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiographies were performed through the radial or femoral artery. The coronary angiographies were evaluated by three interventional cardiologists who were blinded to the clinical and laboratory data of the patients. The fistula location, drainage site , and the fistula shape were evaluated.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS 18.0 Statistical Package Program for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The distribution of the variables in the study groups was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally-distributed variables were compared by <italic>t</italic>-test and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Variables without normal distribution were compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test and expressed as median (interquartile range). Qualitative variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. The differences between independent groups were assessed by Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for normally-distributed quantitative variables and Mann-Whitney U-test for variables without normal distribution, whereas Chi-square test was used for qualitative variables. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the correlations of MVP with CAF presence. The univariate analysis was used to disclose the association of variables with CAF. Thereafter, to determine the independent prognostic factors of CAF, the multivariate logistic regression model with the forward-stepwise method was used with variables that were found to be significant in the univariate analysis. A receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was performed to find MPV sensitivity and specificity, aiming to predict the presence of coronary fistulae. All results were considered statistically significant at the level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Baseline patient demographics, including age and clinical risk factors, were similar between the groups, except that the number of females was significantly lower in the fistula group. Previous medications were also comparable between two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Compared to the control group, HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the CAF group. However, serum blood glucose, creatinine and other lipid levels were not significantly different (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Baseline characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Fistula (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 70)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean &#177;SD) (years))</td>
              <td align="center">58 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.123<sup>a</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male/female</td>
              <td align="center">32/18</td>
              <td align="center">24/46</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.223 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">24 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.829 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">10 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (17%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.115 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.113 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acetyl salicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">21(30%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.119 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">15 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (26%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.143 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.938 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">B-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 <sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; SD: Standard deviation, data were compared with Student's t-test (<sup>a</sup>) and Chi-square test (<sup>b</sup>).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory data of the study cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Fistula (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 70)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine(mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">98 (57)</td>
              <td align="center">101(17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (48)</td>
              <td align="center">101(56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">44(24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (115)</td>
              <td align="center">157(107)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">190 (54</td>
              <td align="center">187(54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">41(6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocytes (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61(0.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.62(0.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (gr/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.12 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPV(fL)</td>
              <td align="center">8.84 &#177; 1.71</td>
              <td align="center">10.43 &#177; 1.34</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count (k/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">271 &#177; 82.72</td>
              <td align="center">268 &#177; 78</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocytes (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">2.37 &#177; 0.751</td>
              <td align="center">2.46 &#177; 1.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.35 &#177; 2.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Data without normal distribution shown as median (interquartile range), acomparison with Mann Whitney U test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>comparison with t-test. MPV: mean platelet volume; WBC: White blood cells; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although the platelet, lymphocyte, monocytes and WBC counts were not significantly different between the two groups, mean MPV levels were significantly lower in the CAF group (8.84 &#177; 1.71fL vs. 10.43 &#177; 1.34, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the multivariate logistic analysis, a forward-stepwise model including MPV, platelet, lymphocyte, monocytes, and WBC counts showed that only MPV was a significant predictor of CAF (p &lt; 0.001, 95% CI for OR: 0.438 (0.306-0.629). A significant negative correlation was found between MPV and fistulae in Pearson's correlation test (r: -0.454, p &lt; 0.001). An MPV level &lt; 9.6 fL had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 80%, 68%, 71% and 78% respectively (AUC = 0.766, 95% CI, 0.678-0.854) for CAF prediction. The overall accuracy of MPV when determining the presence of CAF was 75% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagonal segments are produced by ties.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0071-90088-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The right ventricular diameter was slightly increased in the CAF group. Other echocardiographic measurements were similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The angiographic features of the fistula group are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic findings of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Fistula</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricle end-diastolic diameter(cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricle end-systolic diameter(cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.86</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.123</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">63.1 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right ventricle end-diastolic diameter(cm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">2.46 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrium diameter(cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.64</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiographic findings of the fistula</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Origin of fistulae</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">16(32%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">15(30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CX</td>
              <td align="center">15(30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LMCA</td>
              <td align="center">4(8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Drainage site of the fistulae</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary artery</td>
              <td align="center">15(%30)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">17(%34)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right atrium</td>
              <td align="center">5(%10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">13(%26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Shape of the fistulae</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Straight</td>
              <td align="center">4(%8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single tortuous</td>
              <td align="center">21(%42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Multiple tortuous</td>
              <td align="center">25(%50)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>RCA: right coronary artery; ADA: anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex artery; LMCA: main coronary artery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we showed that MPV levels were significantly reduced in the CAF group when compared to that with normal coronary arteries. Coronary arterial fistulas are usually asymptomatic. Usual symptoms include dyspnea, angina or fatigue on exertion and, occasionally, arrhythmias. Congestive heart failure may occasionally occur in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In adults, myocardial ischemia may occur due to coronary steal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the right ventricular end-diastolic diameters of the fistula group were statistically larger than those in the control group regarding echocardiographic findings. The pathophysiological changes in CAF depend on the pressure difference between the fistula origin and its location and size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This pressure difference determines the length, the width and tortuosity of the fistula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A left-to-right shunt is found in over 90% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> When the fistula drains to the right side of the heart, there is a continuous flow from the fistula due to presence of low pressures in the right chambers, the volume load is increased to the right heart and, consequently, to the pulmonary vascular bed, the left heart chambers. However, when the fistula drains into the left heart chambers, pulmonary blood flow does not increase. Therefore, similar to our findings, right heart chamber dilation is more frequent than left-heart dilation. Especially in the case of a large-caliber CAF, the shifting of blood away from the normal coronary circulation may result in the coronary steal phenomenon and, consequently, in ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Automatic blood count analyzers calculate MPV in routine assays. It is affected by inflammation and it is accepted as a marker of thrombocyte activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A number of diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke and diabetes mellitus have been associated with increased MPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Conversely, lower MPV has been reported in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis, Nasal Polyps and ankylosing spondylitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Similarly, several studies in the literature reported decreased levels of MPV in irritable bowel disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It has been proposed that lower and higher MPV values in different conditions are related with high and low-grade inflammation states. Gasparyan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> reported that diseases characterized by marked inflammation (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) are associated with lower MPV values, while low-grade inflammation (e.g. nasal polyps, Behcet's disease) are associated with increased MPV levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>MPV was found to be higher in most cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, interestingly, MPV in CAF patients was found to be lower than in the control groups. Therefore, we speculate that, unlike acute coronary syndromes, CAF may be associated with a low but continuous inflammatory burden. Unfortunately, this is the first study in the literature that evaluated MPV in CAF. Another author suggested that activated platelets tend to enlarge and cause an elevation in MPV value, and might be utilized in such active inflammatory process, leaving smaller platelets, thus causing a reduction in MPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> On the other hand, other authors speculate that overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants can suppress the dimensions of platelets by interfering with the process of megakaryopoiesis in the bone marrow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> HDL-cholesterol was found to have a modulating effect on endothelial dysfunction through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in CAF subjects, when compared to controls, may be the underlying cause of endothelial dysfunction in CAF, but prospective studies are still needed to confirm that.</p>
      <p>The retrospective cross-sectional design and single-center nature are two important limitations of the present report. Another limitation could be the relatively small study cohort. As far as we know, there are no data about the association of inflammation and CAF. The lack of analysis of inflammatory markers is another important limitation. However, to the best of knowledge, this is the first study that reported an association between CAF and MPV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study suggests that lower MPV may be associated with CAF. Although an elevated MPV is well established in conditions with higher cardiovascular mortality, this is the first time lower MPV was found in a cardiac disease with low mortality. Therefore, we suggest the use of MPV to determine CAF in patients, considering it is a cost-effective and simple test.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nome da Institui&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 68246970/903-99. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Volume M&#233;dio Plaquet&#225;rio Diminui na Presen&#231;a de F&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-3707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ekici</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6965-7444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cosgun</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7306-5233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aktas</surname>
            <given-names>Gulali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3817-851X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3893-5376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansiroglu</surname>
            <given-names>Asli Kurtar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1784-3584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inan&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Bolu - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital, Gaziantep - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isa Sincer</bold> Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital - Department of Cardiology - Alpagut mah. 223 sok.no:20 Caml&#305;bel apt. BOLU, Bolu 14280 - Turquia E-mail: <email>isasincer@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn1">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sincer I, Cosgun M, Gunes Y, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Cosgun M, Erdal E, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Aktas G, Gunes Y; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sincer I, Cosgun M, Aktas G, Erdal E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Aktas G, Gunes Y, Erdal E, Mansiroglu AK, Inan&#305;r M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sincer I, &#199;ekici Y, Aktas G, Gunes Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (FAC) &#233; uma conex&#227;o anormal que liga a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria a uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca ou outro importante vaso sangu&#237;neo. V&#225;rios estudos mostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM) e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Na literatura, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo pr&#233;vio sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e a FAC cong&#234;nita. Por essa raz&#227;o, nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o do VPM com a FAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 70 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais e 50 com f&#237;stulas de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Os par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos e bioqu&#237;micos de rotina foram medidos antes da arteriografia. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> ou teste de Mann-Whitney. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o foi utilizada para encontrar preditores independentes de FAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Os dados demogr&#225;ficos basais dos pacientes, incluindo idade e fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Comparados &#224; mediana do grupo controle (IIQ), os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol foram significativamente mais altos (p = 0,04) e os n&#237;veis de VPM foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo FAC (8,84 &#177; 1,71fL vs. 10,43 &#177; 1,34, p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o VPM foi um preditor significativo de FAC (p&lt;0,001, IC 95% para OR: 0,438 (0,306-0,629)). Foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o VPM e f&#237;stulas no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r: -0,454, p &lt; 0,001). Um n&#237;vel de VPM &lt; 9,6 fL apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 80%, 68%, 71% e 78%, respectivamente (AUC = 0,766, IC 95%, 0,678-0,854) para a previs&#227;o de FAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> O presente estudo sugere que o VPM pode diminuir no paciente com FAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Plaquet&#225;rio M&#233;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (FAC) &#233; uma conex&#227;o anormal que liga a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria a uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca ou outro vaso sangu&#237;neo principal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No primeiro caso, embora a FAC geralmente seja cong&#234;nita, o desenvolvimento e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas e cir&#250;rgicas ao longo dos anos, com maior preval&#234;ncia das formas adquiridas, levou a uma mudan&#231;a na etiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A FAC &#233; frequentemente identificada incidentalmente na angiografia diagn&#243;stica. Muito raramente, a isquemia pode ocorrer devido ao aumento da demanda mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio, apresentando-se com angina ou dispneia durante o esfor&#231;o. A incid&#234;ncia exata da FAC n&#227;o &#233; certa, j&#225; que a taxa de subdiagn&#243;stico &#233; alta. No entanto, v&#225;rios estudos relataram a presen&#231;a de FAC em 0,13 a 0,22% dos adultos submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Cerca de 75% das FAC encontradas incidentalmente s&#227;o pequenas e clinicamente silenciosas. At&#233; 90% de todas as FAC s&#227;o &#250;nicas, e as f&#237;stulas m&#250;ltiplas est&#227;o presentes em 10,7-16% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As f&#237;stulas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria surgem mais comumente na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (%50-60%) e frequentemente drenam para o lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o (80%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma f&#237;stula entre uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e uma estrutura card&#237;aca do lado direito apresenta um fluxo cont&#237;nuo da vasculatura coronariana para a c&#226;mara direita de baixa press&#227;o. Quando o local de drenagem est&#225; localizado no &#225;trio esquerdo ou na veia pulmonar, efetivamente ocorre um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerdo-esquerdo que determina uma sobrecarga de volume somente no lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o. Essa sobrecarga de volume pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No caso de uma FAC de grande calibre, o fen&#244;meno do roubo coron&#225;rio pode desempenhar um papel na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Diversos estudos mostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM) e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na literatura, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo anterior sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e as f&#237;stulas coronarianas cong&#234;nitas. Por esse motivo, nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o do VPM com a FAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os dados angiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria (AGC) entre fevereiro de 2014 e mar&#231;o de 2018 foram analisados retrospectivamente. Um total de 120 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do: 70 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais e 50 com FAC sem estenose cr&#237;tica associada. A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada devido a altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no ECG, teste de esfor&#231;o positivo ou cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para isquemia.</p>
        <p>Os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram obtidos a partir da revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida no caso de press&#227;o arterial &gt; 140/90 mmHg ou o fato de o paciente receber medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. A diabetes mellitus foi definida no caso de n&#237;vel de glicose em jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL ou o fato de o paciente receber medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica. A presen&#231;a de colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL ou triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dL foi considerada como hiperlipidemia. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, hist&#243;rico de implante de stent coronariano ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica ou dilatada idiop&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, insufici&#234;ncia renal moderada a grave, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica grave, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, valvopatia grave, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas (por exemplo, artrite reumatoide, l&#250;pus eritematoso), malignidade, hist&#243;rico de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses, infec&#231;&#227;o recente (1 m&#234;s), leucemia ou trombocitopenia. O conselho institucional local aprovou o estudo.</p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram retiradas dos pacientes admitidos para angiografia ou durante exames regulares de seguimento. Glicose s&#233;rica, creatinina, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade foram medidos utilizando um analisador bioqu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (Architect C8000, EUA). O hemograma completo e o volume das plaquetas foram determinados utilizando medidas simult&#226;neas &#243;ticas e de imped&#226;ncia (Cell Dyn 3700; Abbott Diagnostics, Lake Forest, Illinois, EUA). Foram registados os valores de plaquetas, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos, gl&#243;bulos brancos (WBC) e VPM para cada paciente.</p>
        <p>As angiografias coron&#225;rias foram realizadas atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria radial ou femoral e foram avaliadas por tr&#234;s cardiologistas intervencionistas que desconheciam os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes. Foram analisados a localiza&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula, o local da drenagem e o formato da f&#237;stula.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa SPSS 18.0 Statistical Package for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis nos grupos de estudo foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> e expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas com o teste U de Mann Whitney e expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil). As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos independentes foram avaliadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para vari&#225;veis quantitativas normalmente distribu&#237;das, e teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, enquanto o teste de qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar as correla&#231;&#245;es do VPM com a presen&#231;a de FAC. A an&#225;lise univariada foi utilizada para revelar a associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis com a presen&#231;a de FAC. Posteriormente, para determinar os fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes da FAC, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise-forward</italic>, com vari&#225;veis que foram consideradas significativas na an&#225;lise univariada. A an&#225;lise da Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC, <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi realizada para encontrar a sensibilidade e especificidade do VPM com o objetivo de prever a presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas coronarianas. Todos os resultados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos basais dos pacientes, incluindo idade e fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, foram semelhantes entre os grupos, exceto que o n&#250;mero de mulheres foi significativamente menor no grupo com f&#237;stula. Medicamentos administrados anteriormente tamb&#233;m foram compar&#225;veis entre dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Comparado ao grupo controle, o HDL-colesterol foi significativamente maior no grupo FAC. No entanto, a glicose s&#233;rica, a creatinina e outros n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                <th align="center">F&#237;stula (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 70)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (anos))</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,123<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino/feminino</td>
                <td align="center">32/18</td>
                <td align="center">24/46</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,223 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">24 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,829 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,115 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">21(30%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,119 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidor da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,938 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina, DP: desvio padr&#227;o, os dados foram comparados com o teste t de Student (<sup>a</sup>) e o teste qui-quadrado (<sup>b</sup>).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados laboratoriais da coorte do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">F&#237;stula (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 70)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">101(17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">101(56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">44(24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (115)</td>
                <td align="center">157(107)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (54</td>
                <td align="center">187(54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">41(6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mon&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61(0,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62(0,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (gr/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VPM (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">8,84 &#177; 1,71</td>
                <td align="center">10,43 &#177; 1,34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagens de plaquetas (k/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 271 &#177; 82,72</td>
                <td align="center">268 &#177; 78</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linf&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,37 &#177; 0,751</td>
                <td align="center">2,46 &#177; 1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBC (x10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,35 &#177; 2,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil), a compara&#231;&#227;o com teste U de Mann Whitney,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>compara&#231;&#227;o com teste t. VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; WBC: gl&#243;bulos brancos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade colesterol; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade colesterol.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora os n&#237;veis de plaquetas, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e leuc&#243;citos n&#227;o tenham sido significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de VPM foram significantemente menores no grupo FAC (8,84 &#177; 1,71fL <italic>vs</italic>. 10,43 &#177; 1,34, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada, o modelo <italic>Forward-Stepwise</italic>, incluindo o VPM, contagem de plaquetas, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e WBC, revelou que apenas o VPM era um preditor significativo de FAC (p &lt; 0,001, IC 95% para OR: 0,438 (0,306-0,629). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa foi encontrada entre o VPM e f&#237;stulas no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r: -0,454, p &lt; 0,001). Um n&#237;vel de VPM &lt; 9,6 fL apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 80%, 68% 71% e 78%, respectivamente (AUC = 0,766, IC 95%, 0,678-0,854) para a predi&#231;&#227;o da FAC. A precis&#227;o geral do VPM na determina&#231;&#227;o da FAC foi de 75% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Segmentos diagonais s&#227;o produzidos por la&#231;os.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0071-90088-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O di&#226;metro ventricular direito estava discretamente aumentado no grupo FAC. Outras medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas do grupo com f&#237;stula est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">F&#237;stula</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">63,1 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">2,46 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados angiogr&#225;ficos da f&#237;stula</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Origem da f&#237;stula</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACD</td>
                <td align="center">16(32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADA</td>
                <td align="center">15(30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CX</td>
                <td align="center">15(30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TCE</td>
                <td align="center">4(8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Local de drenagem das f&#237;stulas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">15(%30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">17(%34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio direito</td>
                <td align="center">5(%10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">13(%26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Formato das f&#237;stulas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em linha reta</td>
                <td align="center">4(%8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#218;nica tortuosa</td>
                <td align="center">21(%42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#250;ltiplas tortuosas</td>
                <td align="center">25(%50)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, mostramos que os n&#237;veis de VPM estavam significativamente reduzidos no grupo com FAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. F&#237;stulas arteriais coron&#225;rias s&#227;o geralmente assintom&#225;ticas. Os sintomas usuais incluem dispn&#233;ia, angina ou fadiga durante o esfor&#231;o e, eventualmente, arritmias. Ocasionalmente, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva pode acontecer na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em adultos, a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pode ocorrer devido a roubo do fluxo coronariano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo direito do grupo com f&#237;stula foram estatisticamente maiores do que os do grupo controle nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas na FAC dependem da diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre a origem da f&#237;stula e a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e tamanho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essa diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o determina o comprimento, a largura e a tortuosidade da f&#237;stula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerdo-direito ocorre em mais de 90% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Quando a f&#237;stula drena para o lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o, ocorre um fluxo cont&#237;nuo a partir da f&#237;stula devido &#224; presen&#231;a de baixas press&#245;es nas c&#226;maras direitas, a carga volum&#233;trica &#233; aumentada para o lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, para o leito vascular pulmonar e para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. Entretanto, quando a f&#237;stula drena para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar n&#227;o aumenta. Portanto, similar aos nossos achados, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita &#233; mais frequente do que a dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas. Especialmente no caso de uma FAC de grande calibre, o desvio do sangue para longe da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria normal, pode resultar na ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno de roubo do fluxo coron&#225;rio e, consequentemente, em isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os analisadores hematol&#243;gicos autom&#225;ticos calculam o VPM em testes de rotina. O VPM &#233; afetado pela inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#233; aceito como marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> V&#225;rias doen&#231;as, como a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo e diabetes mellitus t&#234;m sido relacionadas com o aumento do VPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por outro lado, n&#237;veis reduzidos de VPM foram relatados em indiv&#237;duos com artrite reumatoide, p&#243;lipos nasais e espondilite anquilosante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Da mesma forma, v&#225;rios estudos na literatura relataram n&#237;veis reduzidos de VPM na s&#237;ndrome do intestino irrit&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Tem sido proposto que valores menores e maiores de VPM em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionados a estados inflamat&#243;rios de alto e baixo graus. Gasparyan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> relataram que doen&#231;as caracterizadas por inflama&#231;&#227;o acentuada (por exemplo, artrite reumatoide) est&#227;o associadas a valores mais baixos de VPM, enquanto a inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau (por exemplo, p&#243;lipos nasais, doen&#231;a de Beh&#231;et) est&#225; relacionada com n&#237;veis aumentados de VPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O valor do VPM foi maior na maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, curiosamente, descobrimos que o VPM em pacientes com FAC &#233; menor do que nos grupos controle. Portanto, especulamos que, ao contr&#225;rio das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, a FAC pode estar associada a uma carga inflamat&#243;ria baixa, mas cont&#237;nua. Infelizmente, este &#233; o primeiro estudo na literatura que avaliou o VPM na FAC. Outro autor sugeriu que as plaquetas ativadas tendem a aumentar e causar uma eleva&#231;&#227;o no valor do VPM, e podem ser utilizadas nesse processo inflamat&#243;rio ativo, deixando as plaquetas menores, causando uma redu&#231;&#227;o no VPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Por outro lado, outros autores especulam que a superprodu&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e reagentes de fase aguda podem suprimir as dimens&#245;es das plaquetas ao interferir na megacariopoiese na medula &#243;ssea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Foi observado que o HDL-colesterol tem efeitos moduladores na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atrav&#233;s de efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> N&#237;veis reduzidos de HDL-colesterol em indiv&#237;duos com FAC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles, podem ser a causa subjacente da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na FAC, mas estudos prospectivos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que isso seja confirmado.</p>
        <p>O desenho transversal retrospectivo e de centro &#250;nico s&#227;o duas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes do presente artigo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o poderia ser a coorte de estudo relativamente pequena. At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e a FAC. A falta de an&#225;lise dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante. No entanto, que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre FAC e VPM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo sugere que um valor menor de VPM pode estar associado &#224; FAC. Embora um valor de VPM elevado esteja bem estabelecido em condi&#231;&#245;es com maior mortalidade cardiovascular, esta &#233; a primeira vez em que um VPM mais baixo &#233; encontrado em uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca com baixa mortalidade. Portanto, sugerimos o uso do VPM na determina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FAC, uma vez que &#233; um teste de baixo custo e de simples realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>
              <bold>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></bold>
            </italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 68246970/903-99. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
