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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sxLCX9fL4RnYpDZYMTJRjCp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700062</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005010102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Profile of the Brazilian Cardiologist - A Sample of Members of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman</bold> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>zimerman@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizimerman@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>62</fpage>
      <lpage>68</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Data from the international literature have shown changes in the profile of cardiologists and in their medical practices. However, there is no data on this in Brazilian cardiologists.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate professional and personal characteristics of a sample of Brazilian cardiologists.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study; a questionnaire was sent by e-mail to cardiologists, active members of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology in 2017. The results were analyzed, and the level of significance set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The questionnaire was sent to 13,462 cardiologists, with 2,101 (15.6%) respondents, mostly men (71.8% versus 28.2%). Age distribution and marital status were significantly different between the sexes (p &lt; 0.001). The number of cardiologists without children was higher among women (40.5% versus 16.1%; p &lt; 0.001). The most common place of work was the public hospital (46.5%), followed by private hospital (28.5%) and private office (21.1%). The office was the main place of work for 23.9% of men and 14% of women (p &lt; 0.001), with predominance of individuals older than 50 years (31.7% versus 10.1%, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Most cardiologists (64.2%) worked more than 40 hours a week (69% of them men and 51.9% of the women; p &lt; 0.001). Eighty-eight percent of the sample earned more than BRL 11,000 (US$ 3,473.43), and 66.5% of the men earned more than BRL 20,000 (US$ 6,315.32) per month, versus 31.2% of the women (p &lt; 0.001). A high level of work-related stress was reported by 11.3% of respondents. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Most cardiologists were men, who showed higher workload and higher income; 11.3% of the cardiologists perceived stress as a great deal.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologists</kwd>
        <kwd>Survey and Questionnaires</kwd>
        <kwd>Income</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender</kwd>
        <kwd>Demographic Data</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Medical activity has been associated with high levels of stress and dissatisfaction compared with other occupations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Previous studies have shown that there is a complex relationship between the level of work satisfaction, work-life balance, burnout level, demographic factors and work conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The progress of medicine and specialties, especially in the last decades, has promoted rapid chances in personal and professional lives of cardiologists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In addition, international data have shown the aging of working classes, with changes in the profile and characteristics of professional activities, but still a predominance of men and a striking difference of salaries between the sexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, data on the profile of Brazilian cardiologists and their perceptions of the profession are limited.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the present study describes the profile of the Brazilian cardiologist from data obtained in the study conducted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (BSC), in terms of demographic, social, and professional aspects and quality of life.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The BSC developed a questionnaire composed of three main domains: demographic data, professional activity and quality of life. This questionnaire was sent by e-mail to 13,462 cardiologists, active members of the BSC in 2017. A total of 2,101 participants answered the questionnaire and composed the study group, 1,509 men (71.8%) and 592 women (28.2%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The variables were expressed as absolute frequency, percentage and 95% confidence interval. Qualitative variables were compared using the chi-square test followed by analysis of adjusted standardized residuals. Analysis of the answers was performed using the SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25.0 (IBM, Chicago). The level of significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic data</title>
        <p>Of the 13,462 active members of the BSC, 9,555 (70.9%) were men, 9,752 (71.1%) were aged between 30 and 59 years, and 1,323 (9.8%) aged 70 years or older. Most members lived in the southeast (55.5%) or in the south (15.1%) of Brazil as follows - 3,420 (25.4%) in S&#227;o Paulo, 2,158 (16%) in Rio de Janeiro, 1,572 (11.6%) in Minas Gerais, 853 (6.3%) in Rio Grande do Sul and 774 (5,7%) in Paran&#225; State.</p>
        <p>The questionnaire was answered by 2,101 cardiologists (response rate 15.6%), 1,509 men (71.8%) and 592 women (28.2%). Regarding the age of participants, 1,077 (51.3%) were older than 50 years. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of age by sex, with a difference between men and women (p &lt; 0.0001). Thirty-four percent of men and 13% of women were aged 60 years or older. Most respondents were married (77.7&#168;%), 84.7% of the men and 59.8% of the women (p &lt; 0.001). With respect to the number of children, 23% did not have children, and 57.3% had two or more children. The number of cardiologists who did not have children was higher among women (40.5 <italic>versus</italic> 16.1%; p &lt; 0.001). The difference remained significant after adjustment for age, but not after adjustment for marital status.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic characteristics.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of professional activity</title>
        <p>Most respondents (70.5%) had the title of specialists in cardiology from the BSC/Brazilian Medical Association, and 29.5% were applicants for the title. Most participants (n = 1,336; 65.4%) worked in only one field, especially clinical cardiology (50.5%), with no difference between men and women; 2.8% of the interviewees did not answer this question.</p>
        <p>Regarding the number of working hours per week, 1,350 (64.2%) participants (69% of the men and 51.9% of the women, p &lt; 0.001) worked more than 40 hours; 363 (17.3%) worked in only one place, and 1,036 (49.3%) worked in three or more places. The most common place of work was the public hospital (46.5%), followed by private hospital (28.5%) and private office (21.15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The public hospital was the main place of work for 53% of women 44% of men (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, private office was the main work place for 23.9% of men and 14% of women, three times more frequent among cardiologists older than 50 years (31.7 versus 10.1%). Only 0.3% of participants reported to work in public health centers. No difference was found in the number of work places between the sexes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Professional characteristics. BSC: Brazilian Society of Cardiology</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Monthly income was higher than 11,000 Brazilian reals (BRL) (US$ 3,473.43). The distribution of income by sex is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>; 66.5% of men and 31.2% of women (p &lt; 0.001) reported to gain more than 20,000 BRL (adjusted for number of working hours and age range).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Salary difference between men and women.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the level of stress (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), 64.2% reported an adequate level of stress; 11.3% perceived stress as a great deal, and 24.3% reported no stress. The causes of stress at work were poor working conditions (36.7%), excessive working hours (23.5%), low pay (15.7%), work pressure (10.9%), and others (13%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Level of stress.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>With regards to legal issues, 13.9% of participants reported having been sued for medical malpractices, and 0.3% reported to have been condemned. The question was not answered by 10 participants (0.4%).</p>
        <p>Considering the age participants wished to retire, 10.5% reported they wished to retire before the age of 60 years, 46.1% between 61 and 70 years, 34.1% between 71 and 80 years, 4.7% older than 80 years, and 14.6% reported they do not want to retire from their work as a cardiologist. Regarding the retirement financial planning, 58.4% reported to contribute to a private retirement plan.</p>
        <p>The questionnaire also included questions about participants' perception on the influence of technology, spirituality, the role of the media on their work. The use of technology on a daily basis was reported by 84.7% of the respondents, with no difference between sexes and age ranges. The frequency of technology use for patient-physician communication was daily for 40.6% and weekly for 21.7% of participants. Regarding the role of spirituality in the treatment of the patients, it was considered "very useful" by 54.7%, "useful" by 30.1%, "not very useful" by 6% of the respondents; 9.1% did not have a strong opinion about the issue, and 0.5% did not answer the question. In terms of the frequency the physicians talked about the subject "spirituality" with their patients, 54.1% answered "eventually", 24.5% "often", 14.2% "never" and 0.5% did not answer the question. As for how medical work was presented by the media, 73.7% considered that the opinion expressed by the media was partial and unfavorable to the doctors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of life</title>
        <p>Most cardiologists reported to sleep between 6 and 7 hours per night (79.5%), with no differences between men and women. Considering the time dedicated to family and leisure activities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>), 41.8% answered less than 10 hours per week; 29.8% between 11 and 20 hours per week, 17.9% between 21 and 30 hours per week, and 10.4% 31 hours or more per week. The proportion of women who spent more than 20 hours with family-related and leisure activities was greater than that of men (33.4% <italic>versus</italic> 26.2%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Quality of life.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Smoking habit was reported by only 2.8% of cardiologists (3.3% of men and 1.5% of women, p = 0.03). Regarding alcohol consumption, 34.3% reported the frequency of &#8805; 2 times (40.1% of the men and 19.5% of the women, p,0.001), 30.1% sometimes a month, 23.4% rarely, and 12% never. Regarding health-related self-care, 52.6% considered themselves to be careful, 7.9% very careful, and 3.4% not careful, with no difference between men and women. With respect to the health of participants, 56.1% reported to have a disease (42.5% of the men and 63.3% of the women; p &lt; 0.001). Sixty percent reported continuous use of medication (57.3% of the men and 59.1% of the women, p = 0.46).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the third time the BSC developed studies aimed at evaluating the profile of its member associates. However, this is the first time the Society promoted a more comprehensive study and published the results.</p>
      <p>Despite the increase of women among medical professionals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> there is a remarkable predominance of men among Brazilian cardiologists, similar to what is observed in other countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Most respondents in our study was men (71.8% versus 28.2%), which is in agreement with the 2018 medical demography in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> showing a distribution of 69.7% of and 30.3% of women, and mean age of 48.9 &#177; 12.1 years among Brazilian cardiologists. This difference is greater among cardiologists older than 50 years and less pronounced in younger subjects. Differences between sexes were observed for marital status, number of children, income and workload.</p>
      <p>The proportion of married men who answered the questionnaire was significantly higher than that of women. The proportion of cardiologists who did not have children was higher among women, even after adjustment for age. Such difference is in accordance with the results of a study conducted with North-American cardiologists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Therefore, it is possible to infer that the prolonged time from graduation and specialization may be associated with these findings.</p>
      <p>Our study showed that, in higher income ranges, the proportion of men was higher than of women, adjusted for work load and number of workplaces. This difference in income between sexes has been reported in several other professional sectors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and has been registered in the last decades among North-American cardiologists. Most professionals reported to work more than 40 hours a week, with higher proportion of men in the private sector. The proportion of women was higher in the public and academic settings, in which a lower income was identified as compared with the private setting.</p>
      <p>Almost half of cardiologists work in three or more places. Interestingly, the private office was reported to be the main place of work by only 21.1% of the respondents, and this rate was even lower when considering individuals younger than 50 years only. Thus, cardiology practice in private sectors has been less commonly seen probably due to elevations in the number of doctor visits covered by private health plans. These plans pay a relatively low price per service to the physicians, who feel discouraged to set up and maintain their own clinics. This change in the professional scenario may also be related to the fact that younger cardiologists are concerned not only about seeking more immediate revenue but also about investing in complementary pension.</p>
      <p>Despite the high work load, only 11.3% of cardiologists perceived stress as a great deal. A study published by Mescape<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> concluded that 46% of North-American cardiologists had symptoms of burnout, similar to the frequency reported in other specialties like pneumology and nephrology. Although the questionnaire used in the study did not include specific criteria for the diagnosis of burnout, data have suggested that there are considerable differences between Brazilians and North-Americans regarding the perception of stress at work, which can be related to sociocultural differences. Also, there is a relatively lower occurrence of medical lawsuits among Brazilian cardiologists. While 0.3% of our sample reported having been condemned, a study published in the American Heart Journal in 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> reported a rate of malpractice lawsuits of 8.6% in North America and a 1% condemnation rate.</p>
      <p>The practice of physical exercise has well-established cardiovascular benefits and should be encouraged. In our study, however, 31% of cardiologists did not practice exercise. Only 11% of North-American cardiologists reported to be physically inactive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This difference may be due to the higher workload faced by physicians in Brazil. Although the percentage of smokers was relatively low, a high percentage of cardiologists reported they were careless about their health (39.4%). Regarding alcohol consumption, 34.3% of respondents reported a frequency of two times a week or more; 49% of North American cardiologists consumed up to one drink per week. These data indicate that institutional campaigns aimed at promoting the adoption of healthy habits and self-care among Brazilian cardiologists should be considered.</p>
      <p>The use of technology has facilitated the search for knowledge and contributed in different aspects of daily life; also, it has allowed patients to communicate more directly with their doctors. In our study, most cardiologists reported to use any kind of technology on a daily basis in their work. A significant percentage (40.6%) of cardiologists is contacted daily by patients through technology device, which adds to the debate about the availability of physicians to respond to patients' emails or on social media.</p>
      <p>According to the Brazilian Medical Council's resolution, published in 2002,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> despite numerous positive consequences of telemedicine, it is related to serious ethical and legal issues. Considering the exponential use of social media by physicians, including for patient-doctor communication, the Medical Council, in 2017,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> recognized the importance of the social media and stablished rules of conduct in this context.</p>
      <p>There has been increasing interest in issues of spirituality in the medical practice. In the BSC, a group of study on spirituality and cardiovascular medicine was created. In the present study, although 54.7% of participants considered that spirituality was very useful in the treatment of the patients, 14.2% has never talked about this subject with their patients and most (54.1%) of them did it only eventually. This difference may be related to the scarcity of validated qualification in the area.</p>
      <p>The study has some limitations, particularly regarding data collection. The rate of response to the questionnaire was relatively low (15.6%), and on this basis, we cannot affirm that the results would be the same in a larger sample. However, similar studies have shown comparable results (15-25%). In the most recent study conducted by the American College of Cardiology, which has continuously developed studies on the theme in the last three decades, the response rate was 21%. In the study conducted by the Medscape, the rate of response was 4%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this original study on the profile of Brazilian cardiologists, associates of the BSC, significant differences between sexes were detected. While men had a greater work load, the participation of women in higher income ranges was lower, even after adjustment for work load. Most cardiologists worked in more than one place, mostly in the public sector. Younger cardiologists had a lower tendency to work in private offices. The perception of the level of work-related stress was considered satisfactory. Considering the growing concern over personal and professional quality of life, as well as over work performance, future research is warranted to further explore the theme and to allow the planning of actions by medical entities and societies, so that the specialty of cardiology can continue to attract the interest of medical professionals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lucas Simonetto Faganello, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Erratum</label>
        <p>In figure 1 of the original article &#8220;The Profile of the Brazilian Cardiologist &#8211; A Sample of Members of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8221; there is an error for the category of women with 0 children. Instead of 4.5% consider correct 45%.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The questionnaire was developed and administered during the 2016-2017 term. For this reason, we thank the board of directors: Eduardo Nagib Gaui, Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Raul Dias dos Santos Filho, Denilson Campos de Albuquerque, Walter Jos&#233; Gomes, Celso Amodeo, Osni Moreira Filho, Renault Mattos Ribeiro Junior, Jos&#233; Luiz Aziz, Jo&#227;o David de Souza Neto and Weimar Kunz S. Barroso de Souza.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Perfil do Cardiologista Brasileiro - Uma Amostra de S&#243;cios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman</bold> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>zimerman@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizimerman@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Malachias MVB, Dutra OP, Zimerman LI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faganello LS, Pimentel M, Polanczyk CA, Malachias MVB, Dutra OP, Zimerman LI; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faganello LS, Pimentel M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Faganello LS, Pimentel M, Polanczyk CA, Zimerman TI, Malachias MVB, Dutra OP, Zimerman LI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dados internacionais mostram mudan&#231;as no perfil e nas caracter&#237;sticas da atua&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; na literatura dados acerca da realidade brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas profissionais e pessoais de amostra de cardiologistas brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado por meio de question&#225;rio enviado via e-mail para os cardiologistas adimplentes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia em 2017. Os resultados foram analisados considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram enviados 13.462 question&#225;rios, havendo 2.101 (15,6%) respostas, com predomin&#226;ncia de homens (71,8% <italic>versus</italic> 28,2%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria e o estado civil foram significativamente diferentes entre os g&#234;neros (p &lt; 0,001). O n&#250;mero de cardiologistas sem filhos foi maior entre as mulheres (40,5% <italic>versus</italic> 16,1%; p &lt; 0,001). O local de trabalho mais frequente foi hospital p&#250;blico (46,5%), seguido por hospital privado (28,5%) e consult&#243;rio privado (21,1%). O consult&#243;rio &#233; a principal atividade de 23,9% dos homens e 14% das mulheres (p &lt; 0,001), predominantemente entre aqueles com mais de 50 anos (31,7% <italic>versus</italic> 10,1%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). A maioria (64,2%) trabalha mais de 40 horas semanais (69% dos homens e 51,9% das mulheres; p &lt; 0,001). A renda mensal de 88% &#233; superior a R$ 11.000 (<italic>US$ 3,473.43</italic>), e 66,5% dos homens recebem mais que R$ 20.000,00 <italic>(US$ 6,315.32)</italic> mensais, contra 31,2% das mulheres (p &lt; 0,001). N&#237;vel elevado de estresse foi relatado por 11,3%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os homens s&#227;o maioria entre os cardiologistas, t&#234;m maior carga de trabalho e renda superior &#224; das mulheres. A taxa de estresse em grande propor&#231;&#227;o foi de 11,3%.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologistas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Renda</kwd>
        <kwd>G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Dados Demogr&#225;ficos</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A atividade m&#233;dica tem sido associada a elevados n&#237;veis de estresse e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o quando comparada a outras profiss&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos previamente publicados demonstram existir uma rela&#231;&#227;o complexa entre o n&#237;vel de satisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional, o equil&#237;brio entre vida profissional e pessoal, o n&#237;vel de esgotamento, os fatores demogr&#225;ficos e as condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da medicina e, em especial, da especialidade, sobretudo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, tem promovido r&#225;pidas mudan&#231;as na vida pessoal e profissional dos cardiologistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, dados internacionais mostram um envelhecimento da classe trabalhadora, com mudan&#231;as no perfil e nas caracter&#237;sticas da atua&#231;&#227;o profissional, permanecendo, por&#233;m, uma especialidade com predom&#237;nio de homens, inclusive com marcada diferen&#231;a salarial entre os g&#234;neros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> J&#225; as informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao perfil do cardiologista brasileiro e suas percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a profiss&#227;o s&#227;o limitadas. Portanto, este trabalho descreve o perfil do cardiologista brasileiro a partir de dados obtidos por pesquisa realizada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), com objetivo de avaliar aspectos demogr&#225;ficos, sociais, profissionais e de qualidade de vida do profissional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A SBC elaborou um question&#225;rio composto de tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios b&#225;sicos: dados demogr&#225;ficos, caracter&#237;sticas da atividade profissional e qualidade de vida. Esse question&#225;rio foi enviado via e-mail para todos os 13.462 cardiologistas adimplentes associados &#224; SBC no ano de 2017. Responderam efetivamente e foram considerados como popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo 2.101 deles, sendo 1.509 homens (71,8%) e 592 mulheres (28,2%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram representadas por frequ&#234;ncia absoluta, percentual com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado, e, quando este foi significativo, foi realizada a an&#225;lise de res&#237;duo padronizado ajustado. A an&#225;lise das respostas foi feita por meio do programa SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25.0 (IBM, Chicago). Todos os resultados foram considerados levando-se em conta o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Dos 13.462 associados adimplentes, 9.555 (70,9%) s&#227;o homens, 9.752 (71,1%) t&#234;m entre 30 e 59 anos, e 1.323 (9,8%) t&#234;m 70 anos ou mais. Ao se considerar a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos associados, observa-se uma predomin&#226;ncia nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul do pa&#237;s (55,5 e 15,1%, respectivamente), sendo 3.420 (25,4%) em S&#227;o Paulo, 2.158 (16%) no Rio de Janeiro, 1.572 (11,6%) em Minas Gerais, 853 (6,3%) no Rio Grande do Sul e 774 (5,7%) no Paran&#225;.</p>
          <p>O question&#225;rio foi respondido por 2.101 cardiologistas (taxa de resposta de 15,6%), sendo 1.509 homens (71,8%) e 592 mulheres (28,2%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, 1.077 cardiologistas (51,3%) apresentaram idade maior que 50 anos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o das faixas et&#225;rias por sexo, que foi diferente entre (p &lt; 0,001). Observou-se que 34% dos homens t&#234;m 60 anos ou mais, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 13% das mulheres dessa faixa et&#225;ria. A maioria dos respondedores (77,7%) &#233; casada. Na compara&#231;&#227;o por sexo, houve maior percentual de homens casados (84,7 <italic>versus</italic> 59,8%; p &lt; 0,001). Quanto ao n&#250;mero de filhos, 23% responderam n&#227;o ter filhos e 57,3% t&#234;m dois ou mais. O n&#250;mero de cardiologistas sem filhos foi maior entre as mulheres (40,5 <italic>versus</italic> 16,1%; p &lt; 0,001). A diferen&#231;a manteve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajuste dos dados pela idade dos participantes, mas n&#227;o quando ajustada para o estado civil.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da atividade profissional</title>
          <p>A maioria dos respondedores (70,5%) apresenta t&#237;tulo de Especialista em Cardiologia pela SBC/Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira, sendo 29,5% aspirantes. Sobre &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o, 1.336 (65,4%) responderam dedicar-se somente a uma &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o, sendo a cardiologia cl&#237;nica a mais frequente (50,5%), sem diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres. Essa pergunta n&#227;o foi respondida por 2,8% dos participantes.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de horas trabalhadas por semana, 1.350 (64,2%) responderam trabalhar mais de 40 horas, percentual que foi maior entre os homens (69%) do que entre as mulheres (51,9%) (p &lt; 0,001). Quanto ao n&#250;mero de locais de trabalho, 363 (17,3%) responderam ter apenas um, e 1.036 (49,3%) t&#234;m tr&#234;s ou mais locais de trabalho. O mais frequente foi o hospital p&#250;blico (46,5%), seguido por hospital privado (28,5%) e consult&#243;rio privado (21,1%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s por cento das mulheres relataram ser o hospital p&#250;blico o seu principal local de trabalho, contra 44% dos homens (p &lt; 0,001). Em contrapartida, o consult&#243;rio privado foi o principal local de trabalho de 23,9% dos homens, contra 14% das mulheres, sendo 3 vezes mais frequente entre os cardiologistas com mais de 50 anos (31,7% <italic>versus</italic> 10,1%). Somente 0,3% dos participantes disseram trabalhar em postos de sa&#250;de. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao n&#250;mero de locais de trabalho entre homens e mulheres.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracter&#237;sticas profissionais. SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A renda mensal da maioria dos respondedores (88,4%) &#233; superior a R$ 11.000,00 (<italic>US$ 3,473.43</italic>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das faixas de renda entre homens e mulheres est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>. Observou-se que 66,5% dos homens relataram ganhar mais de 20 mil reais <italic>(US$ 6,315.32)</italic> mensais, contra apenas 31,2% das mulheres (p &lt; 0,001, ajustado para n&#250;meros de horas trabalhadas e faixa et&#225;ria).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diferen&#231;a salarial entre homens e mulheres.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de estresse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>), 64,2% consideram apresentar estresse em n&#237;vel adequado; 11,3%, estresse em grande propor&#231;&#227;o; e 24,3% n&#227;o se consideram estressados. As causas de estresse no trabalho foram: m&#225;s condi&#231;&#245;es (36,7%), horas em excesso (23,5%), baixa remunera&#231;&#227;o (15,7%), press&#227;o por resultados (10,9%) e outras (13%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quest&#245;es judiciais envolvendo a profiss&#227;o, 13,9% disseram j&#225; ter sofrido processo m&#233;dico, e 0,3% informaram ter sido condenados. Essa pergunta n&#227;o foi respondida por 10 participantes (0,4%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#237;vel de estresse.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Sobre a idade em que planejam se aposentar, 10,5% responderam antes dos 60 anos; 46,1%, entre 61 e 70 anos; 34,1%, entre 71 e 80 anos; 4,7%, ap&#243;s os 80 anos; e 14,6% n&#227;o pretendem se aposentar de sua atividade profissional. Quanto ao planejamento econ&#244;mico para a aposentadoria, 58,4% relataram contribuir para plano de previd&#234;ncia privada.</p>
          <p>Foram realizadas ainda perguntas sobre as percep&#231;&#245;es quanto a: influ&#234;ncia da tecnologia, espiritualidade e atua&#231;&#227;o da imprensa na atividade profissional. O uso da tecnologia faz parte da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria de 84,7% dos respondedores, sem diferen&#231;a por sexo ou faixa et&#225;ria. Sobre a frequ&#234;ncia com que seus pacientes utilizam a tecnologia para se comunicar com o m&#233;dico, 40,6% responderam que isso ocorre diariamente, e 21,7%, semanalmente. Sobre o papel da espiritualidade no tratamento dos pacientes, 54,7% consideram-na muito &#250;til; 30,1%, &#250;til; 6%, pouco &#250;til; 9,1% n&#227;o t&#234;m opini&#227;o clara; e 0,5% n&#227;o responderam. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia com que o tema da espiritualidade &#233; abordado com os pacientes, 54,1% abordam eventualmente; 24,5%, frequentemente; 14,2%, nunca abordam e 0,5% n&#227;o responderam. Sobre a maneira como a imprensa mostra a atividade m&#233;dica, 73,7% consideram que as opini&#245;es expressas pela imprensa s&#227;o parciais e desfavor&#225;veis aos m&#233;dicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>A maioria dos cardiologistas relatou dormir entre 6 e 7 horas por noite (79,5%), sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres. Quanto ao n&#250;mero de horas semanais dedicadas &#224; fam&#237;lia e ao lazer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>), 41,8% responderam menos de 10 horas; 29,8%, entre 11 e 20 horas; 17,9%, entre 21 e 30 horas; e 10,4%, 31 horas ou mais, sendo maior a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres que dedica mais de 20 horas semanais em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (33,4% <italic>versus</italic> 26,2%; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Qualidade de vida.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0062-90089-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O consumo de tabaco foi informado por apenas 2,8% dos cardiologistas (homens, 3,3%; mulheres, 1,5%; p = 0,03). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, 34,3% responderam consumir 2 vezes ou mais por semana (40,1% dos homens <italic>versus</italic> 19,5% das mulheres; p &lt; 0,001); 30,1%, algumas vezes no m&#234;s; 23,4%, raramente; e 12%, nunca. Quanto ao autocuidado com a sa&#250;de, 52,6% se consideraram cuidadosos; 7,9%, muito cuidadosos; e 39,4%, descuidados, sem diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres. Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de dos cardiologistas, 56,1% responderam que t&#234;m alguma doen&#231;a (homens, 42,5%; mulheres, 63,3%; p &lt; 0,001). Sessenta por cento responderam fazer uso de algum medicamento de uso cont&#237;nuo (homens, 57,3%; mulheres, 59,1%; p = 0,46).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta foi a terceira vez que a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia realizou pesquisas sobre o perfil de seus associados, mas, pela primeira vez, o fez de modo mais abrangente e registrou cientificamente os seus resultados. Apesar do aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres na profiss&#227;o m&#233;dica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a cardiologia brasileira, assim como em outros pa&#237;ses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> apresenta importante predomin&#226;ncia masculina; entre os respondedores, o sexo masculino representou a maioria (71,8% <italic>versus</italic> 28,2%). Tais dados s&#227;o consistentes com os da Demografia M&#233;dica no Brasil 2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que revelou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o entre g&#234;neros de 69,7% de homens e 30,3% de mulheres, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 48,9 (DP 12,1) anos entre os cardiologistas brasileiros. Essa diferen&#231;a &#233; mais acentuada entre os cardiologistas com mais de 50 anos e amenizada nas faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens. Diferen&#231;as entre os g&#234;neros foram observadas quanto a estado civil, n&#250;mero de filhos, renda e carga de trabalho.</p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de homens casados foi significativamente maior que a de mulheres que responderam &#224; pesquisa. J&#225; a propor&#231;&#227;o de cardiologistas sem filhos foi maior entre as mulheres, mesmo quando ajustado para a idade. Essa diferen&#231;a vai ao encontro dos resultados de uma pesquisa realizada entre cardiologistas norte-americanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que o tempo prolongado da forma&#231;&#227;o e da especializa&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionado a esses achados.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa mostrou que, nas faixas de renda mais elevadas, h&#225; maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens do que de mulheres, ajustando-se para a carga e o n&#250;mero de locais de trabalho. Essa diferen&#231;a de renda entre g&#234;neros tem sido identificada em v&#225;rios outros setores de atividade profissional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e tamb&#233;m foi registrada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas entre cardiologistas norte-americanos. A maioria dos profissionais relatou trabalhar mais do que 40 horas por semana, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de homens no setor privado. A propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres foi maior no setor p&#250;blico e no meio acad&#234;mico, nos quais foi identificada mais baixa remunera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao setor privado.</p>
        <p>Quase a metade dos cardiologistas atua em tr&#234;s ou mais locais de trabalho. &#201; interessante observar que o consult&#243;rio privado &#233; apontado como principal local de trabalho por apenas 21,1% dos respondedores, e esse n&#250;mero &#233; ainda menor quando se consideram apenas aqueles com menos de 50 anos. A redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica privada pode estar ocorrendo em fun&#231;&#227;o do predom&#237;nio cada vez maior de atendimentos por planos de sa&#250;de, cuja menor remunera&#231;&#227;o parece coibir a montagem e a manuten&#231;&#227;o de consult&#243;rios pr&#243;prios. Essa mudan&#231;a de cen&#225;rio na pr&#225;tica profissional tamb&#233;m pode estar relacionada ao fato de que, entre os cardiologistas mais jovens, h&#225; maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o em buscar fontes de renda mais imediatas, mas tamb&#233;m de investir em planos de aposentadoria complementar.</p>
        <p>Apesar da elevada carga de trabalho, somente 11,3% dos cardiologistas consideram que apresentam estresse em grande propor&#231;&#227;o. Uma pesquisa publicada pelo Medscape em 2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> concluiu que 46% dos cardiologistas norte-americanos apresentavam sintomas de <italic>burnout</italic>, taxa semelhante &#224; encontrada em outras especialidades, como pneumologia e nefrologia. Apesar de o question&#225;rio aplicado no estudo n&#227;o ter inclu&#237;do crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos para o diagn&#243;stico de <italic>burnout</italic>, os dados sugerem que existem importantes diferen&#231;as entre brasileiros e norte-americanos quanto &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o do estresse na atividade profissional, e caracter&#237;sticas socioculturais podem estar associadas a essa diferen&#231;a. Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a taxa relativamente baixa de processos m&#233;dicos ou judiciais entre os cardiologistas brasileiros. Conforme publicado em 2014, no <italic>American Heart Journal</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> a porcentagem anual de cardiologistas norte-americanos enfrentando processos m&#233;dico-judiciais &#233; de 8,6%, com uma taxa de condena&#231;&#227;o de 1% ao ano. Somente 0,3% dos cardiologistas brasileiros relataram ter sido condenados em processos m&#233;dicos ou judiciais.</p>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica apresenta comprovados benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e deve ser incentivada aos pacientes. Nessa pesquisa, por&#233;m, observou-se que 31% dos cardiologistas afirmam n&#227;o praticar nenhum tipo de atividade f&#237;sica. Entre os norte-americanos, somente 11% declararam n&#227;o realizar nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel maior carga de trabalho m&#233;dico em nosso meio pode estar associada a essa diferen&#231;a. A taxa de tabagismo pode ser considerada relativamente baixa; por&#233;m, o percentual de cardiologistas que se consideram descuidados com a sa&#250;de &#233; elevado (39,4%). Sobre o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, 34,3% afirmaram consumir duas ou mais vezes na semana; entre os cardiologistas norte-americanos, 49% declararam consumir no m&#225;ximo um <italic>drink</italic> por semana. Diante desses dados, campanhas institucionais para incentivar a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e o autocuidado com a sa&#250;de entre os cardiologistas brasileiros devem ser consideradas.</p>
        <p>O uso da tecnologia, al&#233;m de facilitar a busca pelo conhecimento e contribuir em diferentes aspectos da atividade di&#225;ria, tem possibilitado acesso mais direto aos m&#233;dicos pelos pacientes. Na pesquisa, a maioria dos cardiologistas afirmaram fazer uso di&#225;rio de algum tipo de tecnologia para sua atividade profissional. Um percentual significativo (40,6%) &#233; contatado diariamente pelos pacientes por meio da tecnologia, dado que remete ao debate sobre a disponibilidade do m&#233;dico para atender &#224;s comunica&#231;&#245;es realizadas pelos pacientes, especialmente por meio de mensagens eletr&#244;nicas e redes sociais.</p>
        <p>Conforme publicado em 2002, em resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Federal de Medicina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apesar das in&#250;meras consequ&#234;ncias positivas da telemedicina, existem problemas &#233;ticos e legais decorrentes de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Tendo em vista o uso exponencial das m&#237;dias sociais no meio m&#233;dico e tamb&#233;m na rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente, um parecer do Conselho Federal de Medicina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> de 2017, reconheceu a import&#226;ncia da tecnologia em quest&#227;o e estabeleceu regras para o seu uso.</p>
        <p>As quest&#245;es sobre a espiritualidade na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica t&#234;m despertado um interesse crescente, tendo sido criado, inclusive, um grupo de estudos em espiritualidade e medicina cardiovascular na SBC. Na referida pesquisa, 54,7% dos cardiologistas consideraram a espiritualidade como muito &#250;til no tratamento nos pacientes. Por&#233;m, 14,2% nunca abordaram essa quest&#227;o, e a maioria (54,1%) aborda apenas eventualmente. Essa diferen&#231;a pode estar relacionada com a escassez de capacita&#231;&#227;o validada na &#225;rea.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, especialmente no que se refere ao modo de coleta de dados. A taxa de resposta dos question&#225;rios enviados por e-mail foi relativamente baixa (15,6%). Assim, n&#227;o h&#225; como afirmar que, em um universo maior de participantes, os resultados se manteriam os mesmos. Entretanto, pesquisas do mesmo tipo apresentam percentual semelhante, entre 15 e 25% de respondedores. Na &#250;ltima pesquisa do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic>, que realiza trabalho similar continuadamente h&#225; 3 d&#233;cadas, a taxa de resposta foi de 21%. J&#225; a pesquisa realizada pelo <italic>Medscape</italic> obteve um percentual de respondedores de 4%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na pesquisa original sobre o perfil do cardiologista brasileiro associado &#224; SBC, observaram-se importantes diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao g&#234;nero. Os homens t&#234;m maior carga de trabalho; a participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nas faixas de maior renda foi menor, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para a carga de trabalho; a maior parte dos cardiologistas trabalha em mais de um local, com predom&#237;nio do setor p&#250;blico; observa-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de consult&#243;rio privado no grupo mais jovem; a percep&#231;&#227;o quanto ao n&#237;vel de estresse relacionado ao trabalho foi considerada satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Levando em conta as crescentes preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a qualidade de vida pessoal e profissional, bem como com o desempenho do m&#233;dico, &#233; importante que pesquisas futuras abordem esses temas com mais profundidade. Somente assim a&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o ser planejadas por entidades e sociedades m&#233;dicas a fim manter o interesse na especialidade da cardiologia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lucas Simonetto Faganello pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p>Na figura 1 do artigo original &#8220;O Perfil do Cardiologista Brasileiro &#8211; Uma Amostra de S&#243;cios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia&#8221; h&#225; um erro de porcentagem para a categoria de mulheres com 0 filhos. Considerar correto 45% ao inv&#233;s de 4,5%.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>O question&#225;rio foi desenvolvido e aplicado durante a gest&#227;o 2016-2017 da SBC, raz&#227;o pela qual agradecemos aos participantes da Diretoria: Eduardo Nagib Gaui, Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Raul Dias dos Santos Filho, Denilson Campos de Albuquerque, Walter Jos&#233; Gomes, Celso Amodeo, Osni Moreira Filho, Renault Mattos Ribeiro Junior, Jos&#233; Luiz Aziz, Jo&#227;o David de Souza Neto e Weimar Kunz S. Barroso de Souza.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
