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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JvcF4sCrgYNmKWT4ZTjSbXK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dietary Patterns and Healthy Habits Along the Life Course</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4593-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Saude de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Saude de Porto Alegre - Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda &#8226;</bold> UFCSPA Av. Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>pellanda@ufcspa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>61</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Healthy Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet Western</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Reduction Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Aculturation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Class</kwd>
        <kwd>Multiple Chronic Conditions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Childhood represents a critical window in the life course for the establishment of dietary patterns and other healthy habits. In the last decades, these habits have been changing significantly, and childhood obesity has become an increasing public health issue, with many clinical consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>To address these issues, it is of paramount importance to understand dietary patterns and their relation to body measurements, as Rocha et al propose in the paper &#8220;Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The authors have identified five different patterns, including the &#8220;traditional Brazilian&#8221;, &#8220;non-healthy&#8221;, &#8220;fast-food/snacks&#8221;, &#8220;processed&#8221; and &#8220;healthy&#8221;.</p>
    <p>The study of eating patterns is extremely complex, as all behavioural factors that contribute to multifactorial chronic disease. They may be influenced by and subject to many confounding factors and interactions, especially with physical activity patterns, cultural patterns, socio-economical variables, gender, urbanisation, food practices, parenting styles and other psychological variables. The authors controlled for some important variables, such as sedentary behaviour and maternal body mass index. It's noteworthy that almost 75% of children presented with sedentary behaviour and almost 60% of mothers had excess weight, thus, the interactions of all these variables must be carefully considered. All these complexities and difficulties in analysing dietary patterns in childhood make this study more valuable, and the discussion must advance further to include other important variables.</p>
    <p>The five categories proposed in the study are useful for the purpose of epidemiological studies, but one must be very careful to transpose these categories to clinical recommendations. It is important to highlight that there is a spectrum of healthy to non-healthy habits, thus, naming one of these patterns as healthy, and other as non-healthy may not be so useful clinically, when they are more complex and composed by healthy and unhealthy foods in different proportions.</p>
    <p>The traditional Brazilian pattern, for example, is considered healthy by the Brazilian dietary guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although the traditional pattern may be not ideal, with a high intake of salt and sugar, the results of the present paper show that the less this pattern was consumed, the greater prevalence of excess weight.</p>
    <p>This is very interesting and adds to the knowledge we have already accumulated about Brazilian and other Latin-America traditional dietary patterns. Although for many decades these patterns were overlooked and sometimes considered unhealthy, they were more recently linked with low rates of obesity and chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Of course that many more lifestyle changes have happened simultaneously, but it is very important to consider the relationship between interpretation of previous findings and the marketing of processed foods in these countries, with possible conflicts of interest in industry-funded research. Some decades ago, breastfeeding was considered insufficient feeding for newborn babies and artificial formulae was marketed to paediatricians and families as the most healthy options.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The same may have happened to traditional food patterns that are culturally accepted by gradually have been substituted for &#8220;modern&#8221; processed alternatives.</p>
    <p>According to the Brazilian guidelines, the most deleterious pattern is the one that includes mainly ultra-processed foods. This seems to be in accordance with the results that were found in the present study, where the group with a greater prevalence of obesity was the &#8220;industrialized group&#8221;.</p>
    <p>To add to the complexity, the &#8220;unhealthy&#8221; pattern contains foods that are healthy and recommended for this age group, as the authors describe very well, such as milk, but mostly in unhealthy preparations.</p>
    <p>It is very important that we begin to discuss these patterns with more detail to reach better standardisation, allowing international comparisons and a greater understanding of the relations of these patterns with other healthy habits. A recent systematic review pointed out the difficulty of standardisation and the need for a common tool to evaluate dietary intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Due to the multifactorial characteristics of childhood obesity, comprehensive interventions that include nutrition education programs and physical activity in multidisciplinary approaches are needed. Evidence is constantly evolving, and guidelines are changing regarding quantitative and qualitative variables, such as certain types of foods or intensity of physical activity. Best results are achieved when multiple actors and scenarios are involved, including family, school, groups, social media, and health professionals and services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#245;es Alimentares e H&#225;bitos Saud&#225;veis ao Longo da Vida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4593-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Saude de Porto Alegre - Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda &#8226;</bold> UFCSPA Av. Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>pellanda@ufcspa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dieta Saud&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Ocidental</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento de Redu&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Acultura&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Classe Social</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;ltiplas Afec&#231;&#245;es Cr&#244;nicas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A inf&#226;ncia representa uma janela cr&#237;tica ao longo da vida para o estabelecimento de padr&#245;es alimentares e outros h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, esses h&#225;bitos v&#234;m mudando significativamente, e a obesidade infantil tornou-se um problema crescente de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com muitas consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para abordar essas quest&#245;es, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia entender os padr&#245;es alimentares e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as medidas corporais, como Rocha et al. prop&#245;em no artigo &#8220;Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Padr&#245;es Alimentares com Excesso de Peso e Adiposidade Corporal em Crian&#231;as Brasileiras: Estudo Pase-Brasil&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os autores identificaram cinco padr&#245;es diferentes, incluindo o &#8220;tradicional brasileiro&#8221;, &#8220;n&#227;o saud&#225;vel&#8221;, &#8220;<italic>fast-food</italic> / lanches&#8221;, &#8220;processados&#8221; e &#8220;saud&#225;veis&#8221;.</p>
      <p>O estudo dos padr&#245;es alimentares &#233; extremamente complexo como todos os fatores comportamentais que contribuem para a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas multifatoriais. Eles podem ser influenciados por e estarem sujeitos a muitos fatores de confus&#227;o e intera&#231;&#245;es, especialmente com os padr&#245;es de atividade f&#237;sica, padr&#245;es culturais, vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas, g&#234;nero, urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, pr&#225;ticas alimentares, estilos parentais e outras vari&#225;veis psicol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p>Os autores controlaram algumas vari&#225;veis importantes, como comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &#237;ndice de massa corporal materna. &#201; digno de nota que quase 75% das crian&#231;as apresentaram comportamento sedent&#225;rio e quase 60% das m&#227;es apresentaram excesso de peso; portanto, as intera&#231;&#245;es de todas essas vari&#225;veis devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas. Todas essas complexidades e dificuldades na an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es alimentares na inf&#226;ncia tornam este estudo mais valioso, e a discuss&#227;o deve avan&#231;ar ainda mais para incluir outras vari&#225;veis importantes.</p>
      <p>As cinco categorias propostas no estudo s&#227;o &#250;teis para fins de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, mas &#233; preciso ter muito cuidado ao transpor essas categorias para recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. &#201; importante ressaltar que h&#225; um espectro de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis a n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis; portanto, nomear um desses padr&#245;es como saud&#225;vel, e outros como n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis pode n&#227;o ser t&#227;o &#250;til clinicamente, quando eles s&#227;o mais complexos e compostos por alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis em diferentes propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o tradicional brasileiro, por exemplo, &#233; considerado saud&#225;vel pelas diretrizes diet&#233;ticas brasileiras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Embora o padr&#227;o tradicional possa n&#227;o ser o ideal, com um alto consumo de sal e a&#231;&#250;car, os resultados do presente artigo mostram que quanto menos este padr&#227;o &#233; consumido, maior &#233; a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso.</p>
      <p>Isso &#233; muito interessante e contribui para o conhecimento que j&#225; acumulamos sobre padr&#245;es alimentares tradicionais brasileiros e outros padr&#245;es latino-americanos. Embora por muitas d&#233;cadas esses padr&#245;es tenham sido ignorados e, &#224;s vezes, considerados n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis, mais recentemente foram relacionados a baixos &#237;ndices de obesidade e doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#201; claro que muitas outras mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida aconteceram simultaneamente, mas &#233; muito importante considerar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de achados anteriores e a comercializa&#231;&#227;o de alimentos processados nesses pa&#237;ses, com poss&#237;veis conflitos de interesse em pesquisas financiadas pela ind&#250;stria. H&#225; algumas d&#233;cadas, a amamenta&#231;&#227;o era considerada alimenta&#231;&#227;o insuficiente para rec&#233;m-nascidos e as f&#243;rmulas artificiais eram comercializadas para pediatras e fam&#237;lias como as op&#231;&#245;es mais saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O mesmo pode ter acontecido com padr&#245;es alimentares tradicionais que s&#227;o culturalmente aceitos ao serem gradualmente substitu&#237;dos por alternativas processadas &#8220;modernas&#8221;.</p>
      <p>De acordo com as diretrizes brasileiras, o padr&#227;o mais delet&#233;rio &#233; aquele que inclui principalmente alimentos ultraprocessados. Isso parece estar de acordo com os resultados encontrados no presente estudo, onde o grupo com maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi o &#8220;grupo industrializado&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Para aumentar a complexidade, o padr&#227;o &#8220;n&#227;o-saud&#225;vel&#8221; cont&#233;m alimentos que s&#227;o saud&#225;veis e recomendados para essa faixa et&#225;ria, como os autores descrevem muito bem, como o leite, mas em sua maioria em prepara&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>&#201; muito importante come&#231;ar a discutir esses padr&#245;es com mais detalhes para alcan&#231;ar uma melhor padroniza&#231;&#227;o, permitindo compara&#231;&#245;es internacionais e um maior entendimento das rela&#231;&#245;es entre esses padr&#245;es e outros h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica apontou a dificuldade de padroniza&#231;&#227;o e a necessidade de uma ferramenta em comum para avaliar a ingest&#227;o alimentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas multifatoriais da obesidade infantil, interven&#231;&#245;es abrangentes que incluam programas de educa&#231;&#227;o nutricional e atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o necess&#225;rias em abordagens multidisciplinares. As evid&#234;ncias est&#227;o em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o e as diretrizes est&#227;o mudando em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas e qualitativas, como certos tipos de alimentos ou intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica. Os melhores resultados s&#227;o obtidos quando v&#225;rios atores e cen&#225;rios est&#227;o envolvidos, incluindo a fam&#237;lia, a escola, grupos, m&#237;dias sociais e profissionais e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Padr&#245;es Alimentares com Excesso de Peso e Adiposidade Corporal em Crian&#231;as Brasileiras: Estudo Pase-Brasil</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
